test: fix the Linux and Windows CI test builds (#1504 )

Implement Missing NGS2 System Functions Lock & Unlock (#1542 )
* Implement NGS2 SystemLock * Implement NGS2 SystemUnlock * Add guard for system_handle value of 0 * Return correct error code from system_handle guard * Validate NGS2 system handles before locking --------- Co-authored-by: nmzik <Nmzik@mail.ru>
2026-10-29 08:41:20 +00:00 · 2026-10-16 01:43:24 +02:00 · 2026-10-16 01:39:40 +02:00 · 2026-10-16 01:37:51 +02:00 · 2026-10-16 01:27:57 +02:00 · 2026-10-16 01:27:53 +02:00
260 changed files with 44643 additions and 13507 deletions
@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ jobs:
            "$install_dir/libMoltenVK.dylib" \
            "$app_dir/Contents/MacOS/KytyPS5" \
            "$app_dir/Contents/MacOS/kyty_emulator" \
+            "$app_dir/Contents/MacOS/kyty_updater" \
            "$app_dir/Contents/Frameworks/libMoltenVK.dylib"; do
            file "$binary"
            lipo "$binary" -verify_arch x86_64
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ jobs:
            "$install_dir/libMoltenVK.dylib" \
            "$app_dir/Contents/MacOS/KytyPS5" \
            "$app_dir/Contents/MacOS/kyty_emulator" \
+            "$app_dir/Contents/MacOS/kyty_updater" \
            "$app_dir/Contents/Frameworks/libMoltenVK.dylib"; do
            codesign --verify --strict "$binary"
          done
@@ -407,6 +409,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          file _Build/linux/install/launcher
          file _Build/linux/install/kyty_emulator
+          test -x _Build/linux/install/kyty_updater
          file _Build/linux/install/kyty_emulator | grep -q "ELF 64-bit LSB .*x86-64"
          ldd _Build/linux/install/kyty_emulator > /dev/null
          readelf -d _Build/linux/install/launcher | grep -q 'RPATH.*\$ORIGIN/lib'
@@ -495,7 +498,8 @@ jobs:
          test -d "$linux_dir"
          chmod a+x \
            "$linux_dir/launcher" \
-            "$linux_dir/kyty_emulator"
+            "$linux_dir/kyty_emulator" \
+            "$linux_dir/kyty_updater"
          tar -C "$linux_dir" -czf \
            "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/$RELEASE_NAME-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz" .

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.18...4.3)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.19...4.3)

 if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 4.0)
 	set(CMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM 3.10 CACHE STRING "Minimum policy version for bundled dependencies")
@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ if (NOT (WIN32 OR LINUX OR APPLE))
    message(FATAL_ERROR "only Windows, Linux, and macOS builds are supported")
 endif()

+if(WIN32)
+	# Prevent Windows headers from defining min/max macros in all targets.
+	add_compile_definitions(NOMINMAX)
+endif()
+
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
@@ -244,7 +249,7 @@ file(GLOB kyty_emulator_src CONFIGURE_DEPENDS
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/loader/*.h"
 )

-find_program(KYTY_GLSLANG_VALIDATOR glslangValidator REQUIRED)
+find_program(KYTY_GLSLANG_VALIDATOR NAMES glslangValidator glslang REQUIRED)
 set(gpu_tiler_shader_dir "${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/host_gpu/shaders")
 set(gpu_tiler_generated_dir "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/gpu_tiler_shaders")
 set(gpu_tiler_shader_names
@@ -259,7 +264,7 @@ set(gpu_tiler_shader_names
 	depth
 	promote_d16
 	demote_d16
-	swap_bgra16
+	color_transform
 )
 file(GLOB gpu_tiler_shader_includes CONFIGURE_DEPENDS "${gpu_tiler_shader_dir}/gpu_tiler_*.inc")
 foreach(shader_name IN LISTS gpu_tiler_shader_names)
@@ -298,28 +303,27 @@ list(APPEND kyty_emulator_src "${fault_buffer_shader_header}")
 list(APPEND kyty_emulator_src ${gpu_tiler_shader_headers})

 set(gpu_blit_generated_dir "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/gpu_blit_shaders")
-set(gpu_blit_shader_sources
-	"${gpu_tiler_shader_dir}/gpu_blit_fs_triangle.vert"
-	"${gpu_tiler_shader_dir}/gpu_blit_color_to_ms_depth.frag"
-	"${gpu_tiler_shader_dir}/gpu_video_out_overlay.frag"
-)
-foreach(shader_source IN LISTS gpu_blit_shader_sources)
-	get_filename_component(shader_name "${shader_source}" NAME_WE)
+function(add_gpu_blit_shader shader_name shader_file)
+	set(shader_source "${gpu_tiler_shader_dir}/${shader_file}")
 	set(shader_spv "${gpu_blit_generated_dir}/${shader_name}.spv")
 	set(shader_header "${gpu_blit_generated_dir}/${shader_name}_spv.h")
 	string(TOUPPER "${shader_name}_SPV" shader_symbol)
 	add_custom_command(
 		OUTPUT "${shader_header}"
 		COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E make_directory "${gpu_blit_generated_dir}"
-		COMMAND "${KYTY_GLSLANG_VALIDATOR}" -V --target-env vulkan1.3 -Os
+		COMMAND "${KYTY_GLSLANG_VALIDATOR}" -V --target-env vulkan1.3 -Os ${ARGN}
 		        "-I${gpu_tiler_shader_dir}" -o "${shader_spv}" "${shader_source}"
 		COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DINPUT=${shader_spv} -DOUTPUT=${shader_header}
 		        -DSYMBOL=${shader_symbol} -P "${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/embed_spirv.cmake"
 		DEPENDS "${shader_source}"
 		VERBATIM
 	)
-	list(APPEND gpu_blit_shader_headers "${shader_header}")
-endforeach()
+	set(gpu_blit_shader_headers ${gpu_blit_shader_headers} "${shader_header}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+add_gpu_blit_shader(gpu_blit_fs_triangle gpu_blit_fs_triangle.vert)
+add_gpu_blit_shader(gpu_blit_color_to_ms_depth gpu_blit_color_to_ms_depth.frag)
+add_gpu_blit_shader(gpu_video_out_overlay gpu_video_out_overlay.frag)
+add_gpu_blit_shader(gpu_imgui_hdr gpu_video_out_overlay.frag -DIMGUI_HDR=1)
 list(APPEND kyty_emulator_src ${gpu_blit_shader_headers})

 list(APPEND kyty_emulator_src
@@ -393,11 +397,13 @@ add_kyty_full_emulator_test(shader_cfg_tests "${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/shaderCfgTests.c

 add_executable(scalar_provenance_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
 	"${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/ScalarProvenanceTests.cpp"
+	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_format.cpp"
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/host_gpu/hostMemory.cpp"
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ReadLaneElimination.cpp"
+	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceMaterialization.cpp"
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/SrtWalker.cpp"
 )
-target_link_libraries(scalar_provenance_tests fmt::fmt)
+target_link_libraries(scalar_provenance_tests fmt::fmt xbyak::xbyak)
 target_include_directories(scalar_provenance_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})

 add_executable(page_manager_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
@@ -413,10 +419,27 @@ add_executable(archive_file_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
 target_link_libraries(archive_file_tests common ZArchive::zarchive)
 target_include_directories(archive_file_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})

-add_executable(avplayer_file_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL "${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/AvPlayerFileTests.cpp")
+add_executable(trophy_system_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+	"${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/TrophySystemTests.cpp"
+)
+target_link_libraries(trophy_system_tests common)
+target_include_directories(trophy_system_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})
+
+add_executable(avplayer_file_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+	"${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/AvPlayerFileTests.cpp"
+	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/loader/timer.cpp"
+)
 target_link_libraries(avplayer_file_tests common FFmpeg::ffmpeg ZArchive::zarchive)
 target_include_directories(avplayer_file_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})

+add_executable(vdecsw_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+	"${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/VdecswTests.cpp"
+	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/videoDec2Decoder.cpp"
+	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/loader/timer.cpp"
+)
+target_link_libraries(vdecsw_tests common FFmpeg::ffmpeg)
+target_include_directories(vdecsw_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})
+
 add_executable(bit_array_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
 	"${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/BitArrayTests.cpp"
 )
@@ -456,7 +479,7 @@ add_executable(resource_materialization_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceMaterialization.cpp"
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/SrtWalker.cpp"
 )
-target_link_libraries(resource_materialization_tests fmt::fmt)
+target_link_libraries(resource_materialization_tests fmt::fmt xbyak::xbyak)
 target_include_directories(resource_materialization_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})

 add_executable(resource_tracking_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
@@ -468,9 +491,8 @@ add_executable(resource_tracking_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceTracking.cpp"
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceMaterialization.cpp"
 	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ShaderInfoCollection.cpp"
-	"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/BindingLayout.cpp"
 )
-target_link_libraries(resource_tracking_tests fmt::fmt)
+target_link_libraries(resource_tracking_tests fmt::fmt xbyak::xbyak)
 target_include_directories(resource_tracking_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})

 add_executable(audio_out2_port_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
@@ -606,7 +628,9 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
 	add_test(NAME memory_tracker COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:memory_tracker_tests>)
 	add_test(NAME page_manager COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:page_manager_tests>)
 	add_test(NAME archive_file COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:archive_file_tests>)
+	add_test(NAME trophy_system COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:trophy_system_tests>)
 	add_test(NAME avplayer_file COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:avplayer_file_tests>)
+	add_test(NAME vdecsw COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:vdecsw_tests>)
 	add_test(NAME bit_array COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:bit_array_tests>)
 	add_test(NAME lru_cache COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:lru_cache_tests>)
 	add_test(NAME shader_vertex_metadata COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_vertex_metadata_tests>)
@@ -646,6 +670,8 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
 		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --context-state-only)
 	add_test(NAME gpu_tiler
 		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --gpu-tiler-only)
+	add_test(NAME image_transfer_layout
+		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --image-layout-only)

 	add_test(NAME texture_cache_layered_image
 		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --layered-image-only)
@@ -664,15 +690,12 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
 	add_test(NAME color_render_target_1d
 		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --rt1d-only)

-	if(WIN32)
-		# These tests still depend on the Windows multisample-depth path.
-		add_test(NAME texture_cache_image_overlap
-			COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --image-overlap-only)
-		add_test(NAME texture_cache_htile_clear
-			COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --htile-clear-only)
-		add_test(NAME buffer_cache_ranges
-			COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --buffer-cache-range-only)
-	endif()
+	add_test(NAME texture_cache_image_overlap
+		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --image-overlap-only)
+	add_test(NAME texture_cache_htile_clear
+		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --htile-clear-only)
+	add_test(NAME buffer_cache_ranges
+		COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:shader_recompiler_compute_tests> --buffer-cache-range-only)

 	add_custom_target(kyty_tests DEPENDS
 		ime_dialog_tests
@@ -682,7 +705,9 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
 		memory_tracker_tests
 		page_manager_tests
 		archive_file_tests
+		trophy_system_tests
 		avplayer_file_tests
+		vdecsw_tests
 		bit_array_tests
 		lru_cache_tests
 		shader_vertex_metadata_tests
@@ -712,8 +737,9 @@ if(APPLE AND (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES STREQUAL "x86_64" OR
 	add_executable(macos_sse4a_tests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
 		"${KYTY_TESTS_DIR}/macosSse4aTests.cpp"
 		"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/loader/x64InstructionEmulator.cpp"
+		"${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/loader/guestInstructionPatcher.cpp"
 	)
-	target_link_libraries(macos_sse4a_tests common fmt::fmt Zydis::Zydis)
+	target_link_libraries(macos_sse4a_tests common fmt::fmt Zydis::Zydis xbyak::xbyak)
 	target_include_directories(macos_sse4a_tests PRIVATE ${inc_headers})
 	if(BUILD_TESTING)
 		add_test(NAME macos_sse4a COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:macos_sse4a_tests>)
@@ -725,6 +751,15 @@ endif()
 add_executable(kyty_emulator "${KYTY_SOURCE_DIR}/main.cpp" ${kyty_emulator_src})
 configure_macos_guest_address_space(kyty_emulator)

+set(KYTY_TROPHY_UNLOCK_SOUND "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/assets/sounds/trophy-unlock.wav")
+add_custom_target(kyty_trophy_sound
+	COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E make_directory "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:kyty_emulator>/assets/sounds"
+	COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different "${KYTY_TROPHY_UNLOCK_SOUND}"
+		"$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:kyty_emulator>/assets/sounds/trophy-unlock.wav"
+	VERBATIM)
+add_dependencies(kyty_emulator kyty_trophy_sound)
+install(FILES "${KYTY_TROPHY_UNLOCK_SOUND}" DESTINATION assets/sounds)
+
 target_link_libraries(kyty_emulator ${kyty_emulator_link_libraries})
 if (WIN32)
 	target_link_libraries(kyty_emulator opengl32)
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@
 [![Status](https://img.shields.io/badge/status-active%20development-orange.svg)](#current-status)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPL--2.0-blue.svg)](LICENSE)

-**[Weekly updates](https://github.com/KytyPS5/KytyPS5/discussions/862)** — game progress, recent fixes and ongoing development.
+**[Weekly updates](https://github.com/KytyPS5/KytyPS5/discussions/862)** — game progress, recent fixes, and ongoing development.

 **[Development on Discord](https://discord.gg/UNrkMqGaBg)** — KytyPS5 development.

-KytyPS5 is a free and open-source PlayStation 5 emulator written in C++ for Windows and Linux,
-with experimental macOS support. It is based on a heavily modified version of
+KytyPS5 is a free and open-source PlayStation 5 translation layer written in C++ for Windows
+and Linux, with experimental macOS support. It is based on a heavily modified version of
 [Kyty](https://github.com/InoriRus/Kyty). The project is in active development, and behavior
 can change significantly between builds.

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ can change significantly between builds.

 ## Current Status

-KytyPS5 can boot 2D games and a selection of 3D games, including titles built with Unreal Engine
+KytyPS5 can boot 2D and 3D games, including titles built with Unreal Engine
 4/5, Unity, and custom engines. External low-level emulation modules are neither required nor
 planned.

 Development is currently focused on expanding game compatibility and improving boot reliability.

-Windows and Linux are the primary platforms and receive the most testing.
+Windows and Linux are the primary target platforms and receive the most testing.

 macOS support is experimental. The emulator is built for x86-64 and runs on Apple Silicon under
 Rosetta 2, with Vulkan provided by MoltenVK. A small number of titles have been verified in-game
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ or graphical glitches, so please include the version you tested when reporting a
      <img src="docs/screenshots/ps5-01.png" width="300" alt="Astro Bot running in KytyPS5">
    </td>
    <td align="center">
-      <strong>Dreaming Sarah</strong><br>
-      <img src="docs/screenshots/ps5-03.png" width="300" alt="Dreaming Sarah running in KytyPS5">
+      <strong>Saros</strong><br>
+      <img src="docs/screenshots/ps5-03.png" width="300" alt="Saros running in KytyPS5">
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
@@ -85,14 +85,20 @@ or graphical glitches, so please include the version you tested when reporting a
 Testing games and submitting detailed bug reports are useful ways to contribute. Search existing
 issues first, then use the **Game Emulation Status Report** template and attach the complete log file.

-Code contributions should be focused, build successfully on the platforms they touch, and include
-relevant tests where practical. Windows is the primary target, so a change that alters shared code
-should not regress it; changes confined to a platform's own code paths only need to build there. Because KytyPS5 is still evolving quickly, consider opening an issue before
-starting a large change.
+**Pull requests for general fixes, architectural changes, or refactoring that do not address a concrete bug or launch problem in a specific game will be automatically closed.**
+
+**Large, unfocused commits or pull requests that bundle unrelated changes without a clear purpose or game-related benefit will also be automatically closed.**
+
+Keep each PR focused. Name the affected game, describe the exact problem, and provide evidence showing what the change fixes.
+
+Windows and Linux are the primary target platforms, so changes to shared code should not
+introduce regressions on either platform. Changes confined to a platform's own code paths
+only need to build on that platform. Because KytyPS5 is still evolving quickly, consider
+opening an issue before starting a large change.

 ### Formatting

-Set up the clang-format hook after cloning:
+Set up the clang-format hook after cloning.

 Install `pre-commit` using the method appropriate for your platform:

@@ -141,7 +147,8 @@ the Vulkan/SPIR-V validation rules.
 - Visual Studio 2022 or Build Tools 2022 with the **Desktop development with C++** workload and
  **C++ Clang tools for Windows** component
 - Qt 6 for MSVC 2022 64-bit, including Concurrent, Network, and Widgets
- [glslang](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang/releases) (`glslangValidator`) on `PATH`
+- [glslang](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang/releases) (`glslang` or `glslangValidator`) on `PATH`
+- Python 3 on `PATH`; the bundled SPIRV-Tools runs it at configure time

 The Microsoft C++ compiler (`cl.exe`) is not supported; use `clang-cl`.

@@ -170,20 +177,20 @@ The finished application and its runtime dependencies will be placed in

 ### Building on Linux

-Install the toolchain and the libraries the bundled SDL3 needs. Without the audio, Wayland and
-udev development packages SDL3 quietly configures itself without those backends, and the resulting
-build has no working sound and no gamepad hotplug:
+Install the toolchain and the libraries the bundled SDL3 needs. Without the audio, Wayland, and
+udev development packages, SDL3 quietly configures itself without those backends, and the resulting
+build has no working audio or gamepad hotplug support:

 ```bash
 sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends \
-  clang lld ninja-build cmake git glslang-tools pkg-config \
+  clang lld ninja-build cmake git glslang-tools python3 pkg-config \
  libgl1-mesa-dev libx11-dev libxcursor-dev libxext-dev libxfixes-dev \
  libxi-dev libxrandr-dev libxss-dev libxtst-dev libxkbcommon-dev \
  libasound2-dev libpulse-dev libudev-dev libdbus-1-dev libwayland-dev wayland-protocols
 ```

-Qt 6 (Concurrent, Network, Widgets) is required for the launcher — either the distribution packages
-(`qt6-base-dev`) or an official Qt installation.
+Qt 6 (Concurrent, Network, and Widgets) is required for the launcher. Use your distribution's
+packages (`qt6-base-dev`) or an official Qt installation.

 ```bash
 git submodule update --init --recursive
@@ -197,7 +204,7 @@ cmake --install _Build/linux --prefix _Build/linux/install
 ```

 The install step copies the Qt libraries and plugins next to the binaries, so
-`_Build/linux/install` runs without a matching system Qt. FFmpeg is linked statically
+`_Build/linux/install` runs without a matching system Qt installation. FFmpeg is linked statically
 from the pinned [KytyPS5 FFmpeg core](https://github.com/KytyPS5/ext-ffmpeg-core)
 release, including VP9 and WebM support. System FFmpeg packages are not required.

@@ -241,6 +248,43 @@ sources, so it needs network access; a fully sandboxed `nix build` would require
 inputs. A Vulkan 1.3 driver must be available at runtime (on NixOS,
 `hardware.graphics.enable = true`).

+### Building on Fedora and Fedora Atomic (Bazzite, Bluefin, Silverblue)
+
+On regular Fedora, install dependencies on the host. On Fedora Atomic variants such as Bazzite,
+Bluefin and Silverblue, use [Distrobox](https://distrobox.it/) and run the install and build steps
+inside the container. Keep the checkout in your home directory so it is shared with the container.
+Add `--nvidia` to the create command for hosts using the proprietary NVIDIA driver:
+
+```bash
+distrobox create --name kyty-build --image registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest
+distrobox enter kyty-build
+```
+
+Install the toolchain, Qt 6 and SDL3 dependencies:
+
+```bash
+sudo dnf install -y \
+  clang lld ninja-build cmake git glslang python3 pkgconf-pkg-config \
+  mesa-libGL-devel libX11-devel libXcursor-devel libXext-devel libXfixes-devel \
+  libXi-devel libXrandr-devel libXScrnSaver-devel libXtst-devel libxkbcommon-devel \
+  alsa-lib-devel pulseaudio-libs-devel systemd-devel dbus-devel \
+  wayland-devel wayland-protocols-devel qt6-qtbase-devel
+```
+
+From the repository root, follow the launcher configure, build and install steps in
+[Building on Linux](#building-on-linux), omitting `-DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="$Qt6_DIR"`; CMake finds
+Fedora's packaged Qt 6 automatically.
+
+Run `./_Build/linux/install/launcher` on regular Fedora or inside the container. To launch a
+container build from the host, leave the container with `exit`, then run from the repository root:
+
+```bash
+distrobox enter kyty-build -- ./_Build/linux/install/launcher
+```
+
+Qt libraries and plugins are bundled. You can also launch directly on a Fedora Atomic host
+if its other system libraries are compatible with the container build.
+
 ### Building on macOS

 macOS builds target x86-64 and run under Rosetta 2 on Apple Silicon, so the PS5's x86-64 game
@@ -251,8 +295,8 @@ Requirements:

 - An Apple Silicon Mac with Rosetta 2 installed (`softwareupdate --install-rosetta`)
 - Xcode (or the Command Line Tools)
- Homebrew packages: `brew install cmake ninja glslang`
- Qt 6 (Concurrent, Network, Widgets) with x86-64 support. The official Qt installation is
+- Homebrew packages: `brew install cmake ninja glslang python`
+- Qt 6 (Concurrent, Network, and Widgets) with x86-64 support. The official Qt installation is
  universal and works; Homebrew's Qt is arm64-only and will not link

 ```bash
@@ -268,14 +312,14 @@ cmake --install _Build/macos --prefix _Build/macos/install
 ```

 The build re-signs `kyty_emulator` with the JIT entitlements it needs to execute translated
-guest code; no manual signing step is required. When the launcher is built, the install
+guest code; no manual signing step is required. When the launcher is built, the installation
 also produces `_Build/macos/install/KytyPS5.app` — double-click to launch the GUI.
 A flat `kyty_emulator` is kept for CLI usage.

 Vulkan comes from MoltenVK. Download `MoltenVK-macos.tar` from the
 [MoltenVK releases](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/MoltenVK/releases), then copy
 `MoltenVK/dynamic/dylib/macOS/libMoltenVK.dylib` next to the flat `kyty_emulator`
-(and, for the bundle, into `KytyPS5.app/Contents/Frameworks/`) and ad-hoc sign it:
+(and, for the bundle, into `KytyPS5.app/Contents/Frameworks/`) and sign it with an ad hoc signature:

 ```bash
 codesign --force --sign - _Build/macos/install/libMoltenVK.dylib
@@ -337,6 +381,14 @@ folders recursively for game directories containing `eboot.bin` and ZArchive (`.
 whose archive root contains `eboot.bin`. Select a detected game and run it from the game list.
 ZArchive dumps are mounted read-only and streamed directly; they do not need to be extracted first.

+Official release builds include a built-in updater. Leave **Check for updates on startup** enabled,
+or click **Check for updates**, then choose **Install Update**. The launcher downloads the package
+for your platform from GitHub, checks its SHA-256 checksum, and restarts after installation. Close
+any running games first. Settings, saves, patches, and other files outside the release package are
+preserved; replacement failures restore the previous files. The installation folder must be writable.
+If a package cannot be installed automatically, the updater offers the GitHub release page.
+Source builds and builds from forks do not replace themselves with official releases.
+
 The emulator can also be started directly with a legally obtained game directory, ELF file, or
 ZArchive dump:

@@ -392,5 +444,5 @@ licenses included with those components.
 - [InoriRus/Kyty](https://github.com/InoriRus/Kyty) — KytyPS5 is based on a heavily modified version
  of the original Kyty project.
 - [shadps4-emu/shadPS4](https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4) — reference for understanding PS4
-  memory behavior, GPU resource aliasing and cache coherency,
+  memory behavior, GPU resource aliasing, cache coherency,
  and the AVPlayer implementation.
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ target_link_libraries(common
 		kyty_git_version
 		spdlog::spdlog
 		ZArchive::zarchive
+		nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json
 )

 get_property(inc_headers TARGET common PROPERTY INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES)
@@ -72,6 +72,10 @@ bool FullscreenEnabled() {
 	return g_config->fullscreen_enabled;
 }

+bool HdrEnabled() {
+	return g_config->hdr_enabled;
+}
+
 bool HideCursorEnabled() {
 	return g_config->hide_cursor_enabled;
 }
@@ -96,6 +100,10 @@ bool VulkanValidationEnabled() {
 	return g_config->vulkan_validation_enabled;
 }

+bool IsNetworkConnected() {
+	return g_config->network_connected;
+}
+
 bool ShaderValidationEnabled() {
 	return g_config->shader_validation_enabled;
 }
@@ -152,14 +160,30 @@ bool ReadbackLinearImagesEnabled() {
 	return g_config->readback_linear_images;
 }

+bool SyncRawImageBuffersEnabled() {
+	return g_config->sync_raw_image_buffers;
+}
+
 bool TessellationEnabled() {
 	return g_config->tessellation_enabled;
 }

+bool TrophyEnabled() {
+	return g_config->trophy_enabled;
+}
+
+uint32_t GetTrophyDurationSeconds() {
+	return std::clamp(g_config->trophy_duration_seconds, 5u, 10u);
+}
+
 bool PlayGoHackEnabled() {
 	return g_config->playgo_hack_enabled;
 }

+bool SkipNoticeScreen() {
+	return g_config->skip_notice_screen;
+}
+
 #if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 bool RedZoneProtectionEnabled() {
 	return g_config->red_zone_protection_enabled;
@@ -170,4 +194,8 @@ const Keymap& GetKeymap() {
 	return g_config->keymap;
 }

+const std::vector<std::string>& GetGuestArguments() {
+	return g_config->guest_arguments;
+}
+
 } // namespace Config
@@ -48,14 +48,17 @@ struct ConfigOptions {
 	int32_t                user_id                     = DEFAULT_USER_ID;
 	std::string            audio_input_device;
 	std::optional<ControllerColor> controller_color;
-	uint32_t               controller_speaker_volume      = 100;
+	uint32_t               controller_speaker_volume      = 50;
 	uint32_t               controller_vibration_intensity = 100;
 	PresentMode            present_mode                = PresentMode::Mailbox;
 	int32_t                gpu_index                   = -1;
 	bool                   fullscreen_enabled          = false;
+	bool                   hdr_enabled                 = false;
 	bool                   hide_cursor_enabled         = false;
+	bool                   splash_enabled              = true;
 	bool                   vr_enabled                  = false;
 	bool                   amd_cpu_enabled             = false;
+	bool                   network_connected           = false;
 	uint32_t               vblank_frequency            = 60;
 	uint32_t               console_language            = DEFAULT_CONSOLE_LANGUAGE;
 	bool                   vulkan_validation_enabled   = false;
@@ -73,12 +76,18 @@ struct ConfigOptions {
 	bool                   gpu_assisted_validation_enabled = false;
 	bool                   renderdoc_enabled           = false;
 	bool                   readback_linear_images      = false;
+	bool                   sync_raw_image_buffers      = false;
 	bool                   tessellation_enabled        = false;
+	bool                   trophy_enabled              = true;
+	uint32_t               trophy_duration_seconds     = 6;
 	bool                   playgo_hack_enabled         = false;
+	bool                   skip_notice_screen          = false;
 #if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	bool red_zone_protection_enabled = false;
 #endif
 	Keymap keymap;
+	// Ordinary boots need a non-null argv[0]; --guest-exec supplies the caller's arguments.
+	std::vector<std::string> guest_arguments {""};
 };

 void Load(const ConfigOptions& cfg);
@@ -94,9 +103,11 @@ uint32_t GetControllerVibrationIntensity();
 PresentMode GetPresentMode();
 int32_t GetGpuIndex();
 bool     FullscreenEnabled();
+bool     HdrEnabled();
 bool     HideCursorEnabled();
 bool     VrEnabled();
 bool     AmdCpuEnabled();
+bool     IsNetworkConnected();
 uint32_t GetVblankFrequency();
 uint32_t GetConsoleLanguage();
 bool     VulkanValidationEnabled();
@@ -122,13 +133,18 @@ bool GpuAssistedValidationEnabled();

 bool RenderDocEnabled();
 bool ReadbackLinearImagesEnabled();
+bool SyncRawImageBuffersEnabled();
 bool TessellationEnabled();
+bool TrophyEnabled();
+uint32_t GetTrophyDurationSeconds();
 bool PlayGoHackEnabled();
+bool SkipNoticeScreen();
 #if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 bool RedZoneProtectionEnabled();
 #endif

 const Keymap& GetKeymap();
+const std::vector<std::string>& GetGuestArguments();

 } // namespace Config

@@ -152,42 +152,29 @@ void SysFileWrite(const void* data, uint32_t size, sys_file_t& f, uint32_t* byte
 	}
 }

-sys_file_t* SysFileCreate(const std::filesystem::path& file_name) {
+static sys_file_t* OpenHostFile(const std::filesystem::path& file_name, const char* mode,
+                               sys_file_cache_type_t cache_type) {
 	auto* ret = new sys_file_t;
-
-	auto real_name     = get_internal_name(file_name);
-	auto real_name_str = real_name.string();
-
-	ret->f = fopen(real_name_str.c_str(), "w+");
-
-	if (ret->f == nullptr) {
-		printf("can't create file: %s\n", real_name_str.c_str());
+	ret->f = fopen(get_internal_name(file_name).c_str(), mode);
+	ret->type = ret->f == nullptr ? SYS_FILE_ERROR : SYS_FILE_FILE;
+	if (ret->f != nullptr) {
+		// Independent handles must observe writes and truncation immediately.
+		setvbuf(ret->f, nullptr, _IONBF, 0);
+		apply_cache_hint(ret->f, cache_type);
 	}
+	return ret;
+}

-	ret->type = SYS_FILE_FILE;
-
+sys_file_t* SysFileCreate(const std::filesystem::path& file_name) {
+	auto* ret = OpenHostFile(file_name, "w+", SYS_FILE_CACHE_AUTO);
+	if (ret->f == nullptr) {
+		printf("can't create file: %s\n", file_name.c_str());
+	}
 	return ret;
 }

 sys_file_t* SysFileOpenR(const std::filesystem::path& file_name, sys_file_cache_type_t cache_type) {
-	auto* ret = new sys_file_t;
-
-	ret->type = SYS_FILE_FILE;
-
-	auto internal_name     = get_internal_name(file_name);
-	auto internal_name_str = internal_name.string();
-
-	FILE* f = fopen(internal_name_str.c_str(), "r");
-
-	if (f == nullptr) {
-		ret->type = SYS_FILE_ERROR;
-	}
-
-	apply_cache_hint(f, cache_type);
-
-	ret->f = f;
-
-	return ret;
+	return OpenHostFile(file_name, "r", cache_type);
 }

 sys_file_t* SysFileOpen(uint8_t* buf, uint32_t buf_size) {
@@ -215,46 +202,12 @@ sys_file_t* SysFileCreate() {
 }

 sys_file_t* SysFileOpenW(const std::filesystem::path& file_name, sys_file_cache_type_t cache_type) {
-	auto* ret = new sys_file_t;
-
-	auto real_name     = get_internal_name(file_name);
-	auto real_name_str = real_name.string();
-
-	FILE* f = fopen(real_name_str.c_str(), "r+");
-
-	if (f == nullptr) {
-		ret->type = SYS_FILE_ERROR;
-	} else {
-		ret->type = SYS_FILE_FILE;
-	}
-
-	apply_cache_hint(f, cache_type);
-
-	ret->f = f;
-
-	return ret;
+	return OpenHostFile(file_name, "r+", cache_type);
 }

 sys_file_t* SysFileOpenRw(const std::filesystem::path& file_name,
                          sys_file_cache_type_t        cache_type) {
-	auto* ret = new sys_file_t;
-
-	auto real_name     = get_internal_name(file_name);
-	auto real_name_str = real_name.string();
-
-	FILE* f = fopen(real_name_str.c_str(), "r+");
-
-	if (f == nullptr) {
-		ret->type = SYS_FILE_ERROR;
-	} else {
-		ret->type = SYS_FILE_FILE;
-	}
-
-	apply_cache_hint(f, cache_type);
-
-	ret->f = f;
-
-	return ret;
+	return OpenHostFile(file_name, "r+", cache_type);
 }

 void SysFileClose(sys_file_t* f) {
@@ -8,10 +8,6 @@
 #include <condition_variable> // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include <mutex>

-#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS && KYTY_COMPILER == KYTY_COMPILER_CLANG
-#define KYTY_WIN_CS
-#endif
-
 // macOS has no clock_nanosleep.
 #if KYTY_PLATFORM != KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS && !defined(__APPLE__)
 #define KYTY_POSIX_HIGH_RES_SLEEP
@@ -22,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>

-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 #include <windows.h> // IWYU pragma: keep
 // IWYU pragma: no_include <winbase.h>
 constexpr DWORD KYTY_CS_SPIN_COUNT = 4000;
@@ -133,7 +129,7 @@ namespace Common {
 using thread_id_t = std::thread::id;

 struct MutexPrivate {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	MutexPrivate() { InitializeCriticalSectionAndSpinCount(&m_cs, KYTY_CS_SPIN_COUNT); }
 	~MutexPrivate() { DeleteCriticalSection(&m_cs); }
 	KYTY_CLASS_NO_COPY(MutexPrivate);
@@ -144,7 +140,7 @@ struct MutexPrivate {
 };

 struct CondVarPrivate {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	CondVarPrivate() {
 		static auto func = ResolveInitializeConditionVariable();
 		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(func == nullptr);
@@ -216,7 +212,7 @@ void Thread::Detach() {
 }

 void Thread::SleepMicro(uint32_t micros) {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	SleepHighResolution100ns(static_cast<uint64_t>(micros) * 10);
 #elif defined(KYTY_POSIX_HIGH_RES_SLEEP)
 	SleepHighResolutionNanos(static_cast<uint64_t>(micros) * 1000);
@@ -226,7 +222,7 @@ void Thread::SleepMicro(uint32_t micros) {
 }

 void Thread::SleepNano(uint64_t nanos) {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	SleepHighResolution100ns((nanos + 99) / 100);
 #elif defined(KYTY_POSIX_HIGH_RES_SLEEP)
 	SleepHighResolutionNanos(nanos);
@@ -262,7 +258,7 @@ Mutex::~Mutex() {
 }

 void Mutex::Lock() {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	EnterCriticalSection(&m_mutex->m_cs);
 #else
 	m_mutex->m_mutex.lock();
@@ -270,7 +266,7 @@ void Mutex::Lock() {
 }

 void Mutex::Unlock() {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	LeaveCriticalSection(&m_mutex->m_cs);
 #else
 	m_mutex->m_mutex.unlock();
@@ -278,7 +274,7 @@ void Mutex::Unlock() {
 }

 bool Mutex::TryLock() {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	return (TryEnterCriticalSection(&m_mutex->m_cs) != 0);
 #else
 	return m_mutex->m_mutex.try_lock();
@@ -292,7 +288,7 @@ CondVar::~CondVar() {
 }

 void CondVar::Wait(Mutex* mutex) {
-#ifndef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM != KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> cpp_lock(mutex->m_mutex->m_mutex, std::adopt_lock_t());
 #endif
 	auto poll_callback = [&] {
@@ -300,7 +296,7 @@ void CondVar::Wait(Mutex* mutex) {
 		if (callback == nullptr) {
 			return;
 		}
-#if defined(KYTY_WIN_CS)
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 		LeaveCriticalSection(&mutex->m_mutex->m_cs);
 		callback();
 		EnterCriticalSection(&mutex->m_mutex->m_cs);
@@ -310,7 +306,7 @@ void CondVar::Wait(Mutex* mutex) {
 		cpp_lock.lock();
 #endif
 	};
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	static auto func = ResolveSleepConditionVariableCS();
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(func == nullptr);
 	if (g_cond_wait_poll_callback == nullptr) {
@@ -340,10 +336,10 @@ void CondVar::SetWaitPollCallback(wait_poll_func_t callback) {

 bool CondVar::WaitFor(Mutex* mutex, uint32_t micros) {
 	bool ok = false;
-#ifndef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM != KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> cpp_lock(mutex->m_mutex->m_mutex, std::adopt_lock_t());
 #endif
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	static auto func = ResolveSleepConditionVariableCS();
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(func == nullptr);
 	ok = !(func(&m_cond_var->m_cv, &mutex->m_mutex->m_cs, (micros < 1000 ? 1 : micros / 1000)) ==
@@ -358,7 +354,7 @@ bool CondVar::WaitFor(Mutex* mutex, uint32_t micros) {
 }

 void CondVar::Signal() {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	static auto func = ResolveWakeConditionVariable();
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(func == nullptr);
 	func(&m_cond_var->m_cv);
@@ -368,7 +364,7 @@ void CondVar::Signal() {
 }

 void CondVar::SignalAll() {
-#ifdef KYTY_WIN_CS
+#if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 	static auto func = ResolveWakeAllConditionVariable();
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(func == nullptr);
 	func(&m_cond_var->m_cv);
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+#include "common/trophies.h"
+
+#include "common/file.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <charconv>
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+#include <span>
+
+namespace Common::Trophies {
+namespace {
+
+using Json  = nlohmann::json;
+using Files = std::map<std::string_view, std::span<const std::byte>>;
+
+constexpr uint64_t MaxUnlocksSize = uint64_t {1} << 20u;
+constexpr uint64_t MaxPackageSize = uint64_t {1} << 30u;
+
+uint64_t ReadBigEndian(const std::byte* data, size_t size) {
+	uint64_t value = 0;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+		value = (value << 8u) | std::to_integer<uint8_t>(data[i]);
+	}
+	return value;
+}
+
+int ReadId(const Json& value) {
+	if (value.is_number_integer()) {
+		const auto number = value.get<int64_t>();
+		return number >= 0 && number <= INT32_MAX ? static_cast<int>(number) : -1;
+	}
+	if (!value.is_string()) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	const auto& text        = value.get_ref<const std::string&>();
+	int         id          = -1;
+	const auto [end, error] = std::from_chars(text.data(), text.data() + text.size(), id);
+	return error == std::errc {} && end == text.data() + text.size() && id >= 0 ? id : -1;
+}
+
+std::optional<uint64_t> ReadUnsigned(const Json& value) {
+	if (value.is_number_unsigned()) {
+		return value.get<uint64_t>();
+	}
+	if (value.is_number_integer()) {
+		const auto number = value.get<int64_t>();
+		return number >= 0 ? std::optional<uint64_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(number)) : std::nullopt;
+	}
+	if (!value.is_string()) {
+		return std::nullopt;
+	}
+	const auto& text        = value.get_ref<const std::string&>();
+	uint64_t    number      = 0;
+	const auto [end, error] = std::from_chars(text.data(), text.data() + text.size(), number);
+	return error == std::errc {} && end == text.data() + text.size()
+	           ? std::optional<uint64_t>(number)
+	           : std::nullopt;
+}
+
+Json ReadJson(const Files& files, std::string_view name) {
+	const auto entry = files.find(name);
+	if (entry == files.end()) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	return Json::parse(entry->second.begin(), entry->second.end(), nullptr, false);
+}
+
+bool ReadFiles(std::span<const std::byte> data, Files& files, uint64_t& size) {
+	if (data.size() < 0x40 || data.size() > MaxPackageSize ||
+	    ReadBigEndian(data.data(), 4) != 0xb228c60a || ReadBigEndian(data.data() + 4, 4) != 1) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	size             = ReadBigEndian(data.data() + 8, 8);
+	const auto count = ReadBigEndian(data.data() + 0x10, 4);
+	const auto toc   = ReadBigEndian(data.data() + 0x14, 4);
+	if (size < 0x40 || size > data.size() || count > 4096 || toc > size ||
+	    0x20 + count * 0x40 > size - toc) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	for (uint64_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+		const auto*            entry = data.data() + toc + 0x20 + i * 0x40;
+		const auto*            name  = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(entry);
+		const std::string_view filename(name, std::find(name, name + 0x20, '\0') - name);
+		const auto             offset = ReadBigEndian(entry + 0x20, 8);
+		const auto             length = ReadBigEndian(entry + 0x28, 8);
+		if (offset > size || length > size - offset) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		files.emplace(filename, data.subspan(offset, length));
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+Package ParsePackage(std::span<const std::byte> data, int console_language) {
+	Files    files;
+	uint64_t size = 0;
+	if (!ReadFiles(data, files, size)) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	const auto conf = ReadJson(files, "tropconf.json");
+	if (!conf.is_object() || !conf.contains("trophies") || !conf["trophies"].is_array() ||
+	    conf["trophies"].size() > 1000 || !conf.contains("defaultLanguage") ||
+	    !conf["defaultLanguage"].is_string()) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	static constexpr std::array<std::string_view, 30> locales = {
+	    "ja-JP", "en-US", "fr-FR",   "es-ES",   "de-DE",  "it-IT", "nl-NL", "pt-PT",
+	    "ru-RU", "ko-KR", "zh-Hant", "zh-Hans", "fi-FI",  "sv-SE", "da-DK", "no-NO",
+	    "pl-PL", "pt-BR", "en-GB",   "tr-TR",   "es-419", "ar-AE", "fr-CA", "cs-CZ",
+	    "hu-HU", "el-GR", "ro-RO",   "th-TH",   "vi-VN",  "id-ID"};
+	const auto locale =
+	    locales[console_language >= 0 && console_language < locales.size() ? console_language : 1];
+	auto meta = ReadJson(files, fmt::format("tropmeta_{}.json", locale));
+	if (meta.is_null()) {
+		meta = ReadJson(files, fmt::format("tropmeta_{}.json",
+		                                   conf["defaultLanguage"].get_ref<const std::string&>()));
+	}
+	if (!meta.is_object() || !meta.contains("metadata") || !meta["metadata"].is_object()) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	const auto& texts = meta["metadata"];
+	if (!texts.contains("titleMetadata") || !texts["titleMetadata"].is_object() ||
+	    !texts["titleMetadata"].contains("name") || !texts["titleMetadata"]["name"].is_string() ||
+	    !texts.contains("trophyMetadata") || !texts["trophyMetadata"].is_array()) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	Package package;
+	package.title = texts["titleMetadata"]["name"].get<std::string>();
+	package.groups.emplace(-1, package.title);
+	uint64_t icon_bytes = 0;
+	for (const auto& definition: conf["trophies"]) {
+		if (!definition.is_object() || !definition.contains("id") ||
+		    !definition.contains("grade") || !definition["grade"].is_string()) {
+			return {};
+		}
+		Trophy trophy;
+		trophy.id              = ReadId(definition["id"]);
+		const auto grade       = definition["grade"].get<std::string>();
+		const auto grade_index = std::string_view("PGSB").find(grade);
+		if (trophy.id < 0 || grade.size() != 1 || grade_index == std::string_view::npos) {
+			return {};
+		}
+		trophy.grade = static_cast<int>(grade_index) + 1;
+		if (definition.contains("groupId")) {
+			trophy.group_id = ReadId(definition["groupId"]);
+			if (trophy.group_id < 0) {
+				return {};
+			}
+		}
+		if (definition.contains("platinumTrophyId")) {
+			trophy.platinum_id = ReadId(definition["platinumTrophyId"]);
+		}
+		trophy.hidden     = definition.contains("hidden") && definition["hidden"] == true;
+		trophy.has_reward = definition.contains("hasReward") && definition["hasReward"] == true;
+		if (definition.contains("unlockCondition")) {
+			const auto& condition = definition["unlockCondition"];
+			if (condition.is_object()) {
+				trophy.progressive =
+				    condition.contains("progressive") && condition["progressive"] == true;
+				if (condition.contains("udsStatId")) {
+					trophy.uds_stat_id = ReadUnsigned(condition["udsStatId"]);
+					if (!trophy.uds_stat_id) {
+						return {};
+					}
+				}
+				if (condition.contains("targetValue")) {
+					trophy.target = ReadUnsigned(condition["targetValue"]);
+				}
+				const auto comparison = condition.find("comparator");
+				if (comparison != condition.end()) {
+					if (*comparison == "ge")
+						trophy.comparison = Comparison::GreaterEqual;
+					else if (*comparison == "gt")
+						trophy.comparison = Comparison::Greater;
+					else if (*comparison == "le")
+						trophy.comparison = Comparison::LessEqual;
+					else if (*comparison == "lt")
+						trophy.comparison = Comparison::Less;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		const auto icon = files.find(fmt::format("trop{:04}.png", trophy.id));
+		if (icon != files.end()) {
+			if (icon->second.size() > size - icon_bytes) {
+				return {};
+			}
+			trophy.icon_png.assign(icon->second.begin(), icon->second.end());
+			icon_bytes += icon->second.size();
+		}
+		package.groups.try_emplace(trophy.group_id);
+		if (package.groups.size() > 50 ||
+		    !package.trophies.emplace(trophy.id, std::move(trophy)).second) {
+			return {};
+		}
+	}
+	if (texts.contains("groupMetadata") && texts["groupMetadata"].is_array()) {
+		for (const auto& group: texts["groupMetadata"]) {
+			if (group.is_object() && group.contains("id") && group.contains("name") &&
+			    group["name"].is_string()) {
+				const auto found = package.groups.find(ReadId(group["id"]));
+				if (found != package.groups.end()) {
+					found->second = group["name"].get<std::string>();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for (const auto& text: texts["trophyMetadata"]) {
+		if (!text.is_object() || !text.contains("id")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		const auto found = package.trophies.find(ReadId(text["id"]));
+		if (found == package.trophies.end()) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		for (const auto& [key, field]: {std::pair {"name", &found->second.name},
+		                                {"detail", &found->second.description},
+		                                {"reward", &found->second.reward}}) {
+			if (text.contains(key) && text[key].is_string()) {
+				*field = text[key].get<std::string>();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return package;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+Package LoadPackage(const std::filesystem::path& path, int console_language) {
+	File file(path, File::Mode::Read);
+	if (file.IsInvalid() || file.Size() > MaxPackageSize) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	return ParsePackage(file.ReadWholeBuffer(), console_language);
+}
+
+std::filesystem::path PackagePath(uint32_t service_label) {
+	return std::filesystem::path(PackageDirectory) / fmt::format("trophy{:02}.ucp", service_label);
+}
+
+std::filesystem::path UnlocksPath(const std::filesystem::path& root, std::string_view title_id,
+                                  int user_id, uint32_t service_label) {
+	if (title_id.empty() || !std::all_of(title_id.begin(), title_id.end(), [](char c) {
+		    return (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= '0' && c <= '9') ||
+		           c == '_' || c == '-';
+	    })) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	return root / "_Trophies" / title_id /
+	       fmt::format("trophies_{}_{}.json", user_id, service_label);
+}
+
+UnlockData LoadUnlockData(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
+	File file(path, File::Mode::Read);
+	if (file.IsInvalid() || file.Size() > MaxUnlocksSize) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	const auto bytes = file.ReadWholeBuffer();
+	const auto json  = Json::parse(bytes.begin(), bytes.end(), nullptr, false);
+	if (!json.is_object() || !json.contains("unlockedTrophies") ||
+	    !json["unlockedTrophies"].is_array()) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	UnlockData unlocks;
+	for (const auto& value: json["unlockedTrophies"]) {
+		const auto id = ReadId(value);
+		if (id >= 0) {
+			unlocks.unlocked.insert(id);
+		}
+	}
+	if (json.contains("unlockedAt") && json["unlockedAt"].is_object()) {
+		for (auto it = json["unlockedAt"].begin(); it != json["unlockedAt"].end(); ++it) {
+			const auto id = ReadId(Json(it.key()));
+			if (id >= 0 && unlocks.unlocked.contains(id)) {
+				const auto tick = ReadUnsigned(it.value());
+				if (tick && *tick >= UnixEpochTick && *tick <= 315537897599999999ULL) {
+					unlocks.timestamps.emplace(id, *tick);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return unlocks;
+}
+
+bool SaveUnlockData(const std::filesystem::path& path, const UnlockData& unlocks) {
+	if (path.empty() || !File::CreateDirectories(path.parent_path())) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	Json timestamps = Json::object();
+	for (const auto& [id, tick]: unlocks.timestamps) {
+		if (unlocks.unlocked.contains(id)) {
+			timestamps[std::to_string(id)] = tick;
+		}
+	}
+	const auto text =
+	    Json {{"unlockedTrophies", unlocks.unlocked}, {"unlockedAt", timestamps}}.dump();
+	auto temporary = path;
+	temporary += ".tmp";
+	File file;
+	if (text.size() > MaxUnlocksSize || !file.Create(temporary)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	uint32_t written = 0;
+	file.Write(text.data(), static_cast<uint32_t>(text.size()), &written);
+	const bool complete = written == text.size() && file.Flush();
+	file.Close();
+	std::error_code error;
+	if (complete) {
+		std::filesystem::rename(temporary, path, error);
+		if (!error) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+	std::filesystem::remove(temporary, error);
+	return false;
+}
+
+UdsRules LoadUdsRules(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
+	File file(path, File::Mode::Read);
+	if (file.IsInvalid() || file.Size() > MaxPackageSize) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	const auto bytes = file.ReadWholeBuffer();
+	Files      files;
+	uint64_t   size = 0;
+	if (!ReadFiles(bytes, files, size)) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	const auto definitions = ReadJson(files, "stats_definition.json");
+	const auto extraction  = ReadJson(files, "stats_extraction.json");
+	if (!definitions.is_object() || !definitions.contains("statDefinitionArray") ||
+	    !definitions["statDefinitionArray"].is_array() || !extraction.is_object() ||
+	    !extraction.contains("statsExtractionRuleArray") ||
+	    !extraction["statsExtractionRuleArray"].is_array()) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	// Only direct unsigned latest-value stats are evaluated here. Aggregated stats
+	// and filtered/nested extraction require UDS state and event types we do not implement.
+	std::map<uint64_t, bool> stats;
+	for (const auto& definition: definitions["statDefinitionArray"]) {
+		if (!definition.is_object() || !definition.contains("statId") ||
+		    !definition.contains("aggregation") || definition["aggregation"] != "latest" ||
+		    !definition.contains("dataType")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		const auto  id   = ReadUnsigned(definition["statId"]);
+		const auto& type = definition["dataType"];
+		if (!id || (type != "uint64" && type != "uint32")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		const uint64_t maximum = type == "uint32" ? UINT32_MAX : UINT64_MAX;
+		if ((definition.contains("minValue") && ReadUnsigned(definition["minValue"]) != 0) ||
+		    (definition.contains("maxValue") && ReadUnsigned(definition["maxValue"]) != maximum)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		stats.emplace(*id, type == "uint32");
+	}
+	UdsRules events;
+	for (const auto& rule: extraction["statsExtractionRuleArray"]) {
+		if (!rule.is_object() || !rule.contains("condition") || !rule.contains("action")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		const auto& condition = rule["condition"];
+		const auto& action    = rule["action"];
+		if (!condition.is_object() || condition.size() != 1 || !condition.contains("eventName") ||
+		    !condition["eventName"].is_string() || !action.is_object() ||
+		    !action.contains("input") || !action["input"].is_string() ||
+		    !action.contains("output") || !action["output"].is_object() ||
+		    !action["output"].contains("statId")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		const auto  id    = ReadUnsigned(action["output"]["statId"]);
+		const auto& input = action["input"].get_ref<const std::string&>();
+		if (!id || !stats.contains(*id) || !input.starts_with("$.") || input.size() == 2 ||
+		    input.find_first_not_of(
+		        "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_", 2) !=
+		        std::string::npos) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		events[condition["eventName"].get<std::string>()].push_back(
+		    {*id, input.substr(2), stats.at(*id)});
+	}
+	return events;
+}
+
+std::filesystem::path UdsPackagePath(uint32_t service_label) {
+	return std::filesystem::path("sce_sys/uds") / fmt::format("uds{:02}.ucp", service_label);
+}
+
+std::vector<int> FindUdsTrophies(const Package& package, std::string_view event_name,
+                                 const std::map<std::string, UdsInteger>& properties) {
+	const auto rules = package.event_rules.find(std::string(event_name));
+	if (rules == package.event_rules.end()) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	std::vector<int> ids;
+	for (const auto& [id, trophy]: package.trophies) {
+		if (trophy.grade == 1 || !trophy.uds_stat_id || !trophy.target) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		for (const auto& rule: rules->second) {
+			const auto value = properties.find(rule.input);
+			if (rule.stat_id != *trophy.uds_stat_id || value == properties.end()) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			std::optional<uint64_t> number;
+			if (rule.is_uint32) {
+				if (const auto* input = std::get_if<uint32_t>(&value->second)) number = *input;
+			} else if (const auto* input = std::get_if<uint64_t>(&value->second)) {
+				number = *input;
+			}
+			if (!number) continue;
+			bool matched = false;
+			switch (trophy.comparison) {
+				case Comparison::GreaterEqual: matched = *number >= *trophy.target; break;
+				case Comparison::Greater: matched = *number > *trophy.target; break;
+				case Comparison::LessEqual: matched = *number <= *trophy.target; break;
+				case Comparison::Less: matched = *number < *trophy.target; break;
+				case Comparison::None: break;
+			}
+			if (matched) {
+				ids.push_back(id);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ids;
+}
+
+uint32_t Progress::Percentage() const {
+	const auto points        = total_grade[2] * 6 + total_grade[3] * 2 + total_grade[4];
+	const auto earned_points = earned_grade[2] * 6 + earned_grade[3] * 2 + earned_grade[4];
+	return points == 0 ? 0 : earned_points * 100 / points;
+}
+
+Progress GetProgress(const Package& package, const UnlockData& unlocks, std::optional<int> group) {
+	Progress progress;
+	for (const auto& [id, trophy]: package.trophies) {
+		if (group && trophy.group_id != *group) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		++progress.total;
+		++progress.total_grade[trophy.grade];
+		if (unlocks.unlocked.contains(id)) {
+			++progress.earned;
+			++progress.earned_grade[trophy.grade];
+		}
+	}
+	return progress;
+}
+
+} // namespace Common::Trophies
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#ifndef KYTY_COMMON_TROPHIES_H_
+#define KYTY_COMMON_TROPHIES_H_
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <map>
+#include <optional>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Common::Trophies {
+
+inline constexpr char     PackageDirectory[] = "sce_sys/trophy2";
+inline constexpr uint64_t UnixEpochTick      = 62135596800000000ULL;
+
+enum class Comparison { None, GreaterEqual, Greater, LessEqual, Less };
+
+struct Trophy {
+	int                     id          = 0;
+	int                     group_id    = -1;
+	int                     platinum_id = -1;
+	int                     grade       = 0;
+	std::optional<uint64_t> target;
+	std::optional<uint64_t> uds_stat_id;
+	Comparison              comparison  = Comparison::None;
+	bool                    progressive = false;
+	std::string             name;
+	std::string             description;
+	std::string             reward;
+	std::vector<std::byte>  icon_png;
+	bool                    hidden     = false;
+	bool                    has_reward = false;
+};
+
+struct UdsRule {
+	uint64_t    stat_id;
+	std::string input;
+	bool        is_uint32;
+};
+
+using UdsRules   = std::map<std::string, std::vector<UdsRule>>;
+using UdsInteger = std::variant<int32_t, uint32_t, uint64_t>;
+
+struct Package {
+	std::string                title;
+	std::map<int, std::string> groups;
+	std::map<int, Trophy>      trophies;
+	UdsRules                   event_rules;
+};
+
+struct UnlockData {
+	std::set<int>           unlocked;
+	std::map<int, uint64_t> timestamps;
+};
+
+struct Progress {
+	std::array<uint32_t, 5> total_grade {};
+	std::array<uint32_t, 5> earned_grade {};
+	uint32_t                total  = 0;
+	uint32_t                earned = 0;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] uint32_t Percentage() const;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] Progress GetProgress(const Package& package, const UnlockData& unlocks,
+                                   std::optional<int> group = std::nullopt);
+
+[[nodiscard]] Package LoadPackage(const std::filesystem::path& path, int console_language);
+[[nodiscard]] std::filesystem::path PackagePath(uint32_t service_label);
+[[nodiscard]] std::filesystem::path UdsPackagePath(uint32_t service_label);
+[[nodiscard]] UdsRules              LoadUdsRules(const std::filesystem::path& path);
+[[nodiscard]] std::vector<int> FindUdsTrophies(const Package& package, std::string_view event_name,
+                                               const std::map<std::string, UdsInteger>& properties);
+[[nodiscard]] std::filesystem::path UnlocksPath(const std::filesystem::path& root,
+                                                std::string_view title_id, int user_id,
+                                                uint32_t service_label);
+[[nodiscard]] UnlockData            LoadUnlockData(const std::filesystem::path& path);
+[[nodiscard]] bool SaveUnlockData(const std::filesystem::path& path, const UnlockData& unlocks);
+
+} // namespace Common::Trophies
+
+#endif // KYTY_COMMON_TROPHIES_H_
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "common/subsystems.h"
 #include "common/systemInfo.h"
 #include "common/threads.h"
+#include "graphics/presentation/systemOverlay.h"
 #include "graphics/presentation/window.h"
 #include "kernel/fileSystem.h"
 #include "kernel/memory.h"
@@ -138,6 +139,9 @@ static void Init(const Config::ConfigOptions& cfg, const std::filesystem::path&
 			Libs::LibKernel::Memory::SetFlexibleMemorySize(flexible_memory_size);
 		}
 	}
+	if (cfg.splash_enabled) {
+		Libs::Graphics::InitializeSplashScreen(param_json.parent_path());
+	}

 	// Initialization order is explicit; destruction is automatic and reversed.
 	subsystems.Initialize<Loader::Timer::Lifecycle>();
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ struct RunOptions {
 };

 void Run(const RunOptions& options);
+int LoadExec(const char* path, const char* const argv[]);

 } // namespace Emulator

@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ enum class ContextStateOperation : uint32_t {
 	PushClear = 3,
 };

+struct IndirectDrawRegisters {
+	uint32_t vertex_offset;
+	uint32_t instance_offset;
+	uint32_t index_offset;
+};
+
 class Pm4Execution {
 public:
 	[[nodiscard]] bool MadeProgress() const noexcept { return m_made_progress; }
@@ -79,10 +85,11 @@ public:
 	void DrawIndex(DrawIndexArgs args);
 	void DrawIndexOffset(uint32_t index_offset, uint32_t index_count);
 	void DrawIndexAuto(DrawAutoArgs args);
-	void DrawIndirect(uint32_t data_offset, uint32_t draw_initiator, bool indexed);
+	void DrawIndirect(uint32_t data_offset, IndirectDrawRegisters registers,
+	                  uint32_t draw_initiator, bool indexed);
 	void DrawIndirectMulti(uint32_t data_offset, uint32_t max_count_or_count,
 	                       const volatile uint32_t* count_addr, uint32_t stride_in_bytes,
-	                       uint32_t draw_initiator, bool indexed);
+	                       IndirectDrawRegisters registers, uint32_t draw_initiator, bool indexed);
 	void WriteAtEndOfPipe32(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_write_dest,
 	                        uint32_t eop_event_type, uint32_t cache_action, uint32_t event_index,
 	                        uint32_t event_write_source, void* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value,
@@ -231,7 +231,6 @@ constexpr auto MakeCustomOpcodeDispatchTable() {
 	g_cp_op_custom_func[Pm4::R_WAIT_FLIP_DONE] = CpOpWaitFlipDone;
 	g_cp_op_custom_func[Pm4::R_PUSH_MARKER]    = CpOpPushMarker;
 	g_cp_op_custom_func[Pm4::R_POP_MARKER]     = CpOpPopMarker;
-	g_cp_op_custom_func[Pm4::R_ACQUIRE_MEM]    = CpOpAcquireMem;
 	g_cp_op_custom_func[Pm4::R_FLIP]           = CpOpFlip;
 	g_cp_op_custom_func[Pm4::R_RELEASE_MEM]    = CpOpReleaseMem;
 	g_cp_op_custom_func[Pm4::R_CONTEXT_STATE]  = CpOpContextState;
@@ -184,7 +184,6 @@ static HW::RenderControl DecodeRenderControl(uint32_t value) {
 	    KYTY_PM4_GET(value, DB_RENDER_CONTROL, COPY_STENCIL_TO_COLOR) != 0;
 	r.copy_centroid          = KYTY_PM4_GET(value, DB_RENDER_CONTROL, COPY_CENTROID) != 0;
 	r.copy_sample            = KYTY_PM4_GET(value, DB_RENDER_CONTROL, COPY_SAMPLE);
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(r.copy_depth_to_color || r.copy_stencil_to_color);

 	return r;
 }
@@ -296,10 +295,6 @@ static void HwCtxIgnoreDisabledUserClipPlane(CommandProcessor& cp, uint32_t valu
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(value != 0 || cp.GetCtx().GetClipControl().user_clip_planes != 0);
 }

-static void HwCtxIgnoreDrawPayloadControl([[maybe_unused]] uint32_t value) {}
-
-static void HwCtxIgnoreObjprimIdControl([[maybe_unused]] uint32_t value) {}
-
 static void HwCtxIgnorePrimitiveIdReset([[maybe_unused]] uint32_t value) {}

 static void HwCtxIgnoreVtxControl([[maybe_unused]] uint32_t value) {}
@@ -455,23 +450,13 @@ KYTY_HW_CTX_PARSER(HwCtxSetAlphaToMask) {
 }

 KYTY_HW_CTX_PARSER(HwCtxSetDrawPayloadControl) {
-	auto num_values = KYTY_PM4_LEN(cmd_id) - 2u;
-
-	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_values; i++) {
-		HwCtxIgnoreDrawPayloadControl(buffer[i]);
-	}
-
-	return num_values;
+	cp.GetCtx().SetDrawPayloadControl(buffer[0]);
+	return KYTY_PM4_LEN(cmd_id) - 2u;
 }

 KYTY_HW_CTX_PARSER(HwCtxSetObjprimIdControl) {
-	auto num_values = KYTY_PM4_LEN(cmd_id) - 2u;
-
-	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_values; i++) {
-		HwCtxIgnoreObjprimIdControl(buffer[i]);
-	}
-
-	return num_values;
+	cp.GetCtx().SetObjprimIdControl(buffer[0]);
+	return KYTY_PM4_LEN(cmd_id) - 2u;
 }

 KYTY_HW_CTX_PARSER(HwCtxSetPrimitiveIdReset) {
@@ -1305,8 +1290,8 @@ KYTY_HW_UC_PARSER(HwUcSetGdsOaRegisters) {
 KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpAcquireMem) {
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();

-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(cmd_id != 0xC0055800 && cmd_id != 0xc0061050);
-	return (cmd_id == 0xc0061050 ? 7 : 6);
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(cmd_id != 0xc0055800 && cmd_id != 0xc0065800);
+	return KYTY_PM4_LEN(cmd_id) - 1;
 }

 KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpDispatchDirect) {
@@ -1642,8 +1627,12 @@ KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpDrawIndirect) {
 	const auto data_offset    = buffer[0];
 	const auto draw_initiator = buffer[3];
 	const bool indexed        = (cmd_id == 0xc0032500);
+	// The native indexed packet enables the high-half first-index destination in word 3.
+	const IndirectDrawRegisters registers {
+	    buffer[1] & 0xffffu, buffer[2] & 0xffffu,
+	    indexed && (buffer[2] & (1u << 28u)) != 0 ? buffer[1] >> 16u : Pm4::SH_NOP};

-	cp.DrawIndirect(data_offset, draw_initiator, indexed);
+	cp.DrawIndirect(data_offset, registers, draw_initiator, indexed);

 	return 4;
 }
@@ -1661,13 +1650,17 @@ KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpDrawIndirectMulti) {
 	const auto stride_in_bytes = buffer[7];
 	const auto draw_initiator  = buffer[8];
 	const bool indexed         = (cmd_id == 0xc0083800);
+	// Multi-draw moves the first-index enable to word 4; the destinations stay in 2/3.
+	const IndirectDrawRegisters registers {
+	    buffer[1] & 0xffffu, buffer[2] & 0xffffu,
+	    indexed && (buffer[3] & (1u << 28u)) != 0 ? buffer[1] >> 16u : Pm4::SH_NOP};

 	if (count_indirect == 0) {
 		count_addr = nullptr;
 	}

 	cp.DrawIndirectMulti(data_offset, max_count_or_count, count_addr, stride_in_bytes,
-	                     draw_initiator, indexed);
+	                     registers, draw_initiator, indexed);

 	return 9;
 }
@@ -1927,13 +1920,7 @@ KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpIndirectBuffer) {

 	auto* indirect_buffer =
 	    reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(buffer[0] | (static_cast<uint64_t>(buffer[1]) << 32u));
-	uint32_t                     indirect_num_dw = control & 0xfffffu;
-	static std::atomic<uint32_t> indirect_log_count {0};
-	if (indirect_log_count.fetch_add(1) < 128) {
-		LOGF("\t indirect buffer: addr=0x%016" PRIx64 ", num_dw=%" PRIu32 ", control=0x%08" PRIx32
-		     "\n",
-		     reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(indirect_buffer), indirect_num_dw, control);
-	}
+	const uint32_t indirect_num_dw = control & 0xfffffu;

 	if (indirect_num_dw == 0) {
 		return 3;
@@ -2141,27 +2128,23 @@ KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpIndirectUcRegs) {
 KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpMarker) {
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();

-	// EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(cmd_id != 0xC0001000);
-
-	uint32_t id     = buffer[0] & 0xfffu;
 	uint32_t len_dw = ((cmd_id >> 16u) & 0x3fffu);

-	switch (id) {
-		case 0x0: break;
-		case 0x4: cp.SetUserDataMarker(HW::UserSgprType::Vsharp); break;
-		case 0xd: cp.SetUserDataMarker(HW::UserSgprType::Region); break;
-		case 0x777: {
+	switch (buffer[0]) {
+		case 0x68750004: cp.SetUserDataMarker(HW::UserSgprType::Vsharp); break;
+		case 0x6875000d: cp.SetUserDataMarker(HW::UserSgprType::Region); break;
+		case 0x68750777: {
 			cp.Flip();
 			break;
 		}
-		case 0x778: {
+		case 0x68750778: {
 			auto* addr =
 			    reinterpret_cast<void*>(buffer[1] | (static_cast<uint64_t>(buffer[2]) << 32u));
 			uint32_t value = buffer[3];
 			cp.Flip(addr, value);
 			break;
 		}
-		case 0x781: {
+		case 0x68750781: {
 			auto* addr =
 			    reinterpret_cast<void*>(buffer[1] | (static_cast<uint64_t>(buffer[2]) << 32u));
 			uint32_t value          = buffer[3];
@@ -2170,7 +2153,8 @@ KYTY_CP_OP_PARSER(CpOpMarker) {
 			cp.FlipWithInterrupt(eop_event_type, cache_action, addr, value);
 			break;
 		}
-		default: EXIT("unknown marker at %05" PRIx32 ": 0x%" PRIx32 "\n", num_dw - dw, id);
+		// NOP payloads are caller-owned data; only complete known marker tags execute.
+		default: break;
 	}

 	return len_dw + 1;
@@ -3108,7 +3092,7 @@ void GraphicsInitJmpTablesCxIndirect() {
 		cp.GetCtx().SetTfParam(value);
 	};
 	g_hw_ctx_indirect_func[Pm4::VGT_DRAW_PAYLOAD_CNTL] = [](KYTY_HW_CTX_INDIRECT_ARGS) {
-		HwCtxIgnoreDrawPayloadControl(value);
+		cp.GetCtx().SetDrawPayloadControl(value);
 	};
 	g_hw_ctx_indirect_func[Pm4::VGT_PRIMITIVEID_RESET] = [](KYTY_HW_CTX_INDIRECT_ARGS) {
 		HwCtxIgnorePrimitiveIdReset(value);
@@ -3117,7 +3101,7 @@ void GraphicsInitJmpTablesCxIndirect() {
 		cp.GetCtx().SetShaderZFormat(value);
 	};
 	g_hw_ctx_indirect_func[Pm4::PA_CL_OBJPRIM_ID_CNTL] = [](KYTY_HW_CTX_INDIRECT_ARGS) {
-		HwCtxIgnoreObjprimIdControl(value);
+		cp.GetCtx().SetObjprimIdControl(value);
 	};

 	for (auto cmd_offset = Pm4::PA_SC_CLIPRECT_RULE; cmd_offset < Pm4::PA_SC_CLIPRECT_0_TL + 8u;
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ namespace {

 struct FormatInfo {
 	BufferFormat       format;
-	uint32_t           bytes_per_element;
-	uint32_t           block_compressed_bytes_per_block;
-	uint32_t           render_target_bytes_per_element;
+	uint8_t            bytes_per_element;
+	uint8_t            block_compressed_bytes_per_block;
+	uint8_t            render_target_bytes_per_element;
 	bool               sampled_texture;
 	bool               uint_texture;
 	bool               sint_texture = false;
@@ -20,14 +20,17 @@ struct FormatInfo {

 constexpr FormatInfo kFormatInfo[] = {
 	{BufferFormat::k8UNorm, 1, 0, 1, true, false},
-	{BufferFormat::k8SNorm, 0, 0, 1, false, false},
+	{BufferFormat::k8UScaled, 1, 0, 0, true, false},
+	{BufferFormat::k8SNorm, 1, 0, 1, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k8UInt, 1, 0, 1, true, true},
+	{BufferFormat::k8SInt, 1, 0, 1, true, false, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k16UNorm, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k16SNorm, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k16UInt, 2, 0, 2, true, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k16SInt, 2, 0, 2, true, false, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k16Float, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k8_8UNorm, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
+	{BufferFormat::k8_8UScaled, 2, 0, 0, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k8_8SNorm, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k8_8UInt, 2, 0, 2, true, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k8_8SInt, 2, 0, 2, true, false, true},
@@ -39,8 +42,10 @@ constexpr FormatInfo kFormatInfo[] = {
 	{BufferFormat::k16_16UInt, 4, 0, 4, true, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k16_16SInt, 4, 0, 4, true, false, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k16_16Float, 4, 0, 4, true, false},
+	{BufferFormat::k11_11_10UNorm, 4, 0, 4, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k11_11_10UInt, 4, 0, 4, true, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k11_11_10Float, 4, 0, 4, true, false},
+	{BufferFormat::k10_11_11Float, 4, 0, 4, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UNorm, 4, 0, 4, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UInt, 4, 0, 4, true, true},
 	{BufferFormat::k8_8_8_8UNorm, 4, 0, 4, true, false},
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ constexpr FormatInfo kFormatInfo[] = {
 	{BufferFormat::k9_9_9_5Float, 4, 0, 0, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k5_6_5UNorm, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k5_5_5_1UNorm, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
-	{BufferFormat::k1_5_5_5UNorm, 0, 0, 2, false, false},
+	{BufferFormat::k1_5_5_5UNorm, 2, 0, 2, false, false},
 	{BufferFormat::k4_4_4_4UNorm, 2, 0, 2, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::kFmask8_S2_F1, 1, 0, 1, true, false},
 	{BufferFormat::kFmask8_S4_F1, 1, 0, 1, true, false},
@@ -231,7 +236,13 @@ TextureNumericClass SampledTextureNumericClass(BufferFormat format) {
 }

 BufferFormat RemapTextureFormat(BufferFormat format) {
-	return format == BufferFormat::k11_11_10UInt ? BufferFormat::k32UInt : format;
+	switch (format) {
+		case BufferFormat::k8UScaled: return BufferFormat::k8UNorm;
+		case BufferFormat::k8_8UScaled: return BufferFormat::k8_8UNorm;
+		case BufferFormat::k11_11_10UNorm:
+		case BufferFormat::k11_11_10UInt: return BufferFormat::k32UInt;
+		default: return format;
+	}
 }

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics::Prospero
@@ -576,12 +576,7 @@ bool GuestGpu::Process(Submission& submission) {
 				}
 			}
 			if (progressed) {
-				if (complete) {
-					m_renderer.RunGarbageCollector();
-				}
 				cp.BufferFlush();
-			} else if (complete) {
-				m_renderer.RunGarbageCollector();
 			}
 			break;
 		}
@@ -602,20 +597,16 @@ bool GuestGpu::Process(Submission& submission) {
 			complete = cp.Process(submission.command_execution, submission.commands) ==
 			           Pm4ProcessResult::Complete;
 			if (submission.command_execution.MadeProgress()) {
-				if (complete) {
-					m_renderer.RunGarbageCollector();
-				}
 				cp.BufferFlush();
-			} else if (complete) {
-				m_renderer.RunGarbageCollector();
 			}
 			break;
 		}
 		case SubmissionType::FlipPreparation:
-			m_renderer.RunGarbageCollector();
 			cp.PrepareCpuFlip(submission.flip_request_id);
 			break;
 		case SubmissionType::SuspendPoint:
+			// Age caches at the frame boundary, not once per command list.
+			m_renderer.RunGarbageCollector();
 			cp.EmitGlobalBarrier();
 			m_renderer.GetCommandScheduler().DeferPriorityOperation(
 			    [ready = m_suspend_point_ready] { ready->release(); });
@@ -689,7 +680,7 @@ void CommandProcessor::ProcessPm4(Pm4Execution& execution) {
 		const auto        opcode        = (packet_header >> 8u) & 0xffu;
 		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(remaining_dw > total_dw);

-		if (packet_header == 0x80000000u) {
+		if (packet_header == 0x80000000u || Pm4::PacketSizeDw(packet_header) == 1u) {
 			cursor.offset_dw++;
 			execution.m_made_progress = true;
 			continue;
@@ -875,65 +866,33 @@ void CommandProcessor::DrawIndexOffset(uint32_t index_offset, uint32_t index_cou
 	DrawIndex({.index_count = index_count, .index_addr = index_addr});
 }

-void CommandProcessor::DrawIndirect(uint32_t data_offset, uint32_t draw_initiator, bool indexed) {
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED((draw_initiator & ~0x20u) != 2u);
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(m_draw_indirect_args_base_addr == 0);
-
-	const auto* args_addr =
-	    reinterpret_cast<const void*>(m_draw_indirect_args_base_addr + data_offset);
-
-	if (!indexed) {
-		DrawIndirectArgs args {};
-		std::memcpy(&args, args_addr, sizeof(args));
-		m_num_instances = args.instance_count;
-		DrawIndexAuto({.vertex_count   = args.vertex_count_per_instance,
-		               .instance_count = args.instance_count,
-		               .first_vertex   = args.start_vertex_location,
-		               .first_instance = args.start_instance_location,
-		               .offset_source  = DrawOffsetSource::IndirectArgs});
-		return;
-	}
-
-	DrawIndexedIndirectArgs args {};
-	std::memcpy(&args, args_addr, sizeof(args));
-
-	uint64_t index_size = 0;
-	switch (m_index_type_and_size) {
-		case 0: index_size = 2; break;
-		case 1: index_size = 4; break;
-		case 2: index_size = 1; break;
-		default: EXIT("unknown index_type_and_size: %u\n", m_index_type_and_size);
-	}
-
-	auto* index_addr = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
-	    m_index_base_addr + static_cast<uint64_t>(args.start_index_location) * index_size);
-
-	const uint32_t index_count =
-	    (m_index_buffer_size != 0 ? std::min(args.index_count_per_instance, m_index_buffer_size)
-	                              : args.index_count_per_instance);
-	if (GraphicsRunDebugDumpEnabled() && index_count != args.index_count_per_instance) {
-		static std::atomic<uint32_t> log_count {0};
-		if (log_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed) < 64) {
-			LOGF("\t DrawIndexIndirect: clamped index_count from %" PRIu32 " to %" PRIu32
-			     " using INDEX_BUFFER_SIZE\n",
-			     args.index_count_per_instance, index_count);
+static void PatchIndirectDrawOffsets(CommandProcessor& cp, IndirectDrawRegisters registers,
+                                     uint32_t vertex_offset, uint32_t instance_offset,
+                                     uint32_t first_index) {
+	const auto write = [&](uint32_t location, uint32_t value) {
+		if (location == Pm4::SH_NOP) {
+			return;
 		}
-	}
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(location >= Pm4::SH_NUM ||
+		                     g_hw_sh_indirect_func[location] == nullptr);
+		g_hw_sh_indirect_func[location](cp, location, value);
+	};
+	write(registers.vertex_offset, vertex_offset);
+	write(registers.instance_offset, instance_offset);
+	write(registers.index_offset, first_index);
+}

-	m_num_instances = args.instance_count;
-	DrawIndex({.index_count    = index_count,
-	           .index_addr     = index_addr,
-	           .instance_count = args.instance_count,
-	           .base_vertex    = static_cast<int32_t>(args.base_vertex_location),
-	           .first_instance = args.start_instance_location,
-	           .offset_source  = DrawOffsetSource::IndirectArgs});
+void CommandProcessor::DrawIndirect(uint32_t data_offset, IndirectDrawRegisters registers,
+                                    uint32_t draw_initiator, bool indexed) {
+	const auto args_size = indexed ? sizeof(DrawIndexedIndirectArgs) : sizeof(DrawIndirectArgs);
+	DrawIndirectMulti(data_offset, 1, nullptr, args_size, registers, draw_initiator, indexed);
 }

 void CommandProcessor::DrawIndirectMulti(uint32_t data_offset, uint32_t max_count_or_count,
                                         const volatile uint32_t* count_addr,
-                                         uint32_t stride_in_bytes, uint32_t draw_initiator,
-                                         bool indexed) {
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED((draw_initiator & ~0x20u) != 2u);
+                                         uint32_t stride_in_bytes, IndirectDrawRegisters registers,
+                                         uint32_t draw_initiator, bool indexed) {
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED((draw_initiator & ~0x20u) != (indexed ? 0u : 2u));
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(m_draw_indirect_args_base_addr == 0);

 	uint32_t draw_count = max_count_or_count;
@@ -967,6 +926,8 @@ void CommandProcessor::DrawIndirectMulti(uint32_t data_offset, uint32_t max_coun

 		if (!indexed) {
 			auto* args = reinterpret_cast<const DrawIndirectArgs*>(args_addr);
+			PatchIndirectDrawOffsets(*this, registers, args->start_vertex_location,
+			                         args->start_instance_location, 0);
 			m_num_instances = args->instance_count;
 			DrawIndexAuto({.vertex_count   = args->vertex_count_per_instance,
 			               .instance_count = args->instance_count,
@@ -977,6 +938,8 @@ void CommandProcessor::DrawIndirectMulti(uint32_t data_offset, uint32_t max_coun
 		}

 		auto* args = reinterpret_cast<const DrawIndexedIndirectArgs*>(args_addr);
+		PatchIndirectDrawOffsets(*this, registers, args->base_vertex_location,
+		                         args->start_instance_location, args->start_index_location);

 		auto* index_addr = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
 		    m_index_base_addr + static_cast<uint64_t>(args->start_index_location) * index_size);
@@ -1031,7 +994,7 @@ void CommandProcessor::DispatchDirect(uint32_t thread_group_x, uint32_t thread_g
 		}

 		m_renderer.GetRenderExecutor().DispatchDirect(m_submit_id, CurrentBuffer(), thread_group_x,
-		                                              thread_group_y, thread_group_z, mode);
+		                                              thread_group_y, thread_group_z, mode, IsAsyncComputeQueue());
 	}
 }

@@ -1043,7 +1006,8 @@ void CommandProcessor::DispatchIndirect(uint64_t args_addr, uint32_t mode) {
 		return;
 	}
 	m_sh_ctx.SetCsWaveSize(Pm4::ComputeWaveSize(mode));
-	m_renderer.GetRenderExecutor().DispatchIndirect(m_submit_id, CurrentBuffer(), args_addr, mode);
+	m_renderer.GetRenderExecutor().DispatchIndirect(m_submit_id, CurrentBuffer(), args_addr, mode,
+	                                                IsAsyncComputeQueue());
 }

 void CommandProcessor::DrawIndexAuto(DrawAutoArgs args) {
@@ -1099,8 +1063,7 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 		case 0x03: with_interrupt = false; break;
 		case 0x01:
 			if (!IsAsyncComputeQueue()) {
-				Sync::TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(command, m_interrupt_event_id,
-				                                 interrupt_context_id);
+				TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(interrupt_context_id);
 				return;
 			}
 			with_interrupt = true;
@@ -1109,24 +1072,15 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 		default: EXIT("unknown interrupt_selector\n");
 	}

-	auto write32 = [&](bool with_writeback) {
+	auto write32 = [&] {
 		auto* dst  = static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst_gpu_addr);
 		auto  data = static_cast<uint32_t>(value);
+		EXIT_IF(dst == nullptr);
+		(void)command.Handle();
 		std::memcpy(dst, &data, sizeof(data));

 		if (with_interrupt) {
-			if (with_writeback) {
-				Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBack32(m_submit_id, command, dst,
-				                                               data, m_interrupt_event_id,
-				                                               interrupt_context_id);
-			} else {
-				Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterrupt32(m_submit_id, command, dst, data,
-				                                      m_interrupt_event_id, interrupt_context_id);
-			}
-		} else if (with_writeback) {
-			Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithWriteBack32(m_submit_id, command, dst, data);
-		} else {
-			Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipe32(m_submit_id, command, dst, data);
+			TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(interrupt_context_id);
 		}
 	};

@@ -1138,15 +1092,13 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 					SynchronizeGpu();
 					Sync::ReadGds(*m_renderer.GetBufferCache().GetGdsBuffer(), dst, value & 0xffffu,
 					              value >> 16u);
-					Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeGds32(m_submit_id, command, dst, value & 0xffffu,
-					                            value >> 16u);
 					if (with_interrupt) {
 						m_renderer.TriggerInterrupt(m_interrupt_event_id, interrupt_context_id);
 					}
 					return;
 				}
 			} else if (eop_event_type == 0x04 && cache_action == 0x00 && event_index == 0x05) {
-				write32(false);
+				write32();
 				return;
 			}
 			break;
@@ -1155,8 +1107,8 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 			if constexpr (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
 				if (event_write_source == 0x02 && eop_event_type == 0x2f && event_index == 0x06) {
 					switch (cache_action) {
-						case 0x00: write32(false); return;
-						case 0x38: write32(true); return;
+						case 0x00:
+						case 0x38: write32(); return;
 						default: break;
 					}
 				}
@@ -1164,25 +1116,14 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 				if (event_write_source == 0x04) {
 					value = Sync::ReadReferenceClock();
 				}
-				auto write64 = [&](bool with_writeback) {
+				auto write64 = [&] {
 					auto* dst = static_cast<uint64_t*>(dst_gpu_addr);
+					EXIT_IF(dst == nullptr);
+					(void)command.Handle();
 					std::memcpy(dst, &value, sizeof(value));

 					if (with_interrupt) {
-						if (with_writeback) {
-							Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBack64(
-							    m_submit_id, command, dst, value, m_interrupt_event_id,
-							    interrupt_context_id);
-						} else {
-							Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterrupt64(m_submit_id, command, dst,
-							                                      value, m_interrupt_event_id,
-							                                      interrupt_context_id);
-						}
-					} else if (with_writeback) {
-						Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithWriteBack64(m_submit_id, command, dst,
-						                                      value);
-					} else {
-						Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipe64(m_submit_id, command, dst, value);
+						TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(interrupt_context_id);
 					}
 				};

@@ -1191,7 +1132,7 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 						switch (eop_event_type) {
 							case 0x04:
 								if (event_index == 0x05) {
-									write64(false);
+									write64();
 									return;
 								}
 								break;
@@ -1199,7 +1140,7 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 							case 0x28:
 							case 0x2f:
 								if (event_index == 0x00) {
-									write64(false);
+									write64();
 									return;
 								}
 								break;
@@ -1207,7 +1148,7 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 							case 0x2d:
 							case 0x30:
 								if (event_index == 0x00 && !with_interrupt) {
-									write64(false);
+									write64();
 									return;
 								}
 								break;
@@ -1222,20 +1163,20 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 								if (((eop_event_type == 0x04 || eop_event_type == 0x28) &&
 								     event_index == 0x05) ||
 								    (event_index == 0x00)) {
-									write64(true);
+									write64();
 									return;
 								}
 								break;
 							case 0x2b:
 							case 0x2d:
 								if (event_index == 0x00 && !with_interrupt) {
-									write64(true);
+									write64();
 									return;
 								}
 								break;
 							case 0x2f:
 								if (event_index == 0x06 && !with_interrupt) {
-									write64(true);
+									write64();
 									return;
 								}
 								break;
@@ -1244,7 +1185,7 @@ void CommandProcessor::WriteAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t cache_policy, uint32_t event_wr
 						break;
 					case 0x3b:
 						if (eop_event_type == 0x04 && event_index == 0x05 && with_interrupt) {
-							write64(true);
+							write64();
 							return;
 						}
 						break;
@@ -1297,7 +1238,11 @@ void CommandProcessor::EmitGlobalBarrier() {
 }

 void CommandProcessor::TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(uint32_t interrupt_context_id) {
-	Sync::TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(CurrentBuffer(), m_interrupt_event_id, interrupt_context_id);
+	(void)CurrentBuffer().Handle();
+	GetScheduler().DeferPriorityOperation(
+	    [&renderer = m_renderer, event_id = m_interrupt_event_id, interrupt_context_id] {
+		    renderer.TriggerInterrupt(event_id, interrupt_context_id);
+	    });
 }

 void CommandProcessor::TriggerEvent(uint32_t event_type, uint32_t event_index,
@@ -1387,8 +1332,9 @@ void CommandProcessor::Flip() {
 	auto& command = CurrentBuffer();
 	auto request = Sync::PrepareVideoOutFlip(command, m_flip.handle, m_flip.index, m_flip.flip_mode,
 	                                         m_flip.flip_arg);
-	Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeOnlyFlip(m_submit_id, command, m_flip.handle, m_flip.index,
-	                               m_flip.flip_mode, m_flip.flip_arg, request);
+	(void)command.Handle();
+	GetScheduler().DeferPriorityOperation(
+	    [&renderer = m_renderer, request] { renderer.GetVideoOut().CompleteFlip(request); });
 	GetScheduler().Flush();
 }

@@ -1402,12 +1348,13 @@ void CommandProcessor::Flip(void* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value) {
 		     reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value);
 	}

+	EXIT_IF(dst_gpu_addr == nullptr);
 	std::memcpy(dst_gpu_addr, &value, sizeof(value));
 	auto request = Sync::PrepareVideoOutFlip(command, m_flip.handle, m_flip.index, m_flip.flip_mode,
 	                                         m_flip.flip_arg);
-	Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithFlip32(m_submit_id, command, static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst_gpu_addr),
-	                                 value, m_flip.handle, m_flip.index, m_flip.flip_mode,
-	                                 m_flip.flip_arg, request);
+	(void)command.Handle();
+	GetScheduler().DeferPriorityOperation(
+	    [&renderer = m_renderer, request] { renderer.GetVideoOut().CompleteFlip(request); });
 	GetScheduler().Flush();
 }

@@ -1427,12 +1374,16 @@ void CommandProcessor::FlipWithInterrupt(uint32_t eop_event_type, uint32_t cache
 	if (eop_event_type != 0x00000004 || cache_action != 0x00000038) {
 		EXIT("unknown event type\n");
 	}
+	EXIT_IF(dst_gpu_addr == nullptr);
 	std::memcpy(dst_gpu_addr, &value, sizeof(value));
 	auto request = Sync::PrepareVideoOutFlip(command, m_flip.handle, m_flip.index, m_flip.flip_mode,
 	                                         m_flip.flip_arg);
-	Sync::WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBackFlip32(
-	    m_submit_id, command, static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst_gpu_addr), value, m_flip.handle,
-	    m_flip.index, m_flip.flip_mode, m_flip.flip_arg, request, m_interrupt_event_id);
+	(void)command.Handle();
+	GetScheduler().DeferPriorityOperation(
+	    [&renderer = m_renderer, event_id = m_interrupt_event_id, request] {
+		    renderer.GetVideoOut().CompleteFlip(request);
+		    renderer.TriggerInterrupt(event_id, 0);
+	    });
 	GetScheduler().Flush();
 }

@@ -556,6 +556,8 @@ struct ShaderRegisters {
 	uint32_t m_vgtGsMaxVertOut        = 0;
 	uint32_t m_vgtGsOutPrimType       = 0;
 	uint32_t m_vgtPrimitiveIdEn       = 0;
+	uint32_t m_vgtDrawPayloadCntl     = 0;
+	uint32_t m_paClObjprimIdCntl      = 0;
 	uint32_t m_vgtReuseOff            = 0;
 	uint32_t m_vgtTessDistribution    = 0;
 	uint32_t m_vgtLsHsConfig          = 0;
@@ -679,6 +681,10 @@ public:

 	void                   SetRenderTargetMask(uint32_t mask) { m_render_target_mask = mask; }
 	[[nodiscard]] uint32_t GetRenderTargetMask() const { return m_render_target_mask; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool HasObjectPrimitiveIdOutput() const {
+		return (m_sh_regs.m_vgtDrawPayloadCntl & 1u) != 0 &&
+		       (m_render_target_mask & 0xf0000000u) != 0;
+	}

 	void                   SetShaderStages(uint32_t flags) { m_shader_stages = flags; }
 	[[nodiscard]] uint32_t GetShaderStages() const { return m_shader_stages; }
@@ -877,6 +883,8 @@ public:
 	void SetGsMaxVertOut(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_vgtGsMaxVertOut = value; }
 	void SetGsOutPrimType(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_vgtGsOutPrimType = value; }
 	void SetPrimitiveIdEn(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_vgtPrimitiveIdEn = value; }
+	void SetDrawPayloadControl(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_vgtDrawPayloadCntl = value; }
+	void SetObjprimIdControl(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_paClObjprimIdCntl = value; }
 	void SetReuseOff(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_vgtReuseOff = value; }
 	void SetTessDistribution(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_vgtTessDistribution = value; }
 	void SetLsHsConfig(uint32_t value) { m_sh_regs.m_vgtLsHsConfig = value; }
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ constexpr auto MakeRegisterNames() {
 	names[R_DISPATCH_RESET] = "R_DISPATCH_RESET";
 	names[R_PUSH_MARKER]    = "R_PUSH_MARKER";
 	names[R_POP_MARKER]     = "R_POP_MARKER";
-	names[R_ACQUIRE_MEM]    = "R_ACQUIRE_MEM";
 	names[R_WRITE_DATA]     = "R_WRITE_DATA";
 	names[R_FLIP]           = "R_FLIP";
 	names[R_RELEASE_MEM]    = "R_RELEASE_MEM";
@@ -120,15 +119,15 @@ void DumpPm4PacketStream(Common::File* file, const uint32_t* cmd_buffer, uint32_
 		uint32_t len = 0;

 		const auto packet_type = static_cast<PacketType>(cmd_id >> 30u);
-		// Type-2 packets are header-only padding; every other packet type requires a body.
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(dw < 2 && packet_type != PacketType::Type2);
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(dw < 2 && packet_type != PacketType::Type2 &&
+		                     PacketSizeDw(cmd_id) != 1u);

 		switch (packet_type) {
 			case PacketType::Type3: {
 				const bool    sh_gx = (cmd_id & 0x2u) == 0;
 				const uint8_t op    = ((cmd_id >> 8u) & 0xffu);
 				const auto    r     = KYTY_PM4_R(cmd_id);
-				len                 = ((cmd_id >> 16u) & 0x3fffu) + 1;
+				len                 = PacketSizeDw(cmd_id) - 1u;

 				EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(len >= dw);

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ class File;

 namespace Libs::Graphics::Pm4 {

+constexpr uint32_t PacketSizeDw(uint32_t header) {
+	return (header & 0x3fffff00u) == 0x3fff1000u ? 1u : KYTY_PM4_LEN(header);
+}
+
 constexpr uint32_t IT_NOP                       = 0x10;
 constexpr uint32_t IT_SET_BASE                  = 0x11;
 constexpr uint32_t IT_CLEAR_STATE               = 0x12;
@@ -82,7 +86,6 @@ constexpr uint32_t R_WAIT_FLIP_DONE = 0x06;
 constexpr uint32_t R_DISPATCH_RESET = 0x09;
 constexpr uint32_t R_PUSH_MARKER    = 0x0B;
 constexpr uint32_t R_POP_MARKER     = 0x0C;
-constexpr uint32_t R_ACQUIRE_MEM    = 0x14;
 constexpr uint32_t R_WRITE_DATA     = 0x15;
 constexpr uint32_t R_FLIP           = 0x17;
 constexpr uint32_t R_RELEASE_MEM    = 0x18;
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ bool TileGetTextureBlockLayout(Prospero::BufferFormat format, Prospero::TileMode
 	if (!TileGetTextureElementLayout(format, element)) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	if ((family == TileBlockFamily::Depth64KB || family == TileBlockFamily::RenderTarget64KB) &&
-	    Prospero::RenderTargetBytesPerElement(format) != element.bytes) {
+	if (family == TileBlockFamily::Depth64KB &&
+	    (element.texel_width != 1 || element.texel_height != 1)) {
 		return false;
 	}

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ struct GraphicContext {
 	// bool fp64_denorm_preserve = false; // Temporarily disabled.
 	bool                               attachment_feedback_loop_enabled      = false;
 	bool                               provoking_vertex_last_enabled         = false;
+	bool                               maintenance8_enabled                  = false;
 	bool                               supports_block_texel_view              = false;
 	bool                                      mesh_shader_enabled                   = false;
 	vk::PhysicalDeviceMeshShaderPropertiesEXT mesh_shader_properties                = {};
@@ -82,9 +82,8 @@ public:
 		static_assert(std::is_nothrow_invocable_v<RangeFunc&, uint64_t, uint64_t>);
 		static_assert(std::is_nothrow_invocable_v<UploadFunc&>);
 		CheckNotInUploadCallback();
-		Iterate<true>(vaddr, size, [](RegionManager*, uint64_t, uint64_t) {});
 		const auto* previous_upload_owner = std::exchange(s_upload_owner, this);
-		Iterate<false>(vaddr, size, [&](RegionManager* manager, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes) {
+		Iterate<true>(vaddr, size, [&](RegionManager* manager, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes) {
 			manager->lock.lock();
 			manager->ForEachModifiedRange<DirtySource::Cpu, true>(manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset,
 			                                                      bytes, range_func);
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>

+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+#include <xmmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
 #if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 #ifndef NOMINMAX
 #define NOMINMAX
@@ -62,7 +68,13 @@ class SpinGuard final {
 public:
 	explicit SpinGuard(std::atomic_flag& lock): m_lock(lock) {
 		while (m_lock.test_and_set(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
-			std::atomic_signal_fence(std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+			_mm_pause();
+#elif defined(_M_ARM64)
+			__yield();
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+			asm volatile("yield");
+#endif
 		}
 	}
 	~SpinGuard() { m_lock.clear(std::memory_order_release); }
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <utility>

+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+#include <xmmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
 #if KYTY_PLATFORM == KYTY_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 #ifndef NOMINMAX
 #define NOMINMAX
@@ -32,7 +38,13 @@ public:
 		const auto thread = CurrentThread();
 		while (m_lock.test_and_set(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
 			EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(m_owner.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == thread);
-			std::atomic_signal_fence(std::memory_order_seq_cst);
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+			_mm_pause();
+#elif defined(_M_ARM64)
+			__yield();
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+			asm volatile("yield");
+#endif
 		}
 		m_owner.store(thread, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 	}
@@ -48,7 +60,9 @@ private:
 		return GetCurrentThreadId();
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 		// mach thread port is a nonzero per-thread id (0 is the "no owner" sentinel).
-		return static_cast<uint32_t>(pthread_mach_thread_np(pthread_self()));
+		static thread_local const uint32_t tid =
+		    static_cast<uint32_t>(pthread_mach_thread_np(pthread_self()));
+		return tid;
 #elif defined(__linux__)
 		static thread_local const uint32_t tid = static_cast<uint32_t>(::syscall(SYS_gettid));
 		return tid;
@@ -27,6 +27,26 @@ namespace {
 constexpr uint64_t MiB           = 1024 * 1024;
 constexpr uint64_t GdsBufferSize = 64 * 1024;

+std::pair<Buffer*, uint64_t> UploadMemory(GraphicContext& graphics, CommandScheduler& scheduler,
+                                        StreamBuffer& staging, uint64_t size, uint64_t alignment,
+                                        vk::BufferUsageFlags usage, const auto& write) {
+	const auto [mapped, offset] = staging.Map(size, alignment);
+	if (mapped != nullptr) {
+		write(mapped, offset);
+		staging.Commit();
+		return {&staging, offset};
+	}
+
+	// Large transfers use the same one-time host allocation as ordinary buffer uploads.
+	auto temporary = std::make_unique<Buffer>(graphics, scheduler, MemoryUsage::Upload, 0,
+	                                         usage, size);
+	write(temporary->Mapped().data(), 0);
+	temporary->Flush(0, size);
+	auto* buffer = temporary.get();
+	scheduler.DeferOperation([owner = std::move(temporary)]() mutable { owner.reset(); });
+	return {buffer, 0};
+}
+
 } // namespace

 void BufferCache::WriteDataBuffer(Buffer& buffer, uint64_t address, const void* source,
@@ -34,9 +54,36 @@ void BufferCache::WriteDataBuffer(Buffer& buffer, uint64_t address, const void*
 	auto* bytes = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(source);
 	while (size != 0) {
 		const auto chunk  = std::min(size, m_staging_buffer.Size());
+		// Copy waits for ring reuse and flushes the fresh host data before submission.
 		const auto offset = m_staging_buffer.Copy(bytes, chunk, 4);
-		buffer.CopyFrom(m_scheduler.Current(), m_staging_buffer, offset, buffer.Offset(address),
-		                chunk, vk::AccessFlagBits::eHostWrite);
+		const auto destination_offset = buffer.Offset(address);
+		EXIT_IF(destination_offset > buffer.Size() || chunk > buffer.Size() - destination_offset);
+		m_scheduler.EndRendering();
+		const auto command = m_scheduler.Current().Handle();
+		vk::BufferMemoryBarrier2 before {};
+		before.srcStageMask  = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands;
+		before.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eMemoryRead | vk::AccessFlagBits2::eMemoryWrite;
+		before.dstStageMask  = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eTransfer;
+		before.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferWrite;
+		before.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+		before.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+		before.buffer        = buffer.Handle();
+		before.offset        = destination_offset;
+		before.size          = chunk;
+		vk::DependencyInfo dependency {};
+		dependency.dependencyFlags          = vk::DependencyFlagBits::eByRegion;
+		dependency.bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 1;
+		dependency.pBufferMemoryBarriers    = &before;
+		command.pipelineBarrier2(dependency);
+		const vk::BufferCopy copy {offset, destination_offset, chunk};
+		command.copyBuffer(m_staging_buffer.Handle(), buffer.Handle(), 1, &copy);
+		auto after          = before;
+		after.srcStageMask  = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eTransfer;
+		after.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferWrite;
+		after.dstStageMask  = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands;
+		after.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eMemoryRead | vk::AccessFlagBits2::eMemoryWrite;
+		dependency.pBufferMemoryBarriers = &after;
+		command.pipelineBarrier2(dependency);
 		bytes += chunk;
 		address += chunk;
 		size -= chunk;
@@ -420,28 +467,17 @@ vk::Buffer BufferCache::UploadCopies(Buffer& buffer, std::span<vk::BufferCopy> c
 		return nullptr;
 	}

-	auto [mapped, base_offset] = m_staging_buffer.Map(total_size, 4);
-	if (mapped != nullptr) {
+	const auto source = UploadMemory(m_graphics, m_scheduler, m_staging_buffer, total_size, 4,
+	    vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, [&](uint8_t* mapped, uint64_t base_offset) {
 		for (auto& copy: copies) {
 			const auto address = buffer.CpuAddress() + copy.dstOffset;
-			std::memcpy(mapped + copy.srcOffset, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(address), copy.size);
+			if (!LibKernel::Memory::CopySparseMemory(address, mapped + copy.srcOffset, copy.size)) {
+				EXIT("BufferCache: failed to read sparse guest buffer memory\n");
+			}
 			copy.srcOffset += base_offset;
 		}
-		m_staging_buffer.Commit();
-		return m_staging_buffer.Handle();
-	}
-
-	auto temporary = std::make_unique<Buffer>(m_graphics, m_scheduler, MemoryUsage::Upload, 0,
-	                                         vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, total_size);
-	for (const auto& copy: copies) {
-		const auto address = buffer.CpuAddress() + copy.dstOffset;
-		std::memcpy(temporary->Mapped().data() + copy.srcOffset,
-		            reinterpret_cast<const void*>(address), copy.size);
-	}
-	temporary->Flush(0, total_size);
-	const auto handle = temporary->Handle();
-	m_scheduler.DeferOperation([owner = std::move(temporary)]() mutable { owner.reset(); });
-	return handle;
+	});
+	return source.first->Handle();
 }

 std::pair<Buffer*, uint64_t> BufferCache::ObtainBuffer(uint64_t vaddr, uint64_t size,
@@ -459,7 +495,9 @@ std::pair<Buffer*, uint64_t> BufferCache::ObtainBuffer(uint64_t vaddr, uint64_t
 		    m_graphics.physical_device_properties.limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment, 1);
 		auto [mapped, offset] = m_stream_buffer.Map(size, alignment, false);
 		if (mapped != nullptr) {
-			std::memcpy(mapped, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(vaddr), size);
+			if (!LibKernel::Memory::CopySparseMemory(vaddr, mapped, size)) {
+				EXIT("BufferCache: failed to read sparse guest buffer memory\n");
+			}
 			m_stream_buffer.Commit();
 			return {&m_stream_buffer, offset};
 		}
@@ -494,12 +532,13 @@ std::pair<Buffer*, uint64_t> BufferCache::ObtainBufferForImage(uint64_t vaddr, u
 		return ObtainBuffer(vaddr, size, false, false);
 	}

-	auto [staging, stage_offset] = m_staging_buffer.Map(size, 16);
-	if (staging == nullptr || !Libs::LibKernel::Memory::TryReadSparseBacking(vaddr, staging, size)) {
-		EXIT("BufferCache: failed to read mapped guest image backing\n");
-	}
-	m_staging_buffer.Commit();
-	return {&m_staging_buffer, stage_offset};
+	return UploadMemory(m_graphics, m_scheduler, m_staging_buffer, size, 16,
+	    vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eStorageBuffer,
+	    [&](uint8_t* mapped, uint64_t) {
+		if (!Libs::LibKernel::Memory::TryReadSparseBacking(vaddr, mapped, size)) {
+			EXIT("BufferCache: failed to read mapped guest image backing\n");
+		}
+	});
 }

 void BufferCache::FillBuffer(uint64_t vaddr, uint64_t size, uint32_t value, bool is_gds) {
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <span>
 #include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vulkan/vulkan_format_traits.hpp>

 namespace Libs::Graphics {
@@ -36,7 +37,9 @@ constexpr uint64_t NumFramesBeforeRemoval = 32;
 [[nodiscard]] bool DecodeColorClear(const TextureCache::ImageDesc& desc, uint8_t code,
                                  vk::ClearColorValue& clear) {
 	const auto& metadata = desc.info.metadata;
-	const auto  format   = desc.view_info.format;
+	const auto  format   = desc.info.IsDepth()
+	                           ? TextureGetSurfaceFormatInfo(desc.info.guest_format).vk_format
+	                           : desc.view_info.format;
 	const bool  cmask    = metadata.kind == ImageMetadataKind::Cmask;
 	if (cmask ? code == 0 : code == 0x20) {
 		// Register clears belong to the color buffer; the texture pipe cannot decode them.
@@ -110,37 +113,6 @@ constexpr uint64_t NumFramesBeforeRemoval = 32;
 	return true;
 }

-[[nodiscard]] std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> BuildDepthCopies(const ImageInfo& info,
-                                                              uint64_t slice_stride,
-                                                              vk::ImageAspectFlags aspect) {
-	std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> copies(info.resources.layers);
-	for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < info.resources.layers; ++layer) {
-		auto& copy             = copies[layer];
-		copy.bufferOffset      = slice_stride * layer;
-		copy.bufferRowLength   = info.pitch;
-		copy.bufferImageHeight = info.extent.height;
-		copy.imageSubresource  = {aspect, 0, layer, 1};
-		copy.imageExtent       = {info.extent.width, info.extent.height, 1};
-	}
-	return copies;
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] std::vector<GpuTileInfo> BuildDepthTiles(const ImageInfo& info) {
-	TileBlockLayout block {};
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
-	    !TileGetBlockLayout(TileBlockFamily::Depth64KB, info.bytes_per_block, block));
-	const auto               full_slice_size = info.data.size / info.resources.layers;
-	std::vector<GpuTileInfo> tiles;
-	tiles.reserve(info.resources.layers);
-	for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < info.resources.layers; ++layer) {
-		const auto offset = full_slice_size * layer;
-		tiles.push_back({block.family, block.bytes_per_element, offset, full_slice_size, offset,
-		                 full_slice_size, 0, info.extent.width, info.extent.height, 1, info.pitch});
-		tiles.back().surface_z = layer;
-	}
-	return tiles;
-}
-
 } // namespace

 TextureCache::TextureCache(GraphicContext& graphics, CommandScheduler& scheduler,
@@ -195,6 +167,9 @@ bool TextureCache::SameBacking(const ImageInfo& cached, const ImageInfo& request
 	if (cached.tile_mode != requested.tile_mode) {
 		return false;
 	}
+	if (cached.GetColorTransform() != requested.GetColorTransform()) {
+		return false;
+	}
 	if (!ImageViewOps::FormatsCompatible(cached.pixel_format, requested.pixel_format) ||
 	    cached.type != requested.type) {
 		return false;
@@ -224,9 +199,7 @@ TextureCache::BindingType TextureCache::UploadBinding(const Image& image) {

 ImageId TextureCache::InsertImage(const ImageInfo& info) {
 	const auto id = m_slot_images.insert(m_graphics, m_scheduler, info);
-	if (!info.data.Empty()) {
-		RegisterImage(id);
-	}
+	RegisterImage(id);
 	return id;
 }

@@ -277,14 +250,11 @@ void TextureCache::DeleteImage(ImageId id) {
 	if (image == nullptr || !image->registered) {
 		return;
 	}
-	if (!image->depth_id) {
-		std::vector<ImageId> associations;
-		m_slot_images.ForEach([&](ImageId candidate, const Image& associated) {
-			if (associated.depth_id == id) {
-				associations.push_back(candidate);
-			}
-		});
-		for (const auto association: associations) {
+	if (image->depth_id) {
+		std::erase(m_slot_images[image->depth_id].stencil_ids, id);
+	} else {
+		// Detach first: deleting each association also unlinks it from its depth owner.
+		for (const auto association: std::exchange(image->stencil_ids, {})) {
 			FreeImage(association);
 		}
 	}
@@ -325,9 +295,6 @@ void TextureCache::TouchImage(Image& image) {

 void TextureCache::MarkAsMaybeDirty(ImageId id, Image& image) {
 	image.MarkMaybeCpuDirty();
-	if (image.NeedsMaybeCpuHash()) {
-		image.SetMaybeCpuHash(image.HashGuestEdges());
-	}
 	UntrackImage(id);
 }

@@ -439,7 +406,7 @@ void TextureCache::UntrackImageTail(ImageId id) {
 }

 void TextureCache::TrackImageDownload(ImageId id, Image& image) {
-	if (m_readback_linear_images && !image.info.IsTiled() && !image.info.data.Empty()) {
+	if (m_readback_linear_images && !image.info.IsTiled()) {
 		if (!image.IsGpuModified()) {
 			EXIT("TextureCache: cannot enroll a non-GPU-owned image for download\n");
 		}
@@ -483,27 +450,6 @@ TextureCache::ImageIds TextureCache::FindImagesInRegion(uint64_t address, uint64
 	return result;
 }

-ImageId TextureCache::GetNullImage(const ImageDesc& desc) {
-	const auto format = desc.info.pixel_format;
-	if (const auto found = m_null_images.find(format); found != m_null_images.end()) {
-		return found->second;
-	}
-	ImageInfo info {};
-	info.pixel_format    = desc.info.pixel_format;
-	info.guest_format    = desc.info.guest_format;
-	info.type            = Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D;
-	info.extent          = {1, 1, 1};
-	info.resources       = {1, 1};
-	info.pitch           = 1;
-	info.bytes_per_block = std::max(desc.info.bytes_per_block, 1u);
-	info.samples         = 1;
-	info.tile_mode       = Prospero::TileMode::kLinear;
-	info.mip_layout[0]   = {0, info.bytes_per_block, 1, 1};
-	const auto id        = InsertImage(info);
-	m_null_images.emplace(format, id);
-	return id;
-}
-
 void TextureCache::ValidateImageDesc(const ImageDesc& desc) const {
 	ImageOps::Validate(desc.info);
 	if (desc.view_info.format == vk::Format::eUndefined || desc.view_info.level_count == 0 ||
@@ -567,20 +513,20 @@ bool TextureCache::CopyD16(Image& destination, Image& source) {
 	EXIT_IF(layers == 0 || depth_slice > UINT64_MAX / layers || color_slice > UINT64_MAX / layers);
 	const auto                       depth_size = depth_slice * layers;
 	const auto                       color_size = color_slice * layers;
-	std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> depth_copies(layers);
-	std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> color_copies(layers);
-	for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < layers; layer++) {
-		depth_copies[layer].bufferOffset      = depth_slice * layer;
-		depth_copies[layer].bufferRowLength   = depth.info.pitch;
-		depth_copies[layer].bufferImageHeight = depth.info.extent.height;
-		depth_copies[layer].imageSubresource  = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, layer, 1};
-		depth_copies[layer].imageExtent       = depth.info.extent;
-		color_copies[layer].bufferOffset      = color_slice * layer;
-		color_copies[layer].bufferRowLength   = color.info.pitch;
-		color_copies[layer].bufferImageHeight = color.info.extent.height;
-		color_copies[layer].imageSubresource  = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, layer, 1};
-		color_copies[layer].imageExtent       = color.info.extent;
-	}
+	const std::array                 depth_copies {
+	    vk::BufferImageCopy {0,
+	                         depth.info.pitch,
+	                         depth.info.extent.height,
+	                         {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 0, layers},
+	                         {},
+	                         depth.info.extent}};
+	const std::array color_copies {
+	    vk::BufferImageCopy {0,
+	                         color.info.pitch,
+	                         color.info.extent.height,
+	                         {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 0, layers},
+	                         {},
+	                         color.info.extent}};

 	auto                         depth_buffer = m_tiler.GetScratchBuffer(depth_size);
 	auto                         color_buffer = m_tiler.GetScratchBuffer(color_size, depth_buffer.buffer);
@@ -634,6 +580,7 @@ void TextureCache::CopyImage(ImageId destination_id, ImageId source_id) {
 	const bool source_depth = source.info.IsDepth();
 	const bool dest_depth   = destination.info.IsDepth();
 	const bool direct_copy =
+	    source.info.GetColorTransform() == destination.info.GetColorTransform() &&
 	    (source.backing.image_type == destination.backing.image_type ||
 	     (source.backing.image_type != vk::ImageType::e1D &&
 	      destination.backing.image_type != vk::ImageType::e1D)) &&
@@ -647,7 +594,7 @@ void TextureCache::CopyImage(ImageId destination_id, ImageId source_id) {
 			EXIT("TextureCache: cross-format multisample image copy is unsupported\n");
 		}
 		auto& copy_buffer = m_buffer_cache.GetUtilityBuffer(MemoryUsage::DeviceLocal);
-		destination.CopyImageWithBuffer(source, copy_buffer);
+		destination.CopyImageWithBuffer(source, copy_buffer, m_tiler);
 	}
 	if (source.IsGpuModified()) {
 		destination.MarkGpuModified();
@@ -658,6 +605,9 @@ void TextureCache::CopyImage(ImageId destination_id, ImageId source_id) {
 void TextureCache::CopyImageMip(ImageId destination_id, ImageId source_id, uint32_t mip,
                                uint32_t layer) {
 	RefreshCopySource(source_id);
+	if (m_slot_images[destination_id].IsBufferModified()) {
+		RefreshImage(destination_id);
+	}
 	auto& destination = m_slot_images[destination_id];
 	auto& source      = m_slot_images[source_id];
 	TrackImage(destination_id);
@@ -690,7 +640,9 @@ ImageId TextureCache::ResolveDepthOverlap(const ImageInfo& requested, BindingTyp
 	    requested.type == cached.info.type && requested.pitch == cached.info.pitch &&
 	    !requested.HasStencil() && !cached.info.HasStencil() && !requested.HasMetadata() &&
 	    !cached.info.HasMetadata();
-	// PPSA04264
+	// PPSA04264, PPSA04288
+	// A partial view retains the entire matching array layout. HTile belongs to
+	// the depth source, independently of the data slices copied into color storage.
 	const bool retain_cached_layout =
 	    requested.samples == 1 && cached.info.samples == 1 && cached.backing.samples == 1 &&
 	    requested.bytes_per_block == cached.info.bytes_per_block &&
@@ -709,8 +661,10 @@ ImageId TextureCache::ResolveDepthOverlap(const ImageInfo& requested, BindingTyp
 	    requested.data.size / requested.resources.layers ==
 	        cached.info.data.size / cached.info.resources.layers &&
 	    !requested.HasStencil() && !cached.info.HasStencil() && !requested.HasMetadata() &&
-	    !cached.info.HasMetadata();
-	bool recreate = cached.info.resources < requested.resources;
+	    (cached.info.metadata.kind == ImageMetadataKind::None ||
+	     cached.info.metadata.kind == ImageMetadataKind::Htile);
+	bool recreate = cached.info.resources < requested.resources ||
+	                requested.IsVolume() != cached.info.IsVolume();
 	switch (binding) {
 		case BindingType::Texture:
 			recreate |= requested.IsDepth() && !cached.info.IsDepth();
@@ -732,11 +686,13 @@ ImageId TextureCache::ResolveDepthOverlap(const ImageInfo& requested, BindingTyp
 	if (retain_cached_layout) {
 		info.data       = cached.info.data;
 		info.resources  = cached.info.resources;
-		info.mip_layout = cached.info.mip_layout;
-	} else {
-		info.resources = std::max(requested.resources, cached.info.resources);
+		info.mip_layout          = cached.info.mip_layout;
+		info.tiling              = cached.info.tiling;
+		info.tiled_slice_stride  = cached.info.tiled_slice_stride;
+		info.linear_slice_stride = cached.info.linear_slice_stride;
+		info.first_tail_level    = cached.info.first_tail_level;
 	}
-	info.htile_clear_mask     = 0;
+	info.htile_initial_clear  = false;
 	const auto replacement_id = InsertImage(info);
 	auto&      replacement    = m_slot_images[replacement_id];
 	replacement.usage         = cached.usage;
@@ -772,11 +728,63 @@ ImageId TextureCache::ResolveDepthOverlap(const ImageInfo& requested, BindingTyp
 	return replacement_id;
 }

+namespace BcAlias {
+
+bool Matches(const ImageInfo& requested, const ImageInfo& cached) {
+	return requested.guest_format != cached.guest_format &&
+	       requested.IsBlock() != cached.IsBlock() &&
+	       requested.tile_mode == cached.tile_mode &&
+	       requested.bytes_per_block == cached.bytes_per_block &&
+	       requested.samples == 1 && cached.samples == 1 &&
+	       (requested.data != cached.data || requested.resources != cached.resources ||
+	        requested.BlockExtent() != cached.BlockExtent()) &&
+	       !TextureCache::SameBacking(cached, requested, false);
+}
+
+bool Publish(TextureCache& cache, Image& image) {
+	if (!cache.CanDownload(image)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	// ObtainBuffer preserves padding and records ownership before the GPU-only transfer.
+	auto [buffer, offset] =
+	    cache.m_buffer_cache.ObtainBuffer(image.info.data.address, image.info.data.size, true);
+	cache.DownloadImage(image, *buffer, offset, image.info.data.size, image.info.resources.levels);
+	image.ClearGpuModified();
+	image.MarkBufferModified();
+	return true;
+}
+
+void Resolve(TextureCache& cache, ImageId cached_id, ImageId merged_id) {
+	auto& cached = cache.m_slot_images[cached_id];
+	auto* merged = merged_id ? &cache.m_slot_images[merged_id] : nullptr;
+	// PS5 raw block images can span several packed BC mips. Transfer their complete
+	// guest bytes, including tail padding, before retiring the incompatible backing.
+	if (cached.SafeToDownload()) {
+		if (merged && merged->SafeToDownload() && !Publish(cache, *merged)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		if (!Publish(cache, cached)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		if (merged) {
+			merged->MarkBufferModified();
+		}
+	}
+	cached.binding.needs_rebind |= cached.binding.is_bound || cached.binding.is_target;
+	cache.FreeImage(cached_id);
+}
+
+} // namespace BcAlias
+
 TextureCache::OverlapResult TextureCache::ResolveOverlap(const ImageInfo& requested,
                                                         BindingType binding, ImageId cached_id,
                                                         ImageId merged_id) {
 	auto owner = m_slot_images.try_get(cached_id);
-	if (owner == nullptr) {
+	if (owner == nullptr || !owner->registered) {
+		return {merged_id};
+	}
+	if (BcAlias::Matches(requested, owner->info) && !owner->IsCpuDirty()) {
+		BcAlias::Resolve(*this, cached_id, merged_id);
 		return {merged_id};
 	}
 	auto&      cached       = *owner;
@@ -795,12 +803,22 @@ TextureCache::OverlapResult TextureCache::ResolveOverlap(const ImageInfo& reques
 		// a level into or out of the mip tail. These are separate guest layouts.
 		if (requested.tile_mode != cached.info.tile_mode ||
 		    (requested.resources == cached.info.resources &&
-		     requested.mip_layout != cached.info.mip_layout)) {
+		     !std::equal(requested.mip_layout.begin(), requested.mip_layout.end(),
+		                 cached.info.mip_layout.begin(),
+		                 [](const ImageMipInfo& left, const ImageMipInfo& right) {
+			                 return left.offset == right.offset && left.size == right.size &&
+			                        left.pitch == right.pitch && left.height == right.height &&
+			                        left.tail_x == right.tail_x && left.tail_y == right.tail_y &&
+			                        left.surface_z == right.surface_z;
+		                 }))) {
 			if (safe_to_delete) {
 				FreeImage(cached_id);
 			}
 			return {merged_id};
 		}
+		if (requested.GetColorTransform() != cached.info.GetColorTransform()) {
+			return {ExpandImage(requested, cached_id)};
+		}
 		if (requested.IsBlock() && !cached.info.IsBlock()) {
 			return {ExpandImage(requested, cached_id)};
 		}
@@ -836,6 +854,9 @@ TextureCache::OverlapResult TextureCache::ResolveOverlap(const ImageInfo& reques
 		      requested.resources.layers == cached.info.resources.layers))) {
 			return {ExpandImage(requested, cached_id)};
 		}
+		if (requested.type != cached.info.type) {
+			return {merged_id};
+		}
 		if (requested.pixel_format != cached.info.pixel_format ||
 		    requested.data.size <= cached.info.data.size) {
 			const auto result_id = merged_id ? merged_id : cached_id;
@@ -901,169 +922,55 @@ ImageId TextureCache::ExpandImage(const ImageInfo& info, ImageId source_id) {
 	return expanded_id;
 }

-struct TextureCache::TextureTransfer {
-	TextureUploadLayout              layout;
-	std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> regions;
-	std::vector<GpuTileInfo>         tiles;
-	bool                             swap_bgra16 = false;
-	bool                             valid       = false;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] uint64_t LinearSize() const {
-		uint64_t size = 0;
-		for (const auto& tile: tiles) {
-			size = std::max(size, tile.linear_offset + tile.linear_size);
-		}
-		return size;
+bool TextureCache::CanDownload(const Image& image) const {
+	const auto& info = image.info;
+	if (info.samples != 1 || image.backing.samples != 1 || info.resources.layers == 0 ||
+	    info.data.size % info.resources.layers != 0) {
+		return false;
 	}
-};
-
-struct TextureCache::ImageDownload {
-	TextureTransfer texture;
-	bool                depth_target = false;
-	bool                valid        = false;
-};
-
-TextureCache::TextureTransfer
-TextureCache::BuildTextureTransfer(const Image& image, BindingType binding,
-                                    TransferDirection direction) const {
-	const auto& info             = image.info;
-	const bool  upload           = direction == TransferDirection::Upload;
-	const bool  render_target    = binding == BindingType::RenderTarget;
-	const bool  video_out        = binding == BindingType::VideoOut;
-	uint32_t    layers           = info.TransferLayers();
-	bool        volume           = info.IsVolume();
-	const char* owner            = "TextureCache readback";
-
-	TextureTransfer transfer;
-	transfer.swap_bgra16 = info.bgra16;
-	if (upload) {
-		if ((render_target || video_out) &&
-		    (info.resources.layers == 0 || info.data.size % info.resources.layers != 0 ||
-		     info.samples != 1 || image.backing.samples != 1)) {
-			EXIT("TextureCache: invalid color-attachment upload\n");
-		}
-		owner = "TextureCache";
-		if (render_target) {
-			owner = "RenderTarget";
-		} else if (binding == BindingType::Storage) {
-			owner = "StorageTextureCache";
-		} else if (video_out) {
-			if (info.metadata.compression != VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed) {
-				EXIT("TextureCache: invalid color-attachment upload\n");
-			}
-			layers = info.resources.layers;
-			volume = false;
-			owner  = "VideoOut";
-		}
+	if (UploadBinding(image) == BindingType::DepthTarget) {
+		return IsSupportedDepthPlaneReadback(info) &&
+		       Prospero::NumBytesPerElement(info.guest_format) == info.bytes_per_block;
 	}
-
-	transfer.layout = TextureCalcUploadLayout(info.guest_format, info.extent.width,
-	                                         info.extent.height, info.resources.levels, layers,
-	                                         info.tile_mode, info.data.size, volume, owner);
-	transfer.regions = TextureBuildImageCopies(transfer.layout);
-	if (info.IsDepth()) {
-		for (auto& region: transfer.regions) {
-			region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth;
-		}
-	}
-	if (transfer.layout.surface.description.tile_mode != Prospero::TileMode::kLinear) {
-		if (!TextureBuildGpuTileInfos(info.data.size, transfer.regions, transfer.layout,
-		                              info.resources.levels, transfer.tiles)) {
-			return transfer;
-		}
-	}
-	transfer.valid = true;
-	return transfer;
-}
-
-TextureCache::ImageDownload TextureCache::BuildDownload(const Image& image) const {
-	const auto&  info    = image.info;
-	const auto   binding = UploadBinding(image);
-	ImageDownload transfer {.depth_target = binding == BindingType::DepthTarget};
-	if (info.samples != 1 || image.backing.samples != 1) {
-		return transfer;
-	}
-	if (transfer.depth_target) {
-		transfer.valid = IsSupportedDepthPlaneReadback(info) && info.resources.layers != 0 &&
-		             info.data.size % info.resources.layers == 0 &&
-		             Prospero::NumBytesPerElement(info.guest_format) == info.bytes_per_block;
-		return transfer;
-	}
-	if (info.metadata.compression != VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed) {
-		return transfer;
-	}
-	transfer.texture = BuildTextureTransfer(image, binding, TransferDirection::Download);
-	transfer.valid   = transfer.texture.valid;
-	return transfer;
+	return info.metadata.compression == VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed &&
+	       (!info.IsTiled() || !Prospero::IsFmaskTextureFormat(info.guest_format)) &&
+	       info.LinearSize() != 0;
 }

 void TextureCache::UploadImage(Image& image, Buffer& source, uint64_t source_offset) {
 	auto& destination = image.depth_id ? m_slot_images[image.depth_id] : image;
-	const auto binding = image.depth_id ? BindingType::DepthTarget : UploadBinding(image);
-	const auto  upload  = [&](std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy>& copies, TileManager::Result linear) {
-		for (auto& copy: copies) {
-			copy.bufferOffset += linear.offset;
-		}
-		destination.Upload(copies, linear.buffer, linear.offset, linear.size);
-	};
-
+	const auto& info        = image.info;
+	const auto  binding     = image.depth_id ? BindingType::DepthTarget : UploadBinding(image);
 	if (binding != BindingType::DepthTarget) {
-		const auto& info = image.info;
-		auto transfer = BuildTextureTransfer(image, binding, TransferDirection::Upload);
-		if (!transfer.valid) {
-			EXIT("TextureCache: invalid texture upload: binding=%u addr=0x%016" PRIx64
-			     " size=0x%016" PRIx64 " format=%u tile=%u family=%u extent=%ux%ux%u "
-			     "pitch=%u levels=%u layers=%u samples=%u\n",
-			     static_cast<uint32_t>(binding), info.data.address, info.data.size,
-			     static_cast<uint32_t>(info.guest_format), static_cast<uint32_t>(info.tile_mode),
-			     static_cast<uint32_t>(transfer.layout.surface.texture.block.family), info.extent.width,
-			     info.extent.height, info.extent.depth, info.pitch, info.resources.levels,
-			     info.resources.layers, info.samples);
+		if ((binding == BindingType::RenderTarget || binding == BindingType::VideoOut) &&
+		    (info.resources.layers == 0 || info.data.size % info.resources.layers != 0 ||
+		     info.samples != 1 || image.backing.samples != 1)) {
+			EXIT("TextureCache: invalid color-attachment upload\n");
 		}
-		TileManager::Result linear {source.Handle(), source_offset, info.data.size};
-		if (!transfer.tiles.empty()) {
-			linear = m_tiler.Detile(source.Handle(), source_offset, info.data.size,
-			                        transfer.LinearSize(), transfer.tiles);
+		if (binding == BindingType::VideoOut &&
+		    info.metadata.compression != VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed) {
+			EXIT("TextureCache: invalid video-out upload\n");
 		}
-		if (transfer.swap_bgra16) {
-			linear = m_tiler.SwapBgra16(linear);
-		}
-		upload(transfer.regions, linear);
+		const auto linear = m_tiler.Detile(source.Handle(), source_offset, info);
+		const auto copies = info.BufferCopies(linear.offset);
+		destination.Upload(copies, linear.buffer, linear.offset, linear.size);
 		return;
 	}

-	// The stencil plane has its own row pitch and shares the native image
-	// with the depth plane.
-	auto info = destination.info;
-	if (image.depth_id) {
-		info.data            = image.info.data;
-		info.resources       = {image.stencil_subresources.level_count,
-		                        image.stencil_subresources.layer_count};
-		info.guest_format    = Prospero::BufferFormat::k8UInt;
-		info.bytes_per_block = 1;
-		if (info.IsTiled()) info.pitch = TileGetDepthPitch(info.extent.width, 1, 0);
-	}
 	if (info.samples != 1 || destination.backing.samples != 1 ||
 	    info.resources.layers == 0 || info.data.size % info.resources.layers != 0 ||
 	    Prospero::NumBytesPerElement(info.guest_format) != info.bytes_per_block) {
 		EXIT("TextureCache: invalid depth upload\n");
 	}
-	const auto          layers          = info.resources.layers;
-	const auto          full_slice_size = info.data.size / layers;
-	auto copies = BuildDepthCopies(info, full_slice_size, image.depth_id
-	                                                        ? vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eStencil
-	                                                        : vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth);
+	const auto layers          = info.resources.layers;
+	const auto full_slice_size = info.linear_slice_stride;
+	auto       linear          = m_tiler.Detile(source.Handle(), source_offset, info);
+	auto       copies          = info.BufferCopies(linear.offset);
 	if (image.depth_id) {
 		for (auto& copy: copies) {
 			copy.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer += image.stencil_subresources.base_layer;
 		}
 	}
-	TileManager::Result linear {source.Handle(), source_offset, source.Size() - source_offset};
-	if (info.IsTiled()) {
-		const auto tiles = BuildDepthTiles(info);
-		linear =
-		    m_tiler.Detile(source.Handle(), source_offset, info.data.size, info.data.size, tiles);
-	}
 	const auto transfer_bytes = image.depth_id ? 1u : DepthAspectTransferBytes(info.pixel_format);
 	if (transfer_bytes != info.bytes_per_block) {
 		const uint64_t texels_per_slice = static_cast<uint64_t>(info.pitch) * info.extent.height;
@@ -1084,18 +991,18 @@ void TextureCache::UploadImage(Image& image, Buffer& source, uint64_t source_off
 		     .source_slice_stride = full_slice_size,
 		     .target_slice_stride = transfer_slice});
 		linear = promoted;
-		for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < layers; layer++) {
-			copies[layer].bufferOffset = transfer_slice * layer;
-		}
+		copies.resize(1);
+		copies[0].bufferOffset      = linear.offset;
+		copies[0].bufferRowLength   = info.pitch;
+		copies[0].bufferImageHeight = info.extent.height;
+		copies[0].imageSubresource  = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 0, layers};
+		copies[0].imageExtent       = info.extent;
 	}
-	upload(copies, linear);
+	destination.Upload(copies, linear.buffer, linear.offset, linear.size);
 }

 void TextureCache::InitializeImage(ImageId id) {
 	auto& image = m_slot_images[id];
-	if (image.info.data.Empty()) {
-		return;
-	}
 	TrackImage(id);
 	if (image.info.metadata.compression != VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed) {
 		if (image.IsCpuDirty()) {
@@ -1178,8 +1085,15 @@ void TextureCache::MaterializeColorClear(ImageId id, const ImageDesc& desc,
 		}
 		{
 			std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
-			ClearImage(m_scheduler.Current(), id, view.format,
-			           {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, view.base_level, view.level_count,
+			const auto& image = m_slot_images[id];
+			const bool depth = image.info.IsDepth();
+			if (depth) {
+				const auto value = clear.color.float32[0];
+				clear.depthStencil = {value, 0u};
+			}
+			ClearImage(m_scheduler.Current(), id, depth ? image.backing.format : view.format,
+			           {depth ? vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth : vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+			            view.base_level, view.level_count,
 			            image_first + slice, 1}, clear);
 		}
 		// Publish the conversion's expanded keys without treating them as guest writes
@@ -1201,12 +1115,7 @@ void TextureCache::RefreshImage(ImageId id) {
 	}
 	TrackImage(id);
 	if (image.IsMaybeCpuDirty()) {
-		const auto hash = image.HashGuestEdges();
-		if (image.NeedsMaybeCpuHash()) {
-			image.SetMaybeCpuHash(hash);
-			return;
-		}
-		(void)image.ResolveMaybeCpuHash(hash);
+		(void)image.ResolveMaybeCpuHash(image.HashGuestEdges());
 	}
 	bool cpu_dirty = image.IsBufferModified() || image.IsDefinitelyCpuDirty();
 	if (image.info.metadata.compression != VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed) {
@@ -1246,8 +1155,31 @@ ImageId TextureCache::AssociateStencil(ImageId depth_id, GuestRange stencil) {
 	}
 	auto& record = m_slot_images[association];
 	TouchImage(record);
-	record.depth_id             = depth_id;
-	record.stencil_subresources = depth.stencil_subresources;
+	if (record.depth_id != depth_id || record.stencil_subresources != depth.stencil_subresources) {
+		ImageInfo plane {};
+		plane.data         = stencil;
+		plane.pixel_format = vk::Format::eS8Uint;
+		plane.guest_format = Prospero::BufferFormat::k8UInt;
+		plane.type         = depth.info.type;
+		plane.extent       = depth.info.extent;
+		plane.resources    = {depth.stencil_subresources.level_count,
+		                      depth.stencil_subresources.layer_count};
+		plane.tile_mode    = depth.info.tile_mode;
+		plane.pitch =
+		    plane.IsTiled() ? TileGetDepthPitch(plane.extent.width, 1, 0) : depth.info.pitch;
+		plane.bytes_per_block = 1;
+		plane.UpdateSize();
+		if (record.depth_id != depth_id) {
+			if (record.depth_id) {
+				std::erase(m_slot_images[record.depth_id].stencil_ids, association);
+			}
+			depth.stencil_ids.push_back(association);
+		}
+		record.info                 = plane;
+		record.depth_id             = depth_id;
+		record.stencil_subresources = depth.stencil_subresources;
+	}
+
 	return association;
 }

@@ -1257,10 +1189,7 @@ ImageId TextureCache::FindImage(ImageDesc& desc, bool exact_format) {
 		EXIT("TextureCache: image lookup requires a valid command buffer\n");
 	}
 	ValidateImageDesc(desc);
-	if (desc.info.data.Empty()) {
-		std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
-		return GetNullImage(desc);
-	}
+	EXIT_IF(desc.info.data.Empty());
 	const auto metadata_base_layer = desc.view_info.base_layer;

 	ImageId result {};
@@ -1268,11 +1197,28 @@ ImageId TextureCache::FindImage(ImageDesc& desc, bool exact_format) {
 		std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
 		const auto       candidates =
 		    FindImagesInRegion(desc.info.data.address, desc.info.data.size, false);
+		bool block_alias = false;

 		for (const auto id: candidates) {
 			const auto& image = m_slot_images[id];
+			// Stencil descriptors name the associated plane; its depth owner supplies
+			// the native image and the canonical guest tiling.
+			if ((desc.type == BindingType::Texture || desc.type == BindingType::Storage) &&
+			    image.depth_id && image.info.data == desc.info.data &&
+			    m_slot_images[image.depth_id].info.samples == desc.info.samples &&
+			    image.info.extent == desc.info.extent && image.info.type == desc.info.type &&
+			    image.info.resources.levels >= desc.info.resources.levels &&
+			    image.info.resources.layers >= desc.info.resources.layers &&
+			    desc.info.bytes_per_block == 1 &&
+			    desc.info.guest_format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k8UInt) {
+				result = id;
+				break;
+			}
 			if (SameBacking(image.info, desc.info, exact_format)) {
 				result = id;
+			} else if (image.SafeToDownload() &&
+			           BcAlias::Matches(desc.info, image.info)) {
+				block_alias = true;
 			}
 		}

@@ -1290,9 +1236,18 @@ ImageId TextureCache::FindImage(ImageDesc& desc, bool exact_format) {
 					view_layer = overlap.layer;
 				}
 			}
+		} else if (block_alias) {
+			for (const auto candidate: candidates) {
+				const auto* owner = m_slot_images.try_get(candidate);
+				if (candidate != result && owner != nullptr && owner->registered &&
+				    !owner->IsCpuDirty() &&
+				    BcAlias::Matches(m_slot_images[result].info, owner->info)) {
+					BcAlias::Resolve(*this, candidate, result);
+				}
+			}
 		}

-		if (result) {
+		if (result && !m_slot_images[result].depth_id) {
 			auto& resolved = m_slot_images[result];
 			if (exact_format && resolved.info.pixel_format != desc.info.pixel_format) {
 				result = {};
@@ -1386,36 +1341,30 @@ vk::ImageView TextureCache::FindTexture(ImageId id, const ImageDesc& desc) {
 	std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
 	auto&            image = m_slot_images[id];
 	TouchImage(image);
-	if (!image.info.data.Empty()) {
-		if (!image.registered || image.depth_id || image.binding.needs_rebind) {
-			EXIT("TextureCache: texture requires rediscovery before final acquisition\n");
-		}
+	if (!image.registered || image.depth_id || image.binding.needs_rebind) {
+		EXIT("TextureCache: texture requires rediscovery before final acquisition\n");
 	}
 	if (desc.type == BindingType::Storage) {
 		image.MarkGpuModified();
 	}
-	if (!image.info.data.Empty()) {
-		RefreshImage(id);
-		if (image.info.HasStencil() &&
-		    desc.info.data.address >= image.info.stencil.address &&
-		    desc.info.data.End() <= image.info.stencil.End()) {
-			for (const auto stencil_id:
-			     FindImagesInRegion(image.info.stencil.address, image.info.stencil.size, false)) {
-				const auto* stencil = m_slot_images.try_get(stencil_id);
-				if (stencil != nullptr && stencil->depth_id == id &&
-				    stencil->info.data == image.info.stencil) {
-					RefreshImage(stencil_id);
-					break;
-				}
+	RefreshImage(id);
+	if (image.info.HasStencil() &&
+	    desc.info.data.address >= image.info.stencil.address &&
+	    desc.info.data.End() <= image.info.stencil.End()) {
+		for (const auto stencil_id:
+		     FindImagesInRegion(image.info.stencil.address, image.info.stencil.size, false)) {
+			const auto* stencil = m_slot_images.try_get(stencil_id);
+			if (stencil != nullptr && stencil->depth_id == id &&
+			    stencil->info.data == image.info.stencil) {
+				RefreshImage(stencil_id);
+				break;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	switch (desc.type) {
 		case BindingType::Texture: break;
 		case BindingType::Storage:
-			if (!image.info.data.Empty()) {
-				CommitGpuWrite(image);
-			}
+			CommitGpuWrite(image);
 			TrackImageDownload(id, image);
 			break;
 		default: EXIT("TextureCache: invalid texture binding\n");
@@ -1452,7 +1401,6 @@ vk::ImageView TextureCache::FindDepthTarget(ImageId id, const ImageDesc& desc) {
 	}
 	TouchImage(image);
 	image.MarkGpuModified();
-	image.usage.depth_target = true;
 	if (desc.info.HasStencil()) {
 		const auto layers = image.info.resources.layers;
 		EXIT_IF(layers == 0 || image.info.data.size % layers != 0 ||
@@ -1468,9 +1416,13 @@ vk::ImageView TextureCache::FindDepthTarget(ImageId id, const ImageDesc& desc) {
 	image.info.stencil = desc.info.stencil;
 	image.info.metadata = desc.info.metadata;
 	if (desc.info.HasMetadata()) {
-		m_surface_metas.emplace(desc.info.metadata.range.address,
-		                        MetaDataInfo {.type       = MetaDataInfo::Type::HTile,
-		                                      .clear_mask = image.info.htile_clear_mask});
+		const auto [metadata, inserted] = m_surface_metas.try_emplace(desc.info.metadata.range.address);
+		if (inserted) {
+			metadata->second.type = MetaDataInfo::Type::HTile;
+			if (image.info.htile_initial_clear) {
+				metadata->second.clear_mask.set();
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	RefreshImage(id);
 	CommitGpuWrite(image);
@@ -1674,7 +1626,7 @@ void TextureCache::InvalidateMemory(uint64_t address, uint64_t size) {
 void TextureCache::DownloadDepth(Image& image, Buffer& destination, uint64_t destination_offset) {
 	const auto&    info             = image.info;
 	const auto     layers           = info.resources.layers;
-	const auto     full_slice_size  = info.data.size / layers;
+	const auto     full_slice_size  = info.linear_slice_stride;
 	const auto     transfer_bytes   = DepthAspectTransferBytes(info.pixel_format);
 	const uint64_t texels_per_slice = static_cast<uint64_t>(info.pitch) * info.extent.height;
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(transfer_bytes == 0 || texels_per_slice > UINT32_MAX ||
@@ -1685,31 +1637,31 @@ void TextureCache::DownloadDepth(Image& image, Buffer& destination, uint64_t des
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(transfer_slice > UINT64_MAX / layers);
 	const uint64_t transfer_size = transfer_slice * layers;
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(guest_slice > full_slice_size);
-	auto copies = BuildDepthCopies(info, full_slice_size, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth);
 	if (transfer_bytes == info.bytes_per_block) {
 		if (!info.IsTiled()) {
-			for (auto& copy: copies) {
-				copy.bufferOffset += destination_offset;
-			}
+			const auto copies = info.BufferCopies(destination_offset);
 			image.Download(copies, destination.Handle(), destination_offset, info.data.size);
-			return;
+		} else {
+			const auto copies = info.BufferCopies();
+			m_tiler.TileImage(image, copies, destination.Handle(), destination_offset,
+			                  info.data.size);
 		}
-		const auto tiles = BuildDepthTiles(info);
-		m_tiler.TileImage(image, copies, destination.Handle(), destination_offset, info.data.size,
-		                  info.data.size, tiles);
 		return;
 	}
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(info.bytes_per_block != sizeof(uint16_t) ||
 	                     transfer_bytes != sizeof(uint32_t));
-	for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < layers; layer++) {
-		copies[layer].bufferOffset = transfer_slice * layer;
-	}
+	const std::array copies {vk::BufferImageCopy {0,
+	                                              info.pitch,
+	                                              info.extent.height,
+	                                              {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 0, layers},
+	                                              {},
+	                                              info.extent}};
 	auto host_linear = m_tiler.GetScratchBuffer(transfer_size);
 	image.Download(copies, host_linear.buffer, 0, host_linear.size);
 	const bool tiled        = info.IsTiled();
-	auto       guest_linear = tiled ? m_tiler.GetScratchBuffer(info.data.size, host_linear.buffer)
-	                                : TileManager::Result {destination.Handle(), destination_offset,
-	                                                       destination.Size() - destination_offset};
+	auto guest_linear = tiled ? m_tiler.GetScratchBuffer(info.LinearSize(), host_linear.buffer)
+	                          : TileManager::Result {destination.Handle(), destination_offset,
+	                                                 destination.Size() - destination_offset};
 	m_tiler.ConvertD16(host_linear, guest_linear, TileManager::D16Direction::Demote,
 	                   DepthAspectTransferFormat(info.pixel_format) == vk::Format::eD32Sfloat,
 	                   {.width               = info.extent.width,
@@ -1719,47 +1671,39 @@ void TextureCache::DownloadDepth(Image& image, Buffer& destination, uint64_t des
 	                    .target_row_stride   = static_cast<uint64_t>(info.pitch) * sizeof(uint16_t),
 	                    .source_slice_stride = transfer_slice,
 	                    .target_slice_stride = full_slice_size});
-	if (!tiled) {
-		return;
+	if (tiled) {
+		m_tiler.Tile(guest_linear.buffer, guest_linear.offset, guest_linear.size,
+		             destination.Handle(), destination_offset, info.data.size, info);
 	}
-	const auto tiles = BuildDepthTiles(info);
-	m_tiler.Tile(guest_linear.buffer, guest_linear.offset, info.data.size, destination.Handle(),
-	             destination_offset, info.data.size, tiles);
 }

 void TextureCache::DownloadImage(Image& image, Buffer& destination, uint64_t destination_offset,
-                                     uint64_t destination_size, ImageDownload transfer) {
-	if (!transfer.valid) {
-		EXIT("TextureCache: invalid image download transfer\n");
+                                 uint64_t destination_size, uint32_t levels) {
+	if (!CanDownload(image)) {
+		EXIT("TextureCache: invalid image download\n");
 	}
-	if (transfer.depth_target) {
-		if (destination_size != image.info.data.size) {
-			EXIT("TextureCache: partial depth image download is unsupported\n");
-		}
+	if (UploadBinding(image) == BindingType::DepthTarget) {
+		EXIT_IF(destination_size != image.info.data.size || levels != image.info.resources.levels);
 		DownloadDepth(image, destination, destination_offset);
 		return;
 	}

-	auto&      texture   = transfer.texture;
-	const auto transform = texture.swap_bgra16 ? TileManager::ColorTransform::SwapBgra16
-	                                           : TileManager::ColorTransform::None;
-	if (texture.tiles.empty()) {
-		if (transform == TileManager::ColorTransform::SwapBgra16) {
-			auto linear = m_tiler.GetScratchBuffer(destination_size);
-			image.Download(texture.regions, linear.buffer, 0, linear.size);
-			m_tiler.SwapBgra16(linear,
-			                   {destination.Handle(), destination_offset, destination_size});
-			return;
-		}
-		for (auto& copy: texture.regions) {
-			copy.bufferOffset += destination_offset;
-		}
-		image.Download(texture.regions, destination.Handle(), destination_offset, destination_size);
-		return;
+	const auto& info      = image.info;
+	const auto  transform = info.GetColorTransform();
+	if (info.IsTiled()) {
+		const auto copies = info.BufferCopies(0, levels);
+		m_tiler.TileImage(image, copies, destination.Handle(), destination_offset, destination_size,
+		                  levels);
+	} else if (transform != ColorTransform::None) {
+		auto       linear = m_tiler.GetScratchBuffer(destination_size);
+		const auto copies = info.BufferCopies(0, levels);
+		image.Download(copies, linear.buffer, 0, linear.size);
+		m_tiler.TransformColor(linear, {destination.Handle(), destination_offset, destination_size},
+		                       transform, false);
+	} else {
+		const auto copies = info.BufferCopies(destination_offset, levels);
+		image.Download(copies, destination.Handle(), destination_offset, destination_size);
 	}
-
-	m_tiler.TileImage(image, texture.regions, destination.Handle(), destination_offset,
-	                  destination_size, texture.LinearSize(), texture.tiles, transform);
 }

 bool BufferCache::SynchronizeBufferFromImage(Buffer& buffer, uint64_t vaddr, uint64_t size) {
@@ -1781,14 +1725,12 @@ bool BufferCache::SynchronizeBufferFromImage(Buffer& buffer, uint64_t vaddr, uin
 	const auto available  = buffer.Size() - buf_offset;
 	uint32_t   levels     = 0;
 	uint64_t   copy_size  = 0;
-	if (image.info.IsVolume()) {
-		// Volume mips contain strided block slices, so a mip's linear span cannot prove that
-		// every retained slice fits. Keep volume synchronization whole-image only.
-		if (!buffer.IsInBounds(image.info.data.address, image.info.data.size)) {
-			return false;
-		}
+	if (buffer.IsInBounds(image.info.data.address, image.info.data.size)) {
 		levels    = image.info.resources.levels;
 		copy_size = image.info.data.size;
+	} else if (image.info.IsVolume() || image.info.resources.layers > 1) {
+		// Array and volume slices are strided across the full mip chain.
+		return false;
 	} else {
 		for (; levels < image.info.resources.levels; ++levels) {
 			const auto& mip = image.info.mip_layout[levels];
@@ -1801,30 +1743,12 @@ bool BufferCache::SynchronizeBufferFromImage(Buffer& buffer, uint64_t vaddr, uin
 	if (copy_size == 0) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	auto transfer = m_texture_cache.BuildDownload(image);
-	if (!transfer.valid) {
+	if (!m_texture_cache.CanDownload(image) ||
+	    (TextureCache::UploadBinding(image) == TextureCache::BindingType::DepthTarget &&
+	     copy_size != image.info.data.size)) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	if (transfer.depth_target && copy_size != image.info.data.size) {
-		return false;
-	}
-	if (!transfer.depth_target && levels < image.info.resources.levels) {
-		auto& texture = transfer.texture;
-		std::erase_if(texture.regions, [levels](const vk::BufferImageCopy& region) {
-			return region.imageSubresource.mipLevel >= levels;
-		});
-		if (texture.regions.empty()) {
-			return false;
-		}
-		if (!texture.tiles.empty()) {
-			texture.tiles.clear();
-			if (!TextureBuildGpuTileInfos(copy_size, texture.regions, texture.layout, levels,
-			                              texture.tiles)) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	m_texture_cache.DownloadImage(image, buffer, buf_offset, copy_size, std::move(transfer));
+	m_texture_cache.DownloadImage(image, buffer, buf_offset, copy_size, levels);
 	return true;
 }

@@ -1833,8 +1757,7 @@ bool TextureCache::DownloadImageMemory(ImageId id) {
 	if (image.depth_id) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	auto transfer = BuildDownload(image);
-	if (!transfer.valid || !image.SafeToDownload()) {
+	if (!image.SafeToDownload() || !CanDownload(image)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 	const auto range    = image.info.data;
@@ -1850,7 +1773,7 @@ bool TextureCache::DownloadImageMemory(ImageId id) {
 	}
 	download.Flush(offset, range.size);

-	DownloadImage(image, download, offset, range.size, std::move(transfer));
+	DownloadImage(image, download, offset, range.size, image.info.resources.levels);
 	vk::BufferMemoryBarrier barrier {};
 	barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eMemoryWrite | vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite |
 	                        vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderWrite;
@@ -1897,7 +1820,7 @@ void TextureCache::InvalidateCpuAliases(uint64_t address, uint64_t size) {
 			continue;
 		}
 		if (owner->Overlaps(address, size)) {
-			owner->InvalidateCpuWrite(address, size);
+			owner->MarkCpuDirty();
 			UntrackImage(id);
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -1922,10 +1845,10 @@ bool TextureCache::IsMeta(uint64_t address) {
 bool TextureCache::IsMetaCleared(uint64_t address, uint32_t slice) {
 	std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
 	const auto       found = m_surface_metas.find(address);
-	if (found == m_surface_metas.end() || slice >= 32) {
+	if (found == m_surface_metas.end() || slice >= found->second.clear_mask.size()) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	return (found->second.clear_mask & (1u << slice)) != 0;
+	return found->second.clear_mask.test(slice);
 }

 bool TextureCache::ClearMeta(uint64_t address) {
@@ -1934,24 +1857,25 @@ bool TextureCache::ClearMeta(uint64_t address) {
 	if (found == m_surface_metas.end()) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	found->second.clear_mask = UINT32_MAX;
+	found->second.clear_mask.set();
 	return true;
 }

 bool TextureCache::TouchMeta(uint64_t address, uint32_t slice, bool is_clear) {
 	std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
 	const auto       found = m_surface_metas.find(address);
-	if (found == m_surface_metas.end() || slice >= 32) {
+	if (found == m_surface_metas.end() || slice >= found->second.clear_mask.size()) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	if (is_clear) {
-		found->second.clear_mask |= 1u << slice;
-	} else {
-		found->second.clear_mask &= ~(1u << slice);
-	}
+	found->second.clear_mask.set(slice, is_clear);
 	return true;
 }

+bool TextureCache::IsRegionRegistered(uint64_t address, uint64_t size) {
+	std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
+	return !FindImagesInRegion(address, size, false).empty();
+}
+
 void TextureCache::UnmapMemory(uint64_t address, uint64_t size) {
 	if (!GuestRange {address, size}.Valid()) {
 		EXIT("TextureCache: invalid unmap range\n");
@@ -2036,6 +1960,9 @@ void TextureCache::RunGarbageCollector() {
 }

 void TextureCache::ProcessDownloadImages() {
+	if (!m_readback_linear_images) {
+		return;
+	}
 	std::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
 	for (const auto id: m_download_images) {
 		const auto owner = m_slot_images.try_get(id);
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/image.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/tiler.h"

+#include <bitset>
 #include <map>
 #include <type_traits>
-#include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>

@@ -26,8 +26,15 @@ class BufferCache;
 class CommandBuffer;
 class CommandScheduler;
 class RenderExecutor;
+class TextureCache;
 struct TextureCacheTestAccess;

+namespace BcAlias {
+[[nodiscard]] bool Matches(const ImageInfo& requested, const ImageInfo& cached);
+[[nodiscard]] bool Publish(TextureCache& cache, Image& image);
+void Resolve(TextureCache& cache, ImageId cached, ImageId merged);
+} // namespace BcAlias
+
 class TextureCache {
 public:
 	enum class BindingType : uint8_t { Texture, Storage, RenderTarget, DepthTarget, VideoOut };
@@ -61,6 +68,7 @@ public:
 	                                        uint32_t packed_clear);
 	void               InvalidateMemory(uint64_t address, uint64_t size);
 	void               InvalidateMemoryFromGPU(uint64_t address, uint64_t size);
+	[[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionRegistered(uint64_t address, uint64_t size);

 	[[nodiscard]] bool IsMeta(uint64_t address);
 	[[nodiscard]] bool IsMetaCleared(uint64_t address, uint32_t slice);
@@ -72,15 +80,12 @@ public:
 	void RunGarbageCollector();

 private:
-	enum class TransferDirection { Upload, Download };
-	struct TextureTransfer;
-	struct ImageDownload;
-
 	struct MetaDataInfo {
 		enum class Type : uint8_t { CMask, FMask, HTile };

-		Type     type;
-		uint32_t clear_mask = UINT32_MAX;
+		Type type;
+		// PS5 DB_DEPTH_VIEW encodes 13-bit base and last array-slice indices.
+		std::bitset<8192> clear_mask;
 	};

 	struct OverlapResult {
@@ -110,7 +115,6 @@ private:
 	}

 	[[nodiscard]] ImageId     InsertImage(const ImageInfo& info);
-	[[nodiscard]] ImageId     GetNullImage(const ImageDesc& desc);
 	void                      RegisterImage(ImageId id);
 	void                      UnregisterImage(ImageId id);
 	void                      DeleteImage(ImageId id);
@@ -140,12 +144,10 @@ private:
 	void                        MaterializeColorClear(ImageId id, const ImageDesc& desc,
 	                                                uint32_t metadata_base_layer);
 	void                        InitializeImage(ImageId id);
-	[[nodiscard]] TextureTransfer
-	BuildTextureTransfer(const Image& image, BindingType binding, TransferDirection direction) const;
-	[[nodiscard]] ImageDownload BuildDownload(const Image& image) const;
+	[[nodiscard]] bool          CanDownload(const Image& image) const;
 	void UploadImage(Image& image, Buffer& source, uint64_t source_offset);
 	void DownloadImage(Image& image, Buffer& destination, uint64_t destination_offset,
-	                       uint64_t destination_size, ImageDownload transfer);
+	                   uint64_t destination_size, uint32_t levels);
 	void DownloadDepth(Image& image, Buffer& destination, uint64_t destination_offset);
 	void CommitGpuWrite(Image& image);
 	// Caller holds m_lock. Volume layer ranges select depth slices.
@@ -171,7 +173,6 @@ private:
 	BufferCache&                                      m_buffer_cache;
 	Common::SlotVector<Image>                         m_slot_images;
 	ImagePageTable                                    m_image_page_table;
-	std::unordered_map<vk::Format, ImageId>           m_null_images;
 	Common::LeastRecentlyUsedCache<ImageId, uint64_t> m_lru_cache;
 	std::unordered_set<ImageId>                       m_download_images;
 	std::map<uint64_t, MetaDataInfo>                  m_surface_metas;
@@ -186,6 +187,9 @@ private:
 	friend struct TextureCacheTestAccess;
 	friend class BufferCache;
 	friend class RenderExecutor;
+	friend bool BcAlias::Matches(const ImageInfo&, const ImageInfo&);
+	friend bool BcAlias::Publish(TextureCache&, Image&);
+	friend void BcAlias::Resolve(TextureCache&, ImageId, ImageId);
 };

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -139,9 +139,7 @@ void RenderExecutor::ResolveRenderColorTarget(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderColor
 	// Nonlinear clear values are still stored as normalized components.
 	// Metadata clears are materialized during image discovery; render-pass loads preserve contents.
 	uint32_t   width  = 0;
-	uint32_t   height = 0;
-	uint32_t   pitch  = 0;
-	uint64_t   size   = 0;
+	uint32_t       height       = 0;
 	bool       tile   = false;
 	const bool     standard4    = rt.attrib3.tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kStandard4KB;
 	const bool     standard64   = rt.attrib3.tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kStandard64KB;
@@ -164,6 +162,9 @@ void RenderExecutor::ResolveRenderColorTarget(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderColor
 	if (texture_tile && samples != 1) {
 		EXIT("texture-tiled color render targets do not support multisampling\n");
 	}
+	if (volume && !tile) {
+		EXIT("linear 3D render targets are unsupported\n");
+	}

 	width  = rt.attrib2.width + 1;
 	height = rt.attrib2.height + 1;
@@ -198,80 +199,25 @@ void RenderExecutor::ResolveRenderColorTarget(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderColor
 		     " layer=%u/%u\n",
 		     rt.attrib3.dimension, rt.attrib3.depth, view.base_layer, view.image_layers);
 	}
-	if (samples == 1) {
-		pitch = TileGetTexturePitch(transfer_format, width, rt.attrib3.tile_mode);
-	} else {
-		pitch = TileGetRenderTargetPitch(width, bytes_per_element, rt.attrib.num_fragments);
-	}
-	if (pitch == 0) {
-		EXIT("unsupported render-target pitch: width=%u bytes=%u\n", width, bytes_per_element);
-	}
-
-	TileSizeOffset    mip_sizes[16] {};
-	TilePaddedSize    mip_padded[16] {};
-	TileSurfaceLayout volume_layout {};
-	uint64_t          backing_size = 0;
-	if (volume) {
-		const TileSurfaceDescription description {transfer_format,
-		                                          rt.attrib3.tile_mode,
-		                                          TileSurfaceDimension::Dim3D,
-		                                          width,
-		                                          height,
-		                                          depth,
-		                                          levels,
-		                                          1};
-		if (!tile || !TileGetTiledTextureLayout(description, volume_layout)) {
-			EXIT("unsupported 3D render-target layout: %ux%ux%u levels=%u tile=%u\n", width, height,
-			     depth, levels, static_cast<uint32_t>(rt.attrib3.tile_mode));
-		}
-		size         = volume_layout.block_slice_size;
-		backing_size = volume_layout.total_size;
-	} else {
-		TileSizeAlign layout {};
-		bool          valid_layout = false;
-		if (samples == 1) {
-			TileGetTextureSize(transfer_format, width, height, levels, rt.attrib3.tile_mode,
-			                   &layout, mip_sizes, mip_padded);
-			valid_layout = layout.size != 0 && layout.align != 0 &&
-			               (rt.attrib3.tile_mode != Prospero::TileMode::kRenderTarget ||
-			                levels <= std::bit_width(std::max(width, height)));
-		} else {
-			valid_layout = TileGetRenderTargetSize(width, height, pitch, bytes_per_element,
-			                                       layout, rt.attrib.num_fragments);
-			mip_sizes[0]  = {layout.size, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-			mip_padded[0] = {pitch, height};
-		}
-		if (!valid_layout) {
-			EXIT("unsupported render-target layout: %ux%u pitch=%u bytes=%u levels=%u\n", width,
-			     height, pitch, bytes_per_element, levels);
-		}
-		size = layout.size;
-	}
-	if (size == 0 || (!volume && size > UINT64_MAX / view.image_layers)) {
-		EXIT("render-target memory footprint is invalid\n");
-	}
-	if (!volume) {
-		backing_size = size * view.image_layers;
-	}
-	if (backing_size == 0) {
-		EXIT("render-target backing is empty\n");
-	}
-	if (!GuestRange {rt.base.addr, backing_size}.Valid()) {
-		EXIT("render-target backing range is invalid\n");
-	}
-
 	auto& desc = r.desc;
 	desc.type              = TextureCache::BindingType::RenderTarget;
-	desc.info.data         = {rt.base.addr, backing_size};
+	desc.info.data            = {rt.base.addr, 0};
 	desc.info.pixel_format = target_format.format;
-	desc.info.guest_format = transfer_format;
+	desc.info.guest_format = target_format.guest_format;
 	desc.info.type         = image_type;
 	desc.info.extent       = {width, height, depth};
-	desc.info.resources    = {levels, volume ? 1u : view.image_layers};
-	desc.info.pitch        = pitch;
+	desc.info.resources       = {levels, volume ? 1u : view.image_layers};
 	desc.info.bytes_per_block = bytes_per_element;
 	desc.info.samples         = samples;
 	desc.info.tile_mode       = rt.attrib3.tile_mode;
+	if (!volume && rt.attrib3.tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kRenderTarget &&
+	    levels > std::bit_width(std::max(width, height))) {
+		EXIT("unsupported render-target mip count\n");
+	}
+	desc.info.UpdateSize();
+	if (!desc.info.data.Valid()) {
+		EXIT("render-target backing range is invalid\n");
+	}
 	const bool has_dcc        = rt.info.dcc_compression_enable && rt.dcc_addr.addr != 0;
 	const bool has_cmask      = !rt.info.dcc_compression_enable && rt.info.cmask_fast_clear_enable &&
 	                            rt.cmask.addr != 0 && samples == 1 &&
@@ -290,33 +236,10 @@ void RenderExecutor::ResolveRenderColorTarget(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderColor
 		// DCC owns the clear when both planes are enabled; single-sample CMASK stays expanded.
 		desc.info.metadata.kind = has_dcc ? ImageMetadataKind::Dcc : ImageMetadataKind::Cmask;
 		desc.info.metadata.range = {has_dcc ? rt.dcc_addr.addr : rt.cmask.addr, metadata_size.size};
-		desc.info.metadata.clear_word           = rt.clear_word0.word0;
+		desc.info.metadata.clear_word =
+		    rt.clear_word0.word0 | (uint64_t {rt.clear_word1.word1} << 32u);
 		desc.info.metadata.clear_register_valid = true;
 	}
-	for (uint32_t level = 0; level < levels; level++) {
-		if (volume) {
-			const auto& mip             = volume_layout.mips[level];
-			desc.info.mip_layout[level] = {
-			    mip.offset,
-			    mip.size,
-			    mip.padded_width,
-			    mip.padded_height,
-			};
-			continue;
-		}
-		const auto level_offset =
-		    mip_sizes[level].src_size != 0 ? mip_sizes[level].src_offset : mip_sizes[level].offset;
-		const auto level_size =
-		    static_cast<uint64_t>(mip_sizes[level].src_size != 0 ? mip_sizes[level].src_size
-		                                                         : mip_sizes[level].size) *
-		    view.image_layers;
-		desc.info.mip_layout[level] = {
-		    level_offset,
-		    level_size,
-		    mip_padded[level].width,
-		    mip_padded[level].height,
-		};
-	}
 	desc.view_info.format = target_format.format;
 	if (is_1d) {
 		desc.view_info.type =
@@ -226,43 +226,37 @@ void CommandScheduler::PopPendingOperations() {
 }

 void CommandScheduler::DeferOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation) {
+	QueueOperation(std::move(operation), false);
+}
+
+void CommandScheduler::DeferPriorityOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation) {
+	QueueOperation(std::move(operation), true);
+}
+
+void CommandScheduler::QueueOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation, bool priority) {
 	CheckActive();
 	EXIT_IF(!operation);
 	std::unique_lock lock(m_operation_mutex);
 	if (m_operation_state == OperationState::Open) {
-		m_pending_operations.push({std::move(operation), CurrentTick()});
-		return;
-	}
-	if (g_deferred_callback_scheduler == this) {
+		auto& queue = priority ? m_priority_operations : m_pending_operations;
+		queue.push({std::move(operation), CurrentTick()});
 		lock.unlock();
-		operation();
+		if (priority) {
+			m_operation_available.notify_one();
+		}
 		return;
 	}
-	m_operation_available.wait(lock,
-	                           [this] { return m_operation_state == OperationState::Closed; });
+	if (g_deferred_callback_scheduler != this) {
+		m_operation_available.wait(lock,
+		                           [this] { return m_operation_state == OperationState::Closed; });
+	}
 	lock.unlock();
 	operation();
 }

-void CommandScheduler::DeferPriorityOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation) {
-	CheckActive();
-	EXIT_IF(!operation);
-	std::unique_lock lock(m_operation_mutex);
-	if (m_operation_state == OperationState::Open) {
-		m_priority_operations.push({std::move(operation), CurrentTick()});
-		lock.unlock();
-		m_operation_available.notify_one();
-		return;
-	}
-	if (g_deferred_callback_scheduler == this) {
-		lock.unlock();
-		operation();
-		return;
-	}
-	m_operation_available.wait(lock,
-	                           [this] { return m_operation_state == OperationState::Closed; });
-	lock.unlock();
-	operation();
+bool CommandScheduler::HasPendingPriorityOperations() {
+	std::lock_guard lock(m_operation_mutex);
+	return !m_priority_operations.empty() || m_priority_active;
 }

 void CommandScheduler::PriorityOperationsThread(std::stop_token stop) {
@@ -340,6 +334,7 @@ CommandBuffer& CommandScheduler::BeginCommand() {
 	EXIT_IF(!m_command.IsInvalid());
 	m_command.m_buffer = m_command_pool.Commit();
 	m_command.Begin();
+	m_dynamic_state.Invalidate();
 	return m_command;
 }

@@ -3,14 +3,13 @@

 #include "common/common.h"
 #include "common/uniqueFunction.h"
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/dynamicState.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/masterSemaphore.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/render.h"

 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
-
 #include <queue>
-
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>

@@ -38,8 +37,10 @@ public:
 	void                      PopPendingOperations();
 	void                      DrainPriorityOperations();
 	void                      WaitPriorityOperations(uint64_t tick);
+	// Guest-memory completions use the priority queue; normal callbacks maintain GPU resources.
 	void                      DeferOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation);
 	void                      DeferPriorityOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation);
+	[[nodiscard]] bool        HasPendingPriorityOperations();
 	[[nodiscard]] static bool InDeferredOperation() noexcept;

 	[[nodiscard]] bool Active() const noexcept { return m_command.m_registers != nullptr; }
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ public:
 	[[nodiscard]] uint64_t         CurrentTick() const noexcept { return m_master.CurrentTick(); }
 	[[nodiscard]] bool             IsFree(uint64_t tick);
 	[[nodiscard]] MasterSemaphore& GetMasterSemaphore() noexcept { return m_master; }
+	[[nodiscard]] DynamicState&    GetDynamicState() noexcept { return m_dynamic_state; }
 	[[nodiscard]] RenderContext&   Context() const noexcept { return m_context; }
 	[[nodiscard]] GraphicContext&  Graphics() const noexcept { return m_graphics; }

@@ -82,6 +84,7 @@ private:

 	void BeginNext();
 	void PriorityOperationsThread(std::stop_token stop);
+	void QueueOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation, bool priority);
 	void RunOperation(Common::UniqueFunction<void>&& operation);

 	MasterSemaphore              m_master;
@@ -89,6 +92,7 @@ private:
 	GraphicContext&              m_graphics;
 	CommandPool                  m_command_pool;
 	CommandBuffer                m_command;
+	DynamicState                 m_dynamic_state;
 	std::queue<PendingOperation> m_pending_operations;
 	std::queue<PendingOperation> m_priority_operations;
 	std::mutex                   m_operation_mutex;
@@ -394,26 +394,20 @@ static void RcPrint(const char* func, const HW::RenderControl& c) {

 	LOGF("\t depth_clear_enable       = %s\n"
 	     "\t stencil_clear_enable     = %s\n"
+	     "\t copy_depth_to_color      = %s\n"
+	     "\t copy_stencil_to_color    = %s\n"
 	     "\t resummarize_enable       = %s\n"
 	     "\t stencil_compress_disable = %s\n"
 	     "\t depth_compress_disable   = %s\n"
 	     "\t copy_centroid            = %s\n"
 	     "\t copy_sample              = %" PRIu8 "\n",
 	     c.depth_clear_enable ? "true" : "false", c.stencil_clear_enable ? "true" : "false",
+	     c.copy_depth_to_color ? "true" : "false", c.copy_stencil_to_color ? "true" : "false",
 	     c.resummarize_enable ? "true" : "false", c.stencil_compress_disable ? "true" : "false",
 	     c.depth_compress_disable ? "true" : "false", c.copy_centroid ? "true" : "false",
 	     c.copy_sample);
 }

-static void RcCheck(const HW::RenderControl& c) {
-	// EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(c.depth_clear_enable != false);
-	// EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(c.stencil_clear_enable != false);
-	// EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(c.stencil_compress_disable != false);
-	// EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(c.depth_compress_disable != false);
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(c.copy_centroid != false);
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(c.copy_sample != 0);
-}
-
 static void McPrint(const char* func, const HW::ModeControl& c) {
 	LOGF("%s\n", func);

@@ -869,9 +863,6 @@ void hw_check(const CommandBuffer& buffer) {
 	VpCheck(vp, smc);
 	log_phase("clip");
 	ClipCheck(c);
-	log_phase("rc");
-	RcCheck(rc);
-	log_phase("depth");
 	log_phase("mode");
 	McCheck(mc);
 	log_phase("blend");
@@ -883,14 +874,33 @@ void hw_check(const CommandBuffer& buffer) {
 	log_phase("done");

 	if (graphics_debug_dump_enabled() && RenderTargetMaskHasBoundMrt(buffer)) {
-		LOGF("MRT render target mask: 0x%08" PRIx32 "\n", hw.GetRenderTargetMask());
+		const auto& sh = hw.GetShaderRegisters();
+		LOGF("MRT render target mask: 0x%08" PRIx32
+		     " export_modes={%u,%u,%u,%u,%u,%u,%u,%u}\n",
+		     hw.GetRenderTargetMask(), sh.target_output_mode[0], sh.target_output_mode[1],
+		     sh.target_output_mode[2], sh.target_output_mode[3], sh.target_output_mode[4],
+		     sh.target_output_mode[5], sh.target_output_mode[6], sh.target_output_mode[7]);
 		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
 			const auto& mrt = hw.GetRenderTarget(i);
+			const auto& bc  = hw.GetBlendControl(i);
 			LOGF("\t RT%u addr=0x%010" PRIx64 " mask=0x%x fmt=0x%08" PRIx32
-			     " width=%u height=%u tile=%u\n",
+			     " type=%u order=%u shader_mask=0x%x"
+			     " width=%u height=%u tile=%u blend=%u bypass=%u clamp=%u round_mode=%u"
+			     " samples=%u fragments=%u dcc=%u dcc_addr=0x%010" PRIx64
+			     " cmask_clear=%u cmask_addr=0x%010" PRIx64
+			     " dcc_clear_key=%u clear={%08" PRIx32 ",%08" PRIx32 "}\n",
 			     i, mrt.base.addr, (hw.GetRenderTargetMask() >> (i * 4u)) & 0x0fu,
-			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.format), mrt.attrib2.width + 1,
-			     mrt.attrib2.height + 1, static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.attrib3.tile_mode));
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.format), static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.channel_type),
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.channel_order), (sh.m_cbShaderMask >> (i * 4u)) & 0x0fu,
+			     mrt.attrib2.width + 1, mrt.attrib2.height + 1,
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.attrib3.tile_mode), static_cast<uint32_t>(bc.enable),
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.blend_bypass), static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.blend_clamp),
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.round_mode), mrt.attrib.num_samples,
+			     mrt.attrib.num_fragments,
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.dcc_compression_enable), mrt.dcc_addr.addr,
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.info.cmask_fast_clear_enable), mrt.cmask.addr,
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(mrt.dcc.dcc_clear_key_enable), mrt.clear_word0.word0,
+			     mrt.clear_word1.word1);
 		}
 	}
 	if (rc.depth_clear_enable && hw.GetDepthClearValue() != 0.0f &&
@@ -160,8 +160,7 @@ static TextureCache::ImageDesc MakeDepthTargetDesc(const CommandBuffer& buffer,
 			           z.depth_view.slice_max);
 	}
 	// EXPCLEAR permits an HTile acceleration state; the host attachment is already expanded.
-	if (z.z_info.partially_resident ||
-	    z.stencil_info.partially_resident || z.z_info.max_mip_level != 0 ||
+	if (z.z_info.max_mip_level != 0 ||
 	    z.depth_view.current_mip_level != 0 || unsupported_shading_rate_encoding ||
 	    depth_address == 0 || (depth_address & 0xffffu) != 0) {
 		DepthFatal("unsupported depth register state");
@@ -178,9 +177,6 @@ static TextureCache::ImageDesc MakeDepthTargetDesc(const CommandBuffer& buffer,
 		if (z.htile_data_base_addr == 0 || (z.htile_data_base_addr & 0x7fffu) != 0) {
 			DepthFatal("invalid HTile metadata address");
 		}
-		if (z.depth_view.slice_max >= 32) {
-			DepthFatal("HTile clear tracking supports at most 32 slices");
-		}
 	}
 	if (!z.size.valid) {
 		DepthFatal("missing depth extent");
@@ -240,7 +236,7 @@ static TextureCache::ImageDesc MakeDepthTargetDesc(const CommandBuffer& buffer,
 	desc.info.bytes_per_block = bytes;
 	desc.info.samples         = samples;
 	desc.info.tile_mode       = Prospero::TileMode::kDepth;
-	desc.info.mip_layout[0]   = {0, depth_backing_size, pitch, height};
+	desc.info.UpdateSize();
 	desc.info.metadata.range =
 	    has_htile ? GuestRange {z.htile_data_base_addr, htile_backing_size} : GuestRange {};
 	desc.info.metadata.kind   = has_htile ? ImageMetadataKind::Htile : ImageMetadataKind::None;
@@ -299,13 +295,20 @@ void RenderExecutor::ResolveRenderDepthTarget(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderDepth
 		}
 		return;
 	}
-	if (rc.copy_depth_to_color || rc.copy_stencil_to_color || rc.copy_centroid ||
-	    rc.copy_sample != 0 || dc.zfunc > static_cast<uint8_t>(vk::CompareOp::eAlways) ||
+	if (rc.copy_stencil_to_color ||
+	    dc.zfunc > static_cast<uint8_t>(vk::CompareOp::eAlways) ||
 	    (!z.depth_view.depth_write_disable && z.z_write_base_addr != z.z_read_base_addr) ||
 	    (has_stencil && !z.depth_view.stencil_write_disable &&
 	     z.stencil_write_base_addr != z.stencil_read_base_addr)) {
 		DepthFatal("unsupported depth register state");
 	}
+	if (rc.copy_depth_to_color &&
+	    (z.z_info.num_samples != 0 || rc.copy_sample != 0 ||
+	     z.z_info.format != Prospero::DepthFormat::kZ32F ||
+	     dc.z_enable || dc.z_write_enable || dc.depth_bounds_enable || dc.stencil_enable ||
+	     rc.depth_clear_enable || rc.stencil_clear_enable)) {
+		DepthFatal("unsupported depth-to-color copy state");
+	}
 	r.desc = MakeDepthTargetDesc(buffer, z);
 	r.depth_clear_enable      = rc.depth_clear_enable;
 	r.depth_load_clear_enable = r.depth_clear_enable;
@@ -316,8 +319,6 @@ void RenderExecutor::ResolveRenderDepthTarget(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderDepth
 	r.depth_compare_op        = static_cast<vk::CompareOp>(dc.zfunc);

 	r.depth_bounds_test_enable = dc.depth_bounds_enable;
-	r.depth_min_bounds         = hw.GetDepthBoundsMin();
-	r.depth_max_bounds         = hw.GetDepthBoundsMax();

 	r.stencil_clear_enable =
 	    has_stencil && rc.stencil_clear_enable && !z.depth_view.stencil_write_disable;
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ struct RenderDepthInfo {
 	bool                        depth_write_enable       = false;
 	vk::CompareOp               depth_compare_op         = vk::CompareOp::eNever;
 	bool                        depth_bounds_test_enable = false;
-	float                       depth_min_bounds         = 0.0f;
-	float                       depth_max_bounds         = 0.0f;
 	bool                        stencil_clear_enable     = false;
 	uint8_t                     stencil_clear_value      = 0;
 	bool                        stencil_test_enable      = false;
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/dynamicState.h"
+
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/graphicContext.h"
+
+namespace Libs::Graphics {
+
+void DynamicState::Commit(const GraphicContext& graphics, vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
+	if (dirty_state.viewports) {
+		dirty_state.viewports = false;
+		cmdbuf.setViewportWithCount(num_viewports, viewports.data());
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.scissors) {
+		dirty_state.scissors = false;
+		cmdbuf.setScissorWithCount(num_scissors, scissors.data());
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.depth_test_enabled) {
+		dirty_state.depth_test_enabled = false;
+		cmdbuf.setDepthTestEnable(depth_test_enabled);
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.depth_write_enabled) {
+		dirty_state.depth_write_enabled = false;
+		// Note that this must be set in a command buffer even if depth test is disabled.
+		cmdbuf.setDepthWriteEnable(depth_write_enabled);
+	}
+	if (depth_test_enabled && dirty_state.depth_compare_op) {
+		dirty_state.depth_compare_op = false;
+		cmdbuf.setDepthCompareOp(depth_compare_op);
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.depth_bounds_test_enabled) {
+		dirty_state.depth_bounds_test_enabled = false;
+#if !defined(__APPLE__)
+		cmdbuf.setDepthBoundsTestEnable(depth_bounds_test_enabled);
+#endif
+	}
+	if (depth_bounds_test_enabled && dirty_state.depth_bounds) {
+		dirty_state.depth_bounds = false;
+#if !defined(__APPLE__)
+		cmdbuf.setDepthBounds(depth_bounds_min, depth_bounds_max);
+#endif
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.depth_bias_enabled) {
+		dirty_state.depth_bias_enabled = false;
+		cmdbuf.setDepthBiasEnable(depth_bias_enabled);
+	}
+	if (depth_bias_enabled && dirty_state.depth_bias) {
+		dirty_state.depth_bias = false;
+		cmdbuf.setDepthBias(depth_bias_constant, depth_bias_clamp, depth_bias_slope);
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.stencil_test_enabled) {
+		dirty_state.stencil_test_enabled = false;
+		cmdbuf.setStencilTestEnable(stencil_test_enabled);
+	}
+	if (stencil_test_enabled) {
+		if (dirty_state.stencil_front_ops && dirty_state.stencil_back_ops &&
+		    stencil_front_ops == stencil_back_ops) {
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_ops = false;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_ops  = false;
+			cmdbuf.setStencilOp(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFrontAndBack, stencil_front_ops.fail_op,
+			                    stencil_front_ops.pass_op, stencil_front_ops.depth_fail_op,
+			                    stencil_front_ops.compare_op);
+		} else {
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_front_ops) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_front_ops = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilOp(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFront, stencil_front_ops.fail_op,
+				                    stencil_front_ops.pass_op, stencil_front_ops.depth_fail_op,
+				                    stencil_front_ops.compare_op);
+			}
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_back_ops) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_back_ops = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilOp(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eBack, stencil_back_ops.fail_op,
+				                    stencil_back_ops.pass_op, stencil_back_ops.depth_fail_op,
+				                    stencil_back_ops.compare_op);
+			}
+		}
+		if (dirty_state.stencil_front_reference && dirty_state.stencil_back_reference &&
+		    stencil_front_reference == stencil_back_reference) {
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_reference = false;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_reference  = false;
+			cmdbuf.setStencilReference(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFrontAndBack,
+			                           stencil_front_reference);
+		} else {
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_front_reference) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_front_reference = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilReference(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFront,
+				                           stencil_front_reference);
+			}
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_back_reference) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_back_reference = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilReference(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eBack, stencil_back_reference);
+			}
+		}
+		if (dirty_state.stencil_front_write_mask && dirty_state.stencil_back_write_mask &&
+		    stencil_front_write_mask == stencil_back_write_mask) {
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_write_mask = false;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_write_mask  = false;
+			cmdbuf.setStencilWriteMask(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFrontAndBack,
+			                           stencil_front_write_mask);
+		} else {
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_front_write_mask) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_front_write_mask = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilWriteMask(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFront,
+				                           stencil_front_write_mask);
+			}
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_back_write_mask) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_back_write_mask = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilWriteMask(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eBack, stencil_back_write_mask);
+			}
+		}
+		if (dirty_state.stencil_front_compare_mask && dirty_state.stencil_back_compare_mask &&
+		    stencil_front_compare_mask == stencil_back_compare_mask) {
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_compare_mask = false;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_compare_mask  = false;
+			cmdbuf.setStencilCompareMask(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFrontAndBack,
+			                             stencil_front_compare_mask);
+		} else {
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_front_compare_mask) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_front_compare_mask = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilCompareMask(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFront,
+				                             stencil_front_compare_mask);
+			}
+			if (dirty_state.stencil_back_compare_mask) {
+				dirty_state.stencil_back_compare_mask = false;
+				cmdbuf.setStencilCompareMask(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eBack,
+				                             stencil_back_compare_mask);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.blend_constants) {
+		dirty_state.blend_constants = false;
+		cmdbuf.setBlendConstants(blend_constants.data());
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.color_write_enables) {
+		dirty_state.color_write_enables = false;
+#if !defined(__APPLE__)
+		if (num_color_write_enables != 0) {
+			cmdbuf.setColorWriteEnableEXT(num_color_write_enables, color_write_enables.data());
+		}
+#endif
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.line_width) {
+		dirty_state.line_width = false;
+		cmdbuf.setLineWidth(line_width);
+	}
+	if (dirty_state.feedback_loop_aspects && graphics.attachment_feedback_loop_enabled) {
+		dirty_state.feedback_loop_aspects = false;
+		cmdbuf.setAttachmentFeedbackLoopEnableEXT(feedback_loop_aspects);
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+#ifndef EMULATOR_SRC_GRAPHICS_HOST_GPU_RENDERER_DYNAMICSTATE_H_
+#define EMULATOR_SRC_GRAPHICS_HOST_GPU_RENDERER_DYNAMICSTATE_H_
+
+#include "common/assert.h"
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/renderTarget.h"
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <span>
+
+namespace Libs::Graphics {
+
+struct GraphicContext;
+
+struct StencilOps {
+	vk::StencilOp fail_op {};
+	vk::StencilOp pass_op {};
+	vk::StencilOp depth_fail_op {};
+	vk::CompareOp compare_op {};
+
+	bool operator==(const StencilOps& other) const {
+		return fail_op == other.fail_op && pass_op == other.pass_op &&
+		       depth_fail_op == other.depth_fail_op && compare_op == other.compare_op;
+	}
+};
+
+struct DynamicState {
+	struct {
+		bool viewports : 1;
+		bool scissors  : 1;
+
+		bool depth_test_enabled  : 1;
+		bool depth_write_enabled : 1;
+		bool depth_compare_op    : 1;
+
+		bool depth_bounds_test_enabled : 1;
+		bool depth_bounds              : 1;
+
+		bool depth_bias_enabled : 1;
+		bool depth_bias         : 1;
+
+		bool stencil_test_enabled       : 1;
+		bool stencil_front_ops          : 1;
+		bool stencil_front_reference    : 1;
+		bool stencil_front_write_mask   : 1;
+		bool stencil_front_compare_mask : 1;
+		bool stencil_back_ops           : 1;
+		bool stencil_back_reference     : 1;
+		bool stencil_back_write_mask    : 1;
+		bool stencil_back_compare_mask  : 1;
+
+		bool blend_constants       : 1;
+		bool color_write_enables   : 1;
+		bool line_width            : 1;
+		bool feedback_loop_aspects : 1;
+	} dirty_state {};
+
+	std::array<vk::Viewport, 16> viewports {};
+	std::array<vk::Rect2D, 16>   scissors {};
+	uint32_t                   num_viewports {};
+	uint32_t                   num_scissors {};
+
+	bool          depth_test_enabled {};
+	bool          depth_write_enabled {};
+	vk::CompareOp depth_compare_op {};
+
+	bool  depth_bounds_test_enabled {};
+	float depth_bounds_min {};
+	float depth_bounds_max {};
+
+	bool  depth_bias_enabled {};
+	float depth_bias_constant {};
+	float depth_bias_clamp {};
+	float depth_bias_slope {};
+
+	bool       stencil_test_enabled {};
+	StencilOps stencil_front_ops {};
+	uint32_t   stencil_front_reference {};
+	uint32_t   stencil_front_write_mask {};
+	uint32_t   stencil_front_compare_mask {};
+	StencilOps stencil_back_ops {};
+	uint32_t   stencil_back_reference {};
+	uint32_t   stencil_back_write_mask {};
+	uint32_t   stencil_back_compare_mask {};
+
+	std::array<float, 4>                               blend_constants {};
+	std::array<vk::Bool32, RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX> color_write_enables {};
+	uint32_t                                           num_color_write_enables {};
+	float                                              line_width {};
+	vk::ImageAspectFlags                               feedback_loop_aspects {};
+
+	/// Commits the dynamic state to the provided command buffer.
+	void Commit(const GraphicContext& graphics, vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf);
+
+	/// Invalidates all dynamic state to be flushed into the next command buffer.
+	void Invalidate() { std::memset(&dirty_state, 0xFF, sizeof(dirty_state)); }
+
+	void SetViewports(std::span<const vk::Viewport> viewports_) {
+		EXIT_IF(viewports_.size() > viewports.size());
+		if (!std::ranges::equal(std::span(viewports).first(num_viewports), viewports_)) {
+			std::ranges::copy(viewports_, viewports.begin());
+			num_viewports         = static_cast<uint32_t>(viewports_.size());
+			dirty_state.viewports = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetScissors(std::span<const vk::Rect2D> scissors_) {
+		EXIT_IF(scissors_.size() > scissors.size());
+		if (!std::ranges::equal(std::span(scissors).first(num_scissors), scissors_)) {
+			std::ranges::copy(scissors_, scissors.begin());
+			num_scissors         = static_cast<uint32_t>(scissors_.size());
+			dirty_state.scissors = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetDepthTestEnabled(const bool enabled) {
+		if (depth_test_enabled != enabled) {
+			depth_test_enabled             = enabled;
+			dirty_state.depth_test_enabled = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetDepthWriteEnabled(const bool enabled) {
+		if (depth_write_enabled != enabled) {
+			depth_write_enabled             = enabled;
+			dirty_state.depth_write_enabled = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetDepthCompareOp(const vk::CompareOp compare_op) {
+		if (depth_compare_op != compare_op) {
+			depth_compare_op             = compare_op;
+			dirty_state.depth_compare_op = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetDepthBoundsTestEnabled(const bool enabled) {
+		if (depth_bounds_test_enabled != enabled) {
+			depth_bounds_test_enabled             = enabled;
+			dirty_state.depth_bounds_test_enabled = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetDepthBounds(const float min, const float max) {
+		if (depth_bounds_min != min || depth_bounds_max != max) {
+			depth_bounds_min         = min;
+			depth_bounds_max         = max;
+			dirty_state.depth_bounds = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetDepthBiasEnabled(const bool enabled) {
+		if (depth_bias_enabled != enabled) {
+			depth_bias_enabled             = enabled;
+			dirty_state.depth_bias_enabled = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetDepthBias(const float constant, const float clamp, const float slope) {
+		if (depth_bias_constant != constant || depth_bias_clamp != clamp ||
+		    depth_bias_slope != slope) {
+			depth_bias_constant    = constant;
+			depth_bias_clamp       = clamp;
+			depth_bias_slope       = slope;
+			dirty_state.depth_bias = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetStencilTestEnabled(const bool enabled) {
+		if (stencil_test_enabled != enabled) {
+			stencil_test_enabled             = enabled;
+			dirty_state.stencil_test_enabled = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetStencilOps(const StencilOps& front_ops, const StencilOps& back_ops) {
+		if (stencil_front_ops != front_ops) {
+			stencil_front_ops             = front_ops;
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_ops = true;
+		}
+		if (stencil_back_ops != back_ops) {
+			stencil_back_ops             = back_ops;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_ops = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetStencilReferences(const uint32_t front_reference, const uint32_t back_reference) {
+		if (stencil_front_reference != front_reference) {
+			stencil_front_reference             = front_reference;
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_reference = true;
+		}
+		if (stencil_back_reference != back_reference) {
+			stencil_back_reference             = back_reference;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_reference = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetStencilWriteMasks(const uint32_t front_write_mask, const uint32_t back_write_mask) {
+		if (stencil_front_write_mask != front_write_mask) {
+			stencil_front_write_mask             = front_write_mask;
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_write_mask = true;
+		}
+		if (stencil_back_write_mask != back_write_mask) {
+			stencil_back_write_mask             = back_write_mask;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_write_mask = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetStencilCompareMasks(const uint32_t front_compare_mask,
+	                            const uint32_t back_compare_mask) {
+		if (stencil_front_compare_mask != front_compare_mask) {
+			stencil_front_compare_mask             = front_compare_mask;
+			dirty_state.stencil_front_compare_mask = true;
+		}
+		if (stencil_back_compare_mask != back_compare_mask) {
+			stencil_back_compare_mask             = back_compare_mask;
+			dirty_state.stencil_back_compare_mask = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetBlendConstants(const std::array<float, 4> blend_constants_) {
+		if (blend_constants != blend_constants_) {
+			blend_constants             = blend_constants_;
+			dirty_state.blend_constants = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetColorWriteEnables(std::span<const vk::Bool32> enables) {
+		EXIT_IF(enables.size() > color_write_enables.size());
+		if (!std::ranges::equal(std::span(color_write_enables).first(num_color_write_enables),
+		                        enables)) {
+			std::ranges::copy(enables, color_write_enables.begin());
+			num_color_write_enables         = static_cast<uint32_t>(enables.size());
+			dirty_state.color_write_enables = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetLineWidth(const float width) {
+		if (line_width != width) {
+			line_width             = width;
+			dirty_state.line_width = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void SetAttachmentFeedbackLoopAspects(const vk::ImageAspectFlags aspects) {
+		if (feedback_loop_aspects != aspects) {
+			feedback_loop_aspects             = aspects;
+			dirty_state.feedback_loop_aspects = true;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+} // namespace Libs::Graphics
+
+#endif // EMULATOR_SRC_GRAPHICS_HOST_GPU_RENDERER_DYNAMICSTATE_H_
@@ -193,6 +193,8 @@ void BlitHelper::ReinterpretColorAsMsDepth(Image& source, Image& destination) {
 	command.setScissor(0, 1, &scissor);
 	command.draw(3, 1, 0, 0);
 	command.endRendering();
+	// The helper pipeline has static state that invalidates the guest draw's dynamic state.
+	m_scheduler.GetDynamicState().Invalidate();
 }

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/cache/streamBuffer.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/commandScheduler.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/imageView.h"
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/tiler.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/renderTarget.h"
 #include "kernel/memory.h"

@@ -456,7 +457,7 @@ uint32_t Image::CopyRows(uint64_t row_size, uint32_t rows, uint64_t capacity) no
 	return static_cast<uint32_t>(std::min<uint64_t>(rows, capacity / row_size));
 }

-void Image::CopyImageWithBuffer(Image& source, Buffer& buffer) {
+void Image::CopyImageWithBuffer(Image& source, Buffer& buffer, TileManager& tiler) {
 	EXIT_IF(buffer.Handle() == nullptr || source.backing.samples != 1 || backing.samples != 1);
 	m_scheduler.EndRendering();
 	const uint32_t levels = std::min(source.backing.mip_levels, backing.mip_levels);
@@ -474,6 +475,8 @@ void Image::CopyImageWithBuffer(Image& source, Buffer& buffer) {
 	const uint32_t destination_block = info.IsBlock() ? 4u : 1u;
 	EXIT_IF(levels == 0 || source_bytes == 0 || source_bytes != destination_bytes ||
 	        source_block != destination_block);
+	const auto source_transform = source.info.GetColorTransform();
+	const auto target_transform = info.GetColorTransform();

 	vk::BufferMemoryBarrier2 barrier {};
 	barrier.srcStageMask        = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eTransfer;
@@ -535,9 +538,19 @@ void Image::CopyImageWithBuffer(Image& source, Buffer& buffer) {
 				command.copyImageToBuffer(source.backing.image,
 				                          vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, buffer.Handle(),
 				                          source_copy);
-				barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferWrite;
-				barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferRead;
-				command.pipelineBarrier2(dependency);
+				if (source_transform != target_transform) {
+					const TileManager::Result bytes {buffer.Handle(), 0, copy_size};
+					if (source_transform != ColorTransform::None) {
+						tiler.TransformColor(bytes, bytes, source_transform, false);
+					}
+					if (target_transform != ColorTransform::None) {
+						tiler.TransformColor(bytes, bytes, target_transform, true);
+					}
+				} else {
+					barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferWrite;
+					barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferRead;
+					command.pipelineBarrier2(dependency);
+				}
 				command.copyBufferToImage(buffer.Handle(), backing.image,
 				                          vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, destination_copy);
 			}
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ namespace Libs::Graphics {

 class Buffer;
 class CommandScheduler;
+class TileManager;
 struct ImageTestAccess;

 using ImageId = Common::SlotId;
@@ -28,10 +29,8 @@ struct CachedImageView {
 };

 struct ImageUsage {
-	bool texture       = false;
 	bool storage       = false;
 	bool render_target = false;
-	bool depth_target  = false;
 	bool video_out     = false;
 };

@@ -66,43 +65,28 @@ public:
 	void CopyImage(Image& source);
 	void Resolve(Image& source, const ImageSubresourceRange& source_range,
 	             const ImageSubresourceRange& destination_range);
-	void CopyImageWithBuffer(Image& source, Buffer& buffer);
+	void CopyImageWithBuffer(Image& source, Buffer& buffer, TileManager& tiler);
 	void CopyMip(Image& source, uint32_t mip, uint32_t layer);

-	void InvalidateCpuWrite(uint64_t vaddr, uint64_t size) {
-		if (ImageRangeOverlaps(info.data.address, info.data.size, vaddr, size)) {
-			m_cpu_dirty        = true;
-			m_maybe_cpu_dirty  = false;
-			m_maybe_hash_valid = false;
-		} else if (ImagePageRangesOverlap(info.data.address, info.data.size, vaddr, size)) {
-			m_maybe_cpu_dirty = true;
-		}
+	void MarkCpuDirty() {
+		m_cpu_dirty       = true;
+		m_maybe_cpu_dirty = false;
 	}

 	[[nodiscard]] bool IsCpuDirty() const { return m_cpu_dirty || m_maybe_cpu_dirty; }
 	[[nodiscard]] bool IsDefinitelyCpuDirty() const { return m_cpu_dirty; }
 	[[nodiscard]] bool IsMaybeCpuDirty() const { return m_maybe_cpu_dirty; }
 	void               MarkMaybeCpuDirty() {
-		if (!m_cpu_dirty) {
+		if (!IsCpuDirty()) {
+			m_maybe_cpu_hash  = HashGuestEdges();
 			m_maybe_cpu_dirty = true;
 		}
 	}
-	[[nodiscard]] bool NeedsMaybeCpuHash() const {
-		return m_maybe_cpu_dirty && !m_maybe_hash_valid;
-	}
-	void SetMaybeCpuHash(uint64_t hash) {
-		if (!NeedsMaybeCpuHash()) {
-			EXIT("image cannot initialize maybe-dirty hash\n");
-		}
-		m_maybe_cpu_hash   = hash;
-		m_maybe_hash_valid = true;
-	}
 	[[nodiscard]] bool ResolveMaybeCpuHash(uint64_t hash) {
-		if (!m_maybe_cpu_dirty || !m_maybe_hash_valid || m_cpu_dirty) {
+		if (!m_maybe_cpu_dirty || m_cpu_dirty) {
 			EXIT("image cannot resolve maybe-dirty hash\n");
 		}
-		m_maybe_cpu_dirty  = false;
-		m_maybe_hash_valid = false;
+		m_maybe_cpu_dirty = false;
 		m_cpu_dirty |= hash != m_maybe_cpu_hash;
 		return m_cpu_dirty;
 	}
@@ -111,9 +95,8 @@ public:
 		if (!IsCpuDirty()) {
 			EXIT("clean image cannot complete a refresh\n");
 		}
-		m_cpu_dirty        = false;
-		m_maybe_cpu_dirty  = false;
-		m_maybe_hash_valid = false;
+		m_cpu_dirty       = false;
+		m_maybe_cpu_dirty = false;
 	}

 	[[nodiscard]] bool IsGpuModified() const noexcept { return m_gpu_modified; }
@@ -148,6 +131,8 @@ public:
 	uint64_t         track_addr     = 0;
 	uint64_t         track_addr_end = 0;
 	ImageId          depth_id {};
+	// Stencil associations that refer to this depth image.
+	std::vector<ImageId> stencil_ids;
 	// The current stencil plane's mapping into the depth image, also retained by its association.
 	ImageSubresourceRange stencil_subresources;
 	uint64_t         tick_accessed_last = 0;
@@ -164,12 +149,11 @@ private:

 	GraphicContext&   m_graphics;
 	CommandScheduler& m_scheduler;
-	uint64_t          m_maybe_cpu_hash   = 0;
-	bool              m_cpu_dirty        = false;
-	bool              m_maybe_cpu_dirty  = false;
-	bool              m_maybe_hash_valid = false;
-	bool              m_gpu_modified     = false;
-	bool              m_buffer_modified  = false;
+	uint64_t          m_maybe_cpu_hash  = 0;
+	bool              m_cpu_dirty       = false;
+	bool              m_maybe_cpu_dirty = false;
+	bool              m_gpu_modified    = false;
+	bool              m_buffer_modified = false;
 };

 namespace ImageOps {
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/imageInfo.h"
+
+#include "common/alignment.h"
+
+namespace Libs::Graphics {
+namespace {
+
+uint64_t Multiply(uint64_t left, uint64_t right) {
+	EXIT_IF(right != 0 && left > UINT64_MAX / right);
+	return left * right;
+}
+
+uint64_t Add(uint64_t left, uint64_t right) {
+	EXIT_IF(right > UINT64_MAX - left);
+	return left + right;
+}
+
+bool IsDepthPlane(const ImageInfo& info) {
+	return (info.IsDepth() || info.pixel_format == vk::Format::eS8Uint) &&
+	       (info.tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kDepth ||
+	        info.tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kLinear);
+}
+
+GuestRange TiledMipRange(const ImageInfo& info, uint32_t level) {
+	const auto& block = info.tiling.block;
+	if (info.tile_mode != Prospero::TileMode::kStandard4KB ||
+	    block.family != TileBlockFamily::Standard4KB || info.IsVolume() || info.samples != 1 ||
+	    info.HasMetadata() || level >= info.resources.levels || level >= info.mip_layout.size() ||
+	    info.tiling.texel_width == 0 || info.tiling.texel_height == 0) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	const auto extent = info.MipExtent(level);
+	const auto width  = (extent.width + info.tiling.texel_width - 1u) / info.tiling.texel_width;
+	const auto height = (extent.height + info.tiling.texel_height - 1u) / info.tiling.texel_height;
+	const auto& mip   = info.mip_layout[level];
+	uint32_t last = 0, origin = 0;
+	if (!std::has_single_bit(width) || !std::has_single_bit(height) ||
+	    width > block.block_width || height > block.block_height ||
+	    mip.tail_x > block.block_width - width || mip.tail_y > block.block_height - height ||
+	    mip.tail_x % width != 0 || mip.tail_y % height != 0 ||
+	    !TileGetBlockOffset(block, width - 1u, height - 1u, 0, last) ||
+	    !TileGetBlockOffset(block, mip.tail_x, mip.tail_y, 0, origin)) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	// Standard4KB interleaves monotonically ordered X/Y bits, so the last
+	// corner bounds every active texel. Tiling preserves any holes in this span.
+	const uint64_t size = uint64_t {last} + block.bytes_per_element;
+	if ((origin & (std::bit_ceil(size) - 1u)) != 0 || size > block.block_size - origin ||
+	    mip.offset > UINT64_MAX - origin) {
+		return {};
+	}
+	return {mip.offset + origin, size};
+}
+
+uint32_t CompactMipSize(const ImageInfo& info) {
+	if (info.resources.levels != 1 || info.resources.layers != 1) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	const auto range = TiledMipRange(info, 0);
+	if (range.size == 0 || range.size % 4 != 0 || range.address != 0) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	const auto alignment = std::max<uint64_t>(256, std::bit_ceil(range.size));
+	const auto in_block  = info.data.address & (info.tiling.block.block_size - 1u);
+	return (info.data.address & (alignment - 1u)) == 0 &&
+	               range.size <= info.tiling.block.block_size - in_block
+	           ? static_cast<uint32_t>(range.size)
+	           : 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+vk::Extent3D ImageInfo::MipExtent(uint32_t level) const {
+	EXIT_IF(level >= resources.levels || level >= mip_layout.size());
+	return {std::max(extent.width >> level, 1u), std::max(extent.height >> level, 1u),
+	        IsVolume() ? std::max(extent.depth >> level, 1u) : resources.layers};
+}
+
+void ImageInfo::UpdateSize() {
+	EXIT_IF(guest_format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid || extent.width == 0 ||
+	        extent.height == 0 || extent.depth == 0 || resources.levels == 0 ||
+	        resources.levels > mip_layout.size() || resources.layers == 0 || samples == 0 ||
+	        !std::has_single_bit(samples));
+	const bool auto_size = data.size == 0;
+	TileTextureElementLayout element {};
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!TileGetTextureElementLayout(guest_format, element));
+	if (bytes_per_block == 0) {
+		bytes_per_block = element.bytes;
+	}
+	EXIT_IF(bytes_per_block != element.bytes);
+	mip_layout                     = {};
+	tiling                         = {};
+	tiling.texel_width             = element.texel_width;
+	tiling.texel_height            = element.texel_height;
+	tiling.block.bytes_per_element = element.bytes;
+	tiled_slice_stride             = 0;
+	linear_slice_stride            = 0;
+	first_tail_level               = 16;
+
+	if (samples > 1) {
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(IsVolume() || resources.levels != 1 ||
+		                     (tile_mode != Prospero::TileMode::kDepth &&
+		                      tile_mode != Prospero::TileMode::kRenderTarget));
+		const auto fragments = std::countr_zero(samples);
+		if (pitch == 0) {
+			pitch = tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kDepth
+			            ? TileGetDepthPitch(extent.width, bytes_per_block, fragments)
+			            : TileGetRenderTargetPitch(extent.width, bytes_per_block, fragments);
+		}
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!TileGetTextureBlockLayout(guest_format, tile_mode, false, tiling));
+		if (data.size == 0) {
+			TileSizeAlign slice {};
+			EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!TileGetRenderTargetSize(extent.width, extent.height, pitch,
+			                                              bytes_per_block, slice, fragments));
+			data.size = Multiply(slice.size, resources.layers);
+		}
+		EXIT_IF(data.size % resources.layers != 0);
+		tiled_slice_stride = data.size / resources.layers;
+		mip_layout[0]      = {0, data.size, pitch, extent.height};
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (pitch == 0) {
+		pitch = TileGetTexturePitch(guest_format, extent.width, tile_mode);
+	}
+	EXIT_IF(pitch == 0);
+	if (IsDepthPlane(*this) && resources.levels == 1) {
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(IsVolume());
+		if (IsTiled()) {
+			EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
+			    !TileGetTextureBlockLayout(guest_format, tile_mode, false, tiling));
+		}
+		if (data.size == 0) {
+			TileSizeAlign slice {};
+			TileGetTextureSize(guest_format, extent.width, extent.height, 1, tile_mode, &slice,
+			                   nullptr, nullptr);
+			data.size = Multiply(slice.size, resources.layers);
+		}
+		EXIT_IF(data.size % resources.layers != 0);
+		const auto slice = data.size / resources.layers;
+		EXIT_IF(Multiply(Multiply(pitch, extent.height), bytes_per_block) > slice);
+		linear_slice_stride = slice;
+		tiled_slice_stride  = IsTiled() ? slice : 0;
+		mip_layout[0]       = {0, data.size, pitch, extent.height, 0, slice, pitch};
+		return;
+	}
+	if (!IsTiled()) {
+		TileSizeAlign  total {};
+		TileSizeOffset offsets[16] {};
+		TilePaddedSize padded[16] {};
+		TileGetTextureSize(guest_format, extent.width, extent.height, resources.levels, tile_mode,
+		                   &total, offsets, padded);
+		if (data.size == 0) {
+			data.size = Multiply(total.size, TransferLayers());
+		}
+		for (uint32_t level = 0; level < resources.levels; ++level) {
+			auto& mip         = mip_layout[level];
+			mip.offset        = offsets[level].offset;
+			mip.size          = Multiply(offsets[level].size, MipExtent(level).depth);
+			mip.pitch         = padded[level].width / element.texel_width;
+			mip.height        = padded[level].height / element.texel_height;
+			mip.linear_offset = offsets[level].offset;
+			mip.linear_size   = offsets[level].size;
+			mip.linear_pitch  = mip.pitch;
+			linear_slice_stride =
+			    std::max(linear_slice_stride, Add(mip.linear_offset, mip.linear_size));
+		}
+		if (TransferLayers() > 1 && data.size % TransferLayers() == 0) {
+			linear_slice_stride = std::max(linear_slice_stride, data.size / TransferLayers());
+		}
+	} else {
+		TileSurfaceLayout            surface {};
+		const TileSurfaceDescription description {guest_format,
+		                                          tile_mode,
+		                                          IsVolume() ? TileSurfaceDimension::Dim3D
+		                                                     : TileSurfaceDimension::Dim2D,
+		                                          extent.width,
+		                                          extent.height,
+		                                          IsVolume() ? extent.depth : 1u,
+		                                          resources.levels,
+		                                          resources.layers};
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!TileGetTiledTextureLayout(description, surface));
+		tiling             = surface.texture;
+		first_tail_level   = surface.first_tail_level;
+		tiled_slice_stride = surface.block_slice_size;
+		if (data.size == 0) {
+			data.size = surface.total_size;
+		}
+		if (!IsVolume() && resources.layers > 1 && data.size % resources.layers == 0) {
+			tiled_slice_stride = std::max(tiled_slice_stride, data.size / resources.layers);
+		}
+		uint64_t linear_offset = 0;
+		uint32_t mip_pitch     = IsVolume() ? extent.width : pitch;
+		for (uint32_t level = 0; level < resources.levels; ++level) {
+			const auto& source = surface.mips[level];
+			auto&       mip    = mip_layout[level];
+			const auto  active = MipExtent(level);
+			mip.offset         = source.offset;
+			mip.size           = Multiply(source.size, IsVolume() ? 1u : resources.layers);
+			mip.pitch          = source.padded_width;
+			mip.height         = source.padded_height;
+			mip.tail_x         = source.tail_x;
+			mip.tail_y         = source.tail_y;
+			mip.linear_pitch =
+			    Common::AlignUp(mip_pitch, element.texel_width) / element.texel_width;
+			const auto rows =
+			    Common::AlignUp(active.height, element.texel_height) / element.texel_height;
+			mip.linear_size      = Multiply(Multiply(mip.linear_pitch, rows), element.bytes);
+			const auto alignment = std::max(element.bytes, 4u);
+			EXIT_IF(linear_offset > UINT64_MAX - (alignment - 1u));
+			mip.linear_offset = Common::AlignUp<uint64_t>(linear_offset, alignment);
+			linear_offset     = Add(mip.linear_offset, Multiply(mip.linear_size, active.depth));
+			mip_pitch         = std::max(mip_pitch >> 1u, 1u);
+		}
+		const auto compact_size = CompactMipSize(*this);
+		if (compact_size != 0 && (auto_size || data.size == compact_size)) {
+			data.size = mip_layout[0].size = compact_size;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+uint32_t ImageInfo::DataAlignment() const {
+	if (!IsTiled()) {
+		return 256;
+	}
+	const auto compact_size = CompactMipSize(*this);
+	if (compact_size != 0 && data.size == compact_size && mip_layout[0].size == compact_size) {
+		return std::max(256u, std::bit_ceil(compact_size));
+	}
+	return tiling.block.block_size;
+}
+
+int32_t ImageInfo::SliceOf(const ImageInfo& container, int32_t mip) const noexcept {
+	if (!IsCompatible(container) || tile_mode != container.tile_mode || type != container.type ||
+	    IsVolume() || resources.levels != 1 || resources.layers == 0 ||
+	    container.resources.layers == 0 || mip < 0 ||
+	    static_cast<uint32_t>(mip) >= container.resources.levels ||
+	    container.resources.levels > container.mip_layout.size() ||
+	    !data.Valid() || !container.data.Valid() || data.address < container.data.address ||
+	    data.End() > container.data.End()) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (HasStencil() != container.HasStencil() ||
+	    (HasStencil() && (stencil.address < container.stencil.address ||
+	                      stencil.End() > container.stencil.End()))) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	const auto  level  = static_cast<uint32_t>(mip);
+	const auto& layout = container.mip_layout[level];
+	if (extent.width != std::max(container.extent.width >> level, 1u) ||
+	    extent.height != std::max(container.extent.height >> level, 1u) ||
+	    extent.depth != container.extent.depth || mip_layout[0].pitch != layout.pitch ||
+	    mip_layout[0].height != layout.height || layout.size == 0 ||
+	    layout.size % container.resources.layers != 0 ||
+	    container.data.size % container.resources.layers != 0 ||
+	    data.size % resources.layers != 0) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	// PS5 block slices contain the entire reversed mip chain. A rebased tail
+	// descriptor covers its addressed span within the shared tail block.
+	const auto slice_stride = container.data.size / container.resources.layers;
+	const auto child_stride = data.size / resources.layers;
+	auto mip_offset = layout.offset;
+	auto mip_size   = layout.size / container.resources.layers;
+	const auto compact_size = CompactMipSize(*this);
+	if (compact_size != 0 && child_stride == compact_size && mip_layout[0].size == compact_size) {
+		const auto range = TiledMipRange(container, level);
+		if (range.size != compact_size) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+		mip_offset = range.address;
+		mip_size   = range.size;
+	} else if (mip_layout[0].tail_x != layout.tail_x || mip_layout[0].tail_y != layout.tail_y) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (child_stride != mip_size || mip_offset >= slice_stride ||
+	    child_stride > slice_stride - mip_offset ||
+	    (resources.layers > 1 && child_stride != slice_stride)) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	const auto address_delta = data.address - container.data.address;
+	if (address_delta < mip_offset || (address_delta - mip_offset) % slice_stride != 0) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	const auto layer = (address_delta - mip_offset) / slice_stride;
+	if (layer > INT32_MAX || layer >= container.resources.layers ||
+	    resources.layers > container.resources.layers - layer) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return static_cast<int32_t>(layer);
+}
+
+uint64_t ImageInfo::LinearSize(uint32_t levels) const {
+	levels = levels == 0 ? resources.levels : levels;
+	EXIT_IF(levels == 0 || levels > resources.levels || levels > mip_layout.size());
+	if (linear_slice_stride == 0) {
+		const auto& mip = mip_layout[levels - 1u];
+		return Add(mip.linear_offset, Multiply(mip.linear_size, MipExtent(levels - 1u).depth));
+	}
+	uint64_t size = 0;
+	for (uint32_t level = 0; level < levels; ++level) {
+		const auto& mip    = mip_layout[level];
+		const auto  slices = MipExtent(level).depth;
+		const auto  stride = linear_slice_stride != 0 ? linear_slice_stride : mip.linear_size;
+		size               = std::max(
+		    size, Add(Add(mip.linear_offset, Multiply(slices - 1u, stride)), mip.linear_size));
+	}
+	return size;
+}
+
+std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> ImageInfo::BufferCopies(uint64_t buffer_offset,
+                                                         uint32_t levels) const {
+	levels = levels == 0 ? resources.levels : levels;
+	EXIT_IF(levels > resources.levels || levels > mip_layout.size() || tiling.texel_width == 0 ||
+	        tiling.texel_height == 0);
+	const auto aspect = IsDepth()                             ? vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth
+	                    : pixel_format == vk::Format::eS8Uint ? vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eStencil
+	                                                          : vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
+	std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> copies;
+	std::array<uint32_t, 16>         image_heights {};
+	uint64_t                         count = 0;
+	for (uint32_t level = 0; level < levels; ++level) {
+		const auto& mip    = mip_layout[level];
+		const auto  active = MipExtent(level);
+		if (linear_slice_stride == 0) {
+			image_heights[level] = Common::AlignUp(active.height, tiling.texel_height);
+		} else {
+			const auto row_bytes = Multiply(mip.linear_pitch, tiling.block.bytes_per_element);
+			EXIT_IF(row_bytes == 0);
+			const auto rows = linear_slice_stride / row_bytes;
+			if (linear_slice_stride % row_bytes == 0 &&
+			    rows >=
+			        (uint64_t {active.height} + tiling.texel_height - 1u) / tiling.texel_height &&
+			    rows <= UINT32_MAX / tiling.texel_height) {
+				image_heights[level] = static_cast<uint32_t>(rows) * tiling.texel_height;
+			}
+		}
+		count += image_heights[level] != 0 ? 1u : active.depth;
+	}
+	copies.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(count));
+	for (uint32_t level = 0; level < levels; ++level) {
+		const auto&         mip    = mip_layout[level];
+		const auto          active = MipExtent(level);
+		vk::BufferImageCopy copy {};
+		copy.bufferOffset      = Add(buffer_offset, mip.linear_offset);
+		copy.bufferRowLength   = mip.linear_pitch * tiling.texel_width;
+		copy.bufferImageHeight = image_heights[level] != 0 ? image_heights[level]
+		                         : !IsTiled() ? mip.height * tiling.texel_height
+		                                      : Common::AlignUp(active.height, tiling.texel_height);
+		copy.imageSubresource  = {aspect, level, 0, 1};
+		copy.imageExtent       = {active.width, active.height, 1};
+		if (image_heights[level] == 0) {
+			for (uint32_t slice = 0; slice < active.depth; ++slice) {
+				copy.bufferOffset                    = Add(Add(buffer_offset, mip.linear_offset),
+				                                           Multiply(slice, linear_slice_stride));
+				copy.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = IsVolume() ? 0u : slice;
+				copy.imageOffset.z                   = IsVolume() ? static_cast<int32_t>(slice) : 0;
+				copies.push_back(copy);
+			}
+		} else {
+			copy.imageSubresource.layerCount = IsVolume() ? 1u : active.depth;
+			copy.imageExtent.depth           = IsVolume() ? active.depth : 1u;
+			copies.push_back(copy);
+		}
+	}
+	return copies;
+}
+
+} // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_defs.h"
 #include "graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_format.h"
+#include "graphics/guest_gpu/tile.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/regionDefinitions.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"

@@ -12,9 +13,12 @@
 #include <bit>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>

 namespace Libs::Graphics {

+enum class ColorTransform : uint32_t { None, SwapBgra16, Reverse10_11_11 };
+
 enum class VideoOutCompression : uint8_t { Uncompressed, Dcc256_256_0, Dcc256_64_64, Unsupported };

 enum class ImageMetadataKind : uint8_t { None, Htile, Dcc, Cmask };
@@ -23,7 +27,7 @@ struct ImageMetadataInfo {
 	GuestRange          range;
 	ImageMetadataKind   kind                 = ImageMetadataKind::None;
 	uint32_t            control              = 0;
-	uint32_t            clear_word           = 0;
+	uint64_t            clear_word           = 0;
 	VideoOutCompression compression          = VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed;
 	bool                stencil_compressed   = false;
 	bool                clear_register_valid = false;
@@ -45,11 +49,19 @@ struct ImageSubresourceRange {
 };

 struct ImageMipInfo {
+	// Guest mip chains run backwards within each layer or volume block-slice.
+	// Tail levels share an offset and use tail_x/tail_y within that block.
 	uint64_t offset                                 = 0;
 	uint64_t size                                   = 0;
 	// Padded dimensions in storage elements (compressed blocks for BC formats).
 	uint32_t pitch                                  = 0;
 	uint32_t height                                 = 0;
+	uint64_t linear_offset                          = 0;
+	uint64_t linear_size                            = 0; // Per transfer slice.
+	uint32_t linear_pitch                           = 0; // Storage elements.
+	uint32_t tail_x                                 = 0;
+	uint32_t tail_y                                 = 0;
+	uint32_t surface_z                              = 0;
 	auto     operator<=>(const ImageMipInfo&) const = default;
 };

@@ -57,7 +69,7 @@ struct ImageInfo {
 	GuestRange                   data;
 	GuestRange                   stencil;
 	ImageMetadataInfo            metadata;
-	uint32_t                     htile_clear_mask = UINT32_MAX;
+	bool                         htile_initial_clear = true;
 	vk::Format                   pixel_format     = vk::Format::eUndefined;
 	Prospero::BufferFormat       guest_format     = Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid;
 	Prospero::ImageType          type             = Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D;
@@ -69,7 +81,27 @@ struct ImageInfo {
 	Prospero::TileMode           tile_mode       = Prospero::TileMode::kLinear;
 	bool                         bgra16          = false;
 	std::array<ImageMipInfo, 16> mip_layout {};
+	TileTextureBlockLayout       tiling;
+	uint64_t                     tiled_slice_stride = 0;
+	// Nonzero for guest-linear and depth-plane transfers; tiled colors are mip-major.
+	uint64_t linear_slice_stride = 0;
+	uint32_t first_tail_level    = 16;

+	void                                           UpdateSize();
+	[[nodiscard]] uint32_t                         DataAlignment() const;
+	[[nodiscard]] uint64_t                         LinearSize(uint32_t levels = 0) const;
+	[[nodiscard]] vk::Extent3D                     MipExtent(uint32_t level) const;
+	[[nodiscard]] std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> BufferCopies(uint64_t buffer_offset = 0,
+	                                                            uint32_t levels        = 0) const;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] ColorTransform GetColorTransform() const noexcept {
+		if (bgra16) return ColorTransform::SwapBgra16;
+		switch (guest_format) {
+			case Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_11_11Float:
+				return ColorTransform::Reverse10_11_11;
+			default: return ColorTransform::None;
+		}
+	}
 	[[nodiscard]] constexpr bool HasStencil() const noexcept { return !stencil.Empty(); }
 	[[nodiscard]] constexpr bool HasMetadata() const noexcept {
 		return metadata.kind != ImageMetadataKind::None;
@@ -91,7 +123,8 @@ struct ImageInfo {
 	}
 	[[nodiscard]] bool IsCompatible(const ImageInfo& other) const noexcept {
 		return pixel_format == other.pixel_format && samples == other.samples &&
-		       bytes_per_block == other.bytes_per_block;
+		       bytes_per_block == other.bytes_per_block &&
+		       GetColorTransform() == other.GetColorTransform();
 	}
 	[[nodiscard]] int32_t MipOf(const ImageInfo& container) const noexcept {
 		if (container.resources.levels > container.mip_layout.size()) {
@@ -104,53 +137,7 @@ struct ImageInfo {
 		}
 		return -1;
 	}
-	[[nodiscard]] int32_t SliceOf(const ImageInfo& container, int32_t mip) const noexcept {
-		if (!IsCompatible(container) || tile_mode != container.tile_mode || type != container.type ||
-		    IsVolume() || resources.levels != 1 || resources.layers == 0 ||
-		    container.resources.layers == 0 || mip < 0 ||
-		    static_cast<uint32_t>(mip) >= container.resources.levels ||
-		    container.resources.levels > container.mip_layout.size() ||
-		    !data.Valid() || !container.data.Valid() || data.address < container.data.address ||
-		    data.End() > container.data.End()) {
-			return -1;
-		}
-		if (HasStencil() != container.HasStencil() ||
-		    (HasStencil() && (stencil.address < container.stencil.address ||
-		                      stencil.End() > container.stencil.End()))) {
-			return -1;
-		}
-
-		const auto  level  = static_cast<uint32_t>(mip);
-		const auto& layout = container.mip_layout[level];
-		if (extent.width != std::max(container.extent.width >> level, 1u) ||
-		    extent.height != std::max(container.extent.height >> level, 1u) ||
-		    extent.depth != container.extent.depth || mip_layout[0].pitch != layout.pitch ||
-		    mip_layout[0].height != layout.height || layout.size == 0 ||
-		    layout.size % container.resources.layers != 0 ||
-		    container.data.size % container.resources.layers != 0 ||
-		    data.size % resources.layers != 0) {
-			return -1;
-		}
-
-		// PS5 block slices contain the entire reversed mip chain.
-		const auto slice_stride = container.data.size / container.resources.layers;
-		const auto child_stride = data.size / resources.layers;
-		if (child_stride != layout.size / container.resources.layers ||
-		    layout.offset >= slice_stride || child_stride > slice_stride - layout.offset ||
-		    (resources.layers > 1 && child_stride != slice_stride)) {
-			return -1;
-		}
-		const auto address_delta = data.address - container.data.address;
-		if (address_delta < layout.offset || (address_delta - layout.offset) % slice_stride != 0) {
-			return -1;
-		}
-		const auto layer = (address_delta - layout.offset) / slice_stride;
-		if (layer > INT32_MAX || layer >= container.resources.layers ||
-		    resources.layers > container.resources.layers - layer) {
-			return -1;
-		}
-		return static_cast<int32_t>(layer);
-	}
+	[[nodiscard]] int32_t SliceOf(const ImageInfo& container, int32_t mip) const noexcept;
 };

 struct ImageViewInfo {
@@ -330,8 +317,17 @@ struct VideoOutFormatPolicy {
 };

 inline constexpr uint64_t VIDEO_OUT_PIXEL_FORMAT_R10_G10_B10_A2_BT2100_PQ = 0x8100070422000000ull;
+inline constexpr uint64_t VIDEO_OUT_PIXEL_FORMAT_B10_G10_R10_A2_BT2100_PQ = 0x8100070400000000ull;

-inline constexpr std::array<VideoOutFormatPolicy, 7> VIDEO_OUT_FORMAT_POLICIES {{
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr bool IsHdrVideoOutPixelFormat(uint64_t format) {
+	switch (format) {
+		case VIDEO_OUT_PIXEL_FORMAT_R10_G10_B10_A2_BT2100_PQ:
+		case VIDEO_OUT_PIXEL_FORMAT_B10_G10_R10_A2_BT2100_PQ: return true;
+		default: return false;
+	}
+}
+
+inline constexpr std::array<VideoOutFormatPolicy, 8> VIDEO_OUT_FORMAT_POLICIES {{
    {0x8000000022000000ull,
     {vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, Prospero::BufferFormat::k8_8_8_8Srgb, 4, false}},
    {0x8000000000000000ull,
@@ -342,6 +338,8 @@ inline constexpr std::array<VideoOutFormatPolicy, 7> VIDEO_OUT_FORMAT_POLICIES {
     {vk::Format::eA2R10G10B10UnormPack32, Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UNorm, 4, false}},
    {VIDEO_OUT_PIXEL_FORMAT_R10_G10_B10_A2_BT2100_PQ,
     {vk::Format::eA2B10G10R10UnormPack32, Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UNorm, 4, false}},
+    {VIDEO_OUT_PIXEL_FORMAT_B10_G10_R10_A2_BT2100_PQ,
+     {vk::Format::eA2R10G10B10UnormPack32, Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UNorm, 4, false}},
    {0xc001000622000000ull,
     {vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat, Prospero::BufferFormat::k16_16_16_16Float, 8, false}},
    {0xc001000600000000ull,
@@ -371,18 +369,50 @@ inline constexpr std::array<VideoOutFormatPolicy, 7> VIDEO_OUT_FORMAT_POLICIES {
 	return false;
 }

-[[nodiscard]] inline bool DecodePackedColorClear(vk::Format format, uint32_t packed,
+[[nodiscard]] inline bool DecodePackedColorClear(vk::Format format, uint64_t clear_words,
                                                 vk::ClearColorValue& clear) {
 	vk::ClearColorValue next {};
+	const auto packed = static_cast<uint32_t>(clear_words);
 	const auto unorm8 = [](uint32_t value) { return static_cast<float>(value & 0xffu) / 255.0f; };
 	const auto srgb8  = [](uint32_t value) {
 		const auto encoded = static_cast<float>(value & 0xffu) / 255.0f;
 		return encoded <= 0.04045f ? encoded / 12.92f : std::pow((encoded + 0.055f) / 1.055f, 2.4f);
 	};
+	const auto float16 = [](uint32_t value) {
+		const auto sign = (value & 0x8000u) << 16u;
+		const auto exponent = (value >> 10u) & 0x1fu;
+		const auto mantissa = value & 0x3ffu;
+		if (exponent == 0) {
+			return std::copysign(static_cast<float>(mantissa) * 0x1p-24f,
+			                     std::bit_cast<float>(sign));
+		}
+		return std::bit_cast<float>(sign | ((exponent == 31 ? 255u : exponent + 112u) << 23u) |
+		                            (mantissa << 13u));
+	};
 	switch (format) {
-		// A single-plane float target carries its clear as raw float bits, the same encoding the
-		// depth decoder below uses. Without this the clear is discarded and the target keeps stale
-		// contents.
+		case vk::Format::eB10G11R11UfloatPack32:
+			next.float32[0] = float16((packed & 0x7ffu) << 4u);
+			next.float32[1] = float16(((packed >> 11u) & 0x7ffu) << 4u);
+			next.float32[2] = float16((packed >> 22u) << 5u);
+			break;
+		case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat:
+			next.float32[2] = float16(static_cast<uint32_t>(clear_words >> 32u));
+			next.float32[3] = float16(static_cast<uint32_t>(clear_words >> 48u));
+			[[fallthrough]];
+		case vk::Format::eR16G16Sfloat:
+			next.float32[1] = float16(packed >> 16u);
+			[[fallthrough]];
+		case vk::Format::eR16Sfloat: next.float32[0] = float16(packed); break;
+		case vk::Format::eR16G16Unorm:
+			next.float32[1] = static_cast<float>(packed >> 16u) / 65535.0f;
+			[[fallthrough]];
+		case vk::Format::eR16Unorm:
+			next.float32[0] = static_cast<float>(packed & 0xffffu) / 65535.0f;
+			break;
+		// Each clear register stores one raw 32-bit float channel.
+		case vk::Format::eR32G32Sfloat:
+			next.float32[1] = std::bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(clear_words >> 32u));
+			[[fallthrough]];
 		case vk::Format::eR32Sfloat: next.float32[0] = std::bit_cast<float>(packed); break;
 		case vk::Format::eR32Uint: next.uint32[0] = packed; break;
 		case vk::Format::eR32Sint: next.int32[0] = static_cast<int32_t>(packed); break;
@@ -432,6 +462,10 @@ inline constexpr std::array<VideoOutFormatPolicy, 7> VIDEO_OUT_FORMAT_POLICIES {
 // Keep this separate: the first register word alone cannot describe a 64-bit color.
 [[nodiscard]] inline bool DecodeColorDwordFill(vk::Format format, uint32_t packed,
                                               vk::ClearColorValue& clear) {
+	if ((format == vk::Format::eR16Sfloat || format == vk::Format::eR16Unorm) &&
+	    (packed & 0xffffu) != (packed >> 16u)) {
+		return false;
+	}
 	if (format == vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat) {
 		if (packed != 0) {
 			return false;
@@ -439,7 +473,7 @@ inline constexpr std::array<VideoOutFormatPolicy, 7> VIDEO_OUT_FORMAT_POLICIES {
 		clear = vk::ClearColorValue {};
 		return true;
 	}
-	return DecodePackedColorClear(format, packed, clear);
+	return DecodePackedColorClear(format, uint64_t {packed} | (uint64_t {packed} << 32u), clear);
 }

 [[nodiscard]] inline bool DecodePackedStencilClear(uint32_t packed, uint8_t& clear) {
@@ -31,18 +31,6 @@ namespace ImageViewOps {
 	       ImageViewOps::IsFormatDepthCompatible(view_format);
 }

-[[nodiscard]] inline bool IsValidImageSwizzle(uint32_t swizzle,
-                                             uint32_t component_count = 4) noexcept {
-	if ((swizzle & ~0xfffu) != 0) {
-		return false;
-	}
-	for (uint32_t channel = 0; channel < 4; channel++) {
-		const auto selector = GetDstSel(swizzle, channel);
-		if (selector > 1 && (selector < 4 || selector >= 4 + component_count)) return false;
-	}
-	return true;
-}
-
 [[noreturn]] inline void UnsupportedColorView(const char* usage, vk::Format image_format,
                                              vk::Format view_format, uint32_t swizzle) noexcept {
 	EXIT("unsupported %s color image view: image_format=%d view_format=%d swizzle=0x%03x\n", usage,
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/textureCommon.h"

-#include "common/alignment.h"
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_defs.h"
 #include "graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_format.h"
-#include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/tiler.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/shader.h"

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
-#include <cinttypes>

 namespace Libs::Graphics {
 namespace {
@@ -35,6 +32,9 @@ struct HostFormatInfo {

 HostFormatInfo ResolveHostFormat(Prospero::BufferFormat guest_format,
                                 Prospero::ChannelOrder order) {
+	if (guest_format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_11_11Float) {
+		return {vk::Format::eB10G11R11UfloatPack32, Prospero::ColorMappingBgra};
+	}
 	if (order == Prospero::ChannelOrder::kAlt) {
 		switch (guest_format) {
 			case Prospero::BufferFormat::k8_8_8_8UNorm:
@@ -57,68 +57,6 @@ HostFormatInfo ResolveHostFormat(Prospero::BufferFormat guest_format,
 	}
 }

-uint32_t GetTextureLevelDepth(uint32_t depth, uint32_t level, bool volume_texture) {
-	return volume_texture ? std::max(depth >> level, 1u) : depth;
-}
-
-size_t GetTextureRegionCount(uint32_t depth, uint32_t levels, bool volume_texture) {
-	size_t count = 0;
-	for (uint32_t level = 0; level < levels; level++) {
-		count += GetTextureLevelDepth(depth, level, volume_texture);
-	}
-	return count;
-}
-
-uint64_t CalcTextureSliceStride(const TextureUploadMipLayout* mips, uint32_t levels,
-                                uint64_t total_size, uint32_t depth) {
-	uint64_t stride = 0;
-	for (uint32_t mip_level = 0; mip_level < levels; ++mip_level) {
-		stride = std::max(stride, mips[mip_level].offset + mips[mip_level].size);
-	}
-
-	if (depth > 1 && total_size != 0 && total_size % depth == 0) {
-		stride = std::max(stride, total_size / depth);
-	}
-
-	return stride;
-}
-
-uint64_t CalcLinearUploadLevelSize(const TileTextureElementLayout& element, uint32_t pitch,
-                                   uint32_t height) {
-	const uint32_t element_columns =
-	    std::max((pitch + element.texel_width - 1u) / element.texel_width, 1u);
-	const uint32_t element_rows =
-	    std::max((height + element.texel_height - 1u) / element.texel_height, 1u);
-	return static_cast<uint64_t>(element_columns) * element_rows * element.bytes;
-}
-
-uint64_t SetLinearUploadLevels(TextureUploadMipLayout*         mips,
-                               const TileTextureElementLayout& element, uint32_t height,
-                               uint32_t levels, uint32_t base_pitch) {
-	uint64_t offset     = 0;
-	auto     mip_pitch  = base_pitch;
-	auto     mip_height = height;
-
-	for (uint32_t mip_level = 0; mip_level < levels; ++mip_level) {
-		const auto size = CalcLinearUploadLevelSize(element, mip_pitch, mip_height);
-		mips[mip_level] = {offset, size};
-
-		offset += size;
-		if (mip_pitch > 1) {
-			mip_pitch /= 2;
-		}
-		if (mip_height > 1) {
-			mip_height /= 2;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return offset;
-}
-
-bool FitsBufferRange(uint64_t offset, uint64_t size, uint64_t capacity) {
-	return offset <= capacity && size <= capacity - offset;
-}
-
 } // namespace

 RenderTargetFormatInfo TextureGetRenderTargetFormat(Prospero::ChannelLayout layout,
@@ -126,12 +64,16 @@ RenderTargetFormatInfo TextureGetRenderTargetFormat(Prospero::ChannelLayout layo
                                                    Prospero::ChannelOrder  order) {
 	const auto encoding = Prospero::ResolveRenderTargetFormat(layout, type);
 	if (encoding.IsValid() && encoding.SupportsOrder(order)) {
-		const auto host_format = ResolveHostFormat(encoding.buffer_format, order);
+		const auto backing_format = encoding.buffer_format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k11_11_10UNorm
+		                                ? Prospero::RemapTextureFormat(encoding.buffer_format)
+		                                : encoding.buffer_format;
+		const auto host_format = ResolveHostFormat(backing_format, order);
 		const auto bytes       = Prospero::RenderTargetBytesPerElement(encoding.buffer_format);
 		if (host_format.format != vk::Format::eUndefined && bytes != 0) {
 			const auto order_mapping =
 			    kRenderTargetColorMappings[static_cast<size_t>(order)][encoding.components - 1u];
-			return {host_format.format, bytes, host_format.host_to_storage.Then(order_mapping)};
+			return {host_format.format, bytes, host_format.host_to_storage.Then(order_mapping),
+			        encoding.buffer_format};
 		}
 	}
 	EXIT("unsupported render-target format combination: layout=%u type=%u order=%u\n",
@@ -172,203 +114,4 @@ SurfaceFormatInfo TextureGetSurfaceFormatInfo(Prospero::BufferFormat format) {
 	EXIT("unknown format: fmt = %u\n", static_cast<uint32_t>(format));
 }

-TextureUploadLayout TextureCalcUploadLayout(Prospero::BufferFormat format, uint32_t width,
-                                            uint32_t height, uint32_t levels, uint32_t depth,
-                                            Prospero::TileMode tile_mode, uint64_t upload_size,
-                                            bool volume_texture, const char* owner) {
-	TextureUploadLayout layout {};
-	layout.surface.description = {
-	    format,
-	    tile_mode,
-	    volume_texture ? TileSurfaceDimension::Dim3D : TileSurfaceDimension::Dim2D,
-	    width,
-	    height,
-	    volume_texture ? depth : 1u,
-	    levels,
-	    volume_texture ? 1u : depth,
-	};
-	const auto&              description = layout.surface.description;
-	TileTextureElementLayout element {};
-
-	if (format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid) {
-		EXIT("%s: legacy texture upload format unsupported: fmt=0 tile=%u size=%" PRIu64
-		     " extent=%ux%u levels=%u\n",
-		     owner, static_cast<uint32_t>(description.tile_mode), upload_size, width, height,
-		     levels);
-	}
-
-	if (tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kLinear) {
-		if (!TileGetTextureElementLayout(format, element)) {
-			EXIT("%s: unsupported linear texture format: fmt=%u\n", owner,
-			     static_cast<uint32_t>(format));
-		}
-	} else {
-		if (!TileGetTiledTextureLayout(description, layout.surface)) {
-			EXIT("%s: unsupported typed tiled upload: fmt=%u tile=%u "
-			     "size=%" PRIu64 " extent=%ux%u levels=%u\n",
-			     owner, static_cast<uint32_t>(format), static_cast<uint32_t>(tile_mode),
-			     upload_size, width, height, levels);
-		}
-		element = {layout.surface.texture.block.bytes_per_element,
-		           layout.surface.texture.texel_width, layout.surface.texture.texel_height};
-	}
-	layout.pitch = TileGetTexturePitch(format, width, description.tile_mode);
-	if (tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kLinear) {
-		TileSizeOffset level_sizes[16] {};
-		TilePaddedSize padded_sizes[16] {};
-		TileGetTextureSize(format, width, height, levels, description.tile_mode, nullptr,
-		                   level_sizes, padded_sizes);
-		for (uint32_t level = 0; level < levels; ++level) {
-			layout.mips[level] = {level_sizes[level].offset, level_sizes[level].size,
-			                      padded_sizes[level].width, padded_sizes[level].height};
-		}
-	} else if (volume_texture) {
-		layout.slice_stride = SetLinearUploadLevels(layout.mips, element, height, levels, width);
-	} else {
-		layout.source_slice_stride = layout.surface.block_slice_size;
-		if (depth > 1 && upload_size != 0 && upload_size % depth == 0) {
-			layout.source_slice_stride = std::max(layout.source_slice_stride, upload_size / depth);
-		}
-		SetLinearUploadLevels(layout.mips, element, height, levels, layout.pitch);
-	}
-
-	if (!volume_texture || tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kLinear) {
-		layout.slice_stride = CalcTextureSliceStride(layout.mips, levels, upload_size, depth);
-	}
-	return layout;
-}
-
-std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> TextureBuildImageCopies(const TextureUploadLayout& layout) {
-	const auto& description    = layout.surface.description;
-	const bool  volume_texture = description.dimension == TileSurfaceDimension::Dim3D;
-	const bool  linear_texture = description.tile_mode == Prospero::TileMode::kLinear;
-	const auto  depth          = volume_texture ? description.depth : description.layers;
-	uint32_t    mip_width      = description.width;
-	uint32_t    mip_height     = description.height;
-	uint32_t    mip_pitch = volume_texture && !linear_texture ? description.width : layout.pitch;
-
-	std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> regions;
-	regions.reserve(GetTextureRegionCount(depth, description.levels, volume_texture));
-	for (uint32_t mip_level = 0; mip_level < description.levels; ++mip_level) {
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(layout.mips[mip_level].size == 0);
-		const auto          mip_depth = GetTextureLevelDepth(depth, mip_level, volume_texture);
-		vk::BufferImageCopy region {};
-		region.imageSubresource = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, mip_level, 0, 1};
-		region.imageExtent      = {mip_width, mip_height, 1};
-		if (linear_texture) {
-			region.bufferRowLength   = layout.mips[mip_level].row_length;
-			region.bufferImageHeight = layout.mips[mip_level].image_height;
-		} else {
-			const auto texel_width   = layout.surface.texture.texel_width;
-			const auto aligned_pitch = Common::AlignUp(mip_pitch, texel_width);
-			region.bufferRowLength =
-			    aligned_pitch > Common::AlignUp(mip_width, texel_width) ? aligned_pitch : 0;
-		}
-		for (uint32_t slice_index = 0; slice_index < mip_depth; ++slice_index) {
-			region.bufferOffset = layout.mips[mip_level].offset + slice_index * layout.slice_stride;
-			region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = volume_texture ? 0u : slice_index;
-			region.imageOffset.z = volume_texture ? static_cast<int>(slice_index) : 0;
-			regions.push_back(region);
-		}
-
-		if (mip_width > 1) {
-			mip_width /= 2;
-		}
-		if (mip_height > 1) {
-			mip_height /= 2;
-		}
-		if (mip_pitch > 1) {
-			mip_pitch /= 2;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return regions;
-}
-
-bool TextureBuildGpuTileInfos(uint64_t tiled_size, const std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy>& regions,
-                              const TextureUploadLayout& layout, uint32_t levels,
-                              std::vector<GpuTileInfo>& out_tile_infos) {
-	const auto& description    = layout.surface.description;
-	const bool  volume_texture = description.dimension == TileSurfaceDimension::Dim3D;
-	const auto  depth          = volume_texture ? description.depth : description.layers;
-	if (tiled_size == 0 || levels == 0 || levels > 16 || depth == 0 ||
-	    regions.size() != GetTextureRegionCount(depth, levels, volume_texture) ||
-	    Prospero::IsFmaskTextureFormat(description.format)) {
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	const auto& surface = layout.surface;
-	const auto& texture = surface.texture;
-	const auto& block   = texture.block;
-	if (surface.description.levels < levels || block.bytes_per_element == 0 ||
-	    block.family == TileBlockFamily::Count) {
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	std::vector<GpuTileInfo> tile_infos;
-	tile_infos.reserve(regions.size());
-	const auto slices_per_copy = volume_texture ? block.block_depth : 1u;
-	size_t     region_base     = 0;
-	for (uint32_t mip_level = 0; mip_level < levels; ++mip_level) {
-		const auto& mip       = surface.mips[mip_level];
-		const auto  mip_depth = GetTextureLevelDepth(depth, mip_level, volume_texture);
-		for (uint32_t slice_index = 0; slice_index < mip_depth; slice_index += slices_per_copy) {
-			const auto& region = regions[region_base + slice_index];
-			GpuTileInfo tile_info {};
-			tile_info.family            = block.family;
-			tile_info.bytes_per_element = block.bytes_per_element;
-			tile_info.linear_offset     = region.bufferOffset;
-			tile_info.linear_size       = layout.mips[mip_level].size;
-			tile_info.tiled_size        = mip.size;
-			if (volume_texture) {
-				tile_info.depth               = std::min(slices_per_copy, mip_depth - slice_index);
-				tile_info.linear_slice_stride = layout.slice_stride;
-				tile_info.linear_size += (tile_info.depth - 1u) * layout.slice_stride;
-				tile_info.tiled_offset =
-				    mip.offset +
-				    static_cast<uint64_t>(slice_index / slices_per_copy) * surface.block_slice_size;
-				tile_info.surface_z =
-				    block.block_depth == 1 ? static_cast<uint32_t>(region.imageOffset.z) : 0;
-			} else {
-				const auto source_stride = layout.source_slice_stride != 0
-				                               ? layout.source_slice_stride
-				                               : surface.block_slice_size;
-				if (slice_index > (UINT64_MAX - mip.offset) / source_stride) {
-					return false;
-				}
-				tile_info.tiled_offset =
-				    mip.offset + static_cast<uint64_t>(slice_index) * source_stride;
-				tile_info.surface_z = block.family == TileBlockFamily::RenderTarget64KB ||
-				                              block.family == TileBlockFamily::Depth64KB
-				                          ? region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer
-				                          : 0;
-			}
-			if (!FitsBufferRange(tile_info.linear_offset, tile_info.linear_size, UINT64_MAX) ||
-			    !FitsBufferRange(tile_info.tiled_offset, tile_info.tiled_size, tiled_size)) {
-				return false;
-			}
-			const auto row_length =
-			    region.bufferRowLength != 0 ? region.bufferRowLength : region.imageExtent.width;
-			const auto image_height = region.bufferImageHeight != 0 ? region.bufferImageHeight
-			                                                        : region.imageExtent.height;
-			tile_info.width         = std::max(
-			    (region.imageExtent.width + texture.texel_width - 1u) / texture.texel_width, 1u);
-			tile_info.height =
-			    std::max((image_height + texture.texel_height - 1u) / texture.texel_height, 1u);
-			tile_info.pitch =
-			    std::max((row_length + texture.texel_width - 1u) / texture.texel_width, 1u);
-			tile_info.tail         = mip_level >= surface.first_tail_level;
-			tile_info.tail_x       = tile_info.tail ? mip.tail_x : 0;
-			tile_info.tail_y       = tile_info.tail ? mip.tail_y : 0;
-			tile_info.tiled_width  = mip.padded_width;
-			tile_info.tiled_height = mip.padded_height;
-			tile_infos.push_back(tile_info);
-		}
-		region_base += mip_depth;
-	}
-
-	out_tile_infos = std::move(tile_infos);
-	return true;
-}
-
 } // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -2,19 +2,15 @@
 #define EMULATOR_INCLUDE_EMULATOR_GRAPHICS_HOST_GPU_RENDERER_IMAGE_TEXTURECOMMON_H_

 #include "graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_defs.h"
-#include "graphics/guest_gpu/tile.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"

-#include <vector>
-
 namespace Libs::Graphics {

-struct GpuTileInfo;
-
 struct RenderTargetFormatInfo {
 	vk::Format                      format            = vk::Format::eUndefined;
 	uint32_t                        bytes_per_element = 0;
 	Prospero::ColorComponentMapping export_mapping;
+	Prospero::BufferFormat          guest_format = Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid;
 };

 struct SurfaceFormatInfo {
@@ -23,35 +19,12 @@ struct SurfaceFormatInfo {
 	Prospero::ColorComponentMapping host_to_storage;
 };

-struct TextureUploadMipLayout {
-	uint64_t offset       = 0;
-	uint64_t size         = 0;
-	uint32_t row_length   = 0;
-	uint32_t image_height = 0;
-};
-
-struct TextureUploadLayout {
-	uint32_t               pitch               = 0;
-	uint64_t               slice_stride        = 0;
-	uint64_t               source_slice_stride = 0;
-	TileSurfaceLayout      surface;
-	TextureUploadMipLayout mips[16] = {};
-};
-
 vk::ComponentMapping   TextureGetComponentMapping(uint32_t                        swizzle,
                                                  Prospero::ColorComponentMapping host_to_storage);
 SurfaceFormatInfo      TextureGetSurfaceFormatInfo(Prospero::BufferFormat format);
 RenderTargetFormatInfo TextureGetRenderTargetFormat(Prospero::ChannelLayout layout,
                                                    Prospero::ChannelType   type,
                                                    Prospero::ChannelOrder  order);
-TextureUploadLayout    TextureCalcUploadLayout(Prospero::BufferFormat format, uint32_t width,
-                                               uint32_t height, uint32_t levels, uint32_t depth,
-                                               Prospero::TileMode tile_mode, uint64_t upload_size,
-                                               bool volume_texture, const char* owner);
-std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy> TextureBuildImageCopies(const TextureUploadLayout& layout);
-bool TextureBuildGpuTileInfos(uint64_t tiled_size, const std::vector<vk::BufferImageCopy>& regions,
-                              const TextureUploadLayout& layout, uint32_t levels,
-                              std::vector<GpuTileInfo>& out_tile_infos);

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include "gpu_tiler_shaders/gpu_tiler_standard4_spv.h"
 #include "gpu_tiler_shaders/gpu_tiler_standard64_3d_spv.h"
 #include "gpu_tiler_shaders/gpu_tiler_standard64_spv.h"
-#include "gpu_tiler_shaders/gpu_tiler_swap_bgra16_spv.h"
+#include "gpu_tiler_shaders/gpu_tiler_color_transform_spv.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/graphicContext.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/cache/streamBuffer.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/commandScheduler.h"
@@ -31,7 +31,12 @@ TileManager::TileManager(GraphicContext& graphics, CommandScheduler& scheduler,
                         StreamBuffer& stream_buffer)
    : m_graphics(graphics), m_scheduler(scheduler), m_stream_buffer(stream_buffer) {
 	static_assert(FamilyCount == 9);
-	static_assert(sizeof(Push) == 52);
+	static_assert(sizeof(Mip) == 48);
+	static_assert(offsetof(TilingParams, mips) == 16);
+	static_assert(sizeof(TilingParams) == 784);
+	static_assert(sizeof(TilingParams) <= UINT16_MAX && PipelineCount <= UINT16_MAX);
+	static_assert(sizeof(Tiling) == 16);
+	static_assert(sizeof(Conversion) == 32);
 	std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 3> bindings {};
 	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < 2; index++) {
 		bindings[index] = {index, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer, 1,
@@ -48,7 +53,8 @@ TileManager::TileManager(GraphicContext& graphics, CommandScheduler& scheduler,
 	                                                                 &m_descriptor_layout),
 	                     "create TileManager descriptor layout");

-	const vk::PushConstantRange  push_range {vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0, sizeof(Push)};
+	const vk::PushConstantRange  push_range {vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0,
+	                                         sizeof(Conversion)};
 	vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo layout_info {};
 	layout_info.setLayoutCount         = 1;
 	layout_info.pSetLayouts            = &m_descriptor_layout;
@@ -77,8 +83,8 @@ TileManager::~TileManager() {
 	if (m_d32_to_d16 != nullptr) {
 		m_graphics.device.destroyPipeline(m_d32_to_d16, nullptr);
 	}
-	if (m_swap_bgra16 != nullptr) {
-		m_graphics.device.destroyPipeline(m_swap_bgra16, nullptr);
+	if (m_color_transform != nullptr) {
+		m_graphics.device.destroyPipeline(m_color_transform, nullptr);
 	}
 	if (m_pipeline_layout != nullptr) {
 		m_graphics.device.destroyPipelineLayout(m_pipeline_layout, nullptr);
@@ -88,13 +94,25 @@ TileManager::~TileManager() {
 	}
 }

-void TileManager::Prepare(bool tile, uint64_t tiled_capacity, uint64_t linear_capacity,
-                          std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos, uint64_t source_base,
-                          uint64_t target_base, std::vector<Dispatch>& dispatches) {
-	EXIT_IF(infos.empty() || tiled_capacity == 0 || linear_capacity == 0);
-	const auto& limits = m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits;
+TileManager::Tiling TileManager::Prepare(bool tile, uint64_t tiled_capacity,
+                                         uint64_t linear_capacity, const ImageInfo& info,
+                                         uint32_t levels, uint64_t source_base,
+                                         uint64_t target_base) {
+	levels = levels != 0 ? levels : info.resources.levels;
+	EXIT_IF(levels == 0 || levels > MaxMipLevels || levels > info.resources.levels ||
+	        tiled_capacity == 0 || linear_capacity == 0);
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(tiled_capacity > UINT32_MAX || linear_capacity > UINT32_MAX);

+	const auto& block     = info.tiling.block;
+	const auto  transform = info.GetColorTransform();
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
+	    !info.IsTiled() || info.samples != 1 || Prospero::IsFmaskTextureFormat(info.guest_format) ||
+	    block.family >= TileBlockFamily::Count || !std::has_single_bit(block.bytes_per_element) ||
+	    block.bytes_per_element > 16 || block.block_width == 0 || block.block_height == 0 ||
+	    block.block_depth == 0 || block.block_size == 0 || info.tiling.texel_width == 0 ||
+	    info.tiling.texel_height == 0 || info.tiled_slice_stride == 0);
+	EXIT_IF((transform == ColorTransform::SwapBgra16 && block.bytes_per_element != 8u) ||
+	        (transform == ColorTransform::Reverse10_11_11 && block.bytes_per_element != 4u));
 	const auto checked_multiply = [](uint64_t left, uint64_t right, uint64_t& result) {
 		return (left == 0 || right <= UINT64_MAX / left) && (result = left * right, true);
 	};
@@ -105,109 +123,96 @@ void TileManager::Prepare(bool tile, uint64_t tiled_capacity, uint64_t linear_ca
 		return size != 0 && offset <= capacity && size <= capacity - offset;
 	};

-	dispatches.clear();
-	dispatches.reserve(infos.size());
-	for (const auto& info: infos) {
-		TileBlockLayout block {};
-		const uint32_t  tiled_width  = info.tiled_width != 0 ? info.tiled_width : info.pitch;
-		const uint32_t  tiled_height = info.tiled_height != 0 ? info.tiled_height : info.height;
-		const uint64_t  groups_x     = (static_cast<uint64_t>(info.width) + 7u) / 8u;
-		const uint64_t  groups_y     = (static_cast<uint64_t>(info.height) + 7u) / 8u;
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
-		    !TileGetBlockLayout(info.family, info.bytes_per_element, block) || info.width == 0 ||
-		    info.height == 0 || info.depth == 0 || info.pitch < info.width ||
-		    groups_x > limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[0] ||
-		    groups_y > limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[1] ||
-		    info.depth > limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[2] ||
-		    (!info.tail && (tiled_width < info.width || tiled_height < info.height)) ||
-		    !valid_range(info.linear_offset, info.linear_size, linear_capacity) ||
-		    !valid_range(info.tiled_offset, info.tiled_size, tiled_capacity) ||
-		    (block.block_depth == 1 && info.depth != 1));
+	// ImageInfo owns the layout. Upload only the header and active mip records.
+	TilingParams params;
+	params.color_transform = static_cast<uint32_t>(transform);
+	for (uint32_t level = 0; level < levels; ++level) {
+		const auto& mip    = info.mip_layout[level];
+		const auto  extent = info.MipExtent(level);
+		const auto  width  = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+		    (uint64_t {extent.width} + info.tiling.texel_width - 1u) / info.tiling.texel_width);
+		const auto height = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+		    (uint64_t {extent.height} + info.tiling.texel_height - 1u) / info.tiling.texel_height);
+		const auto depth = extent.depth;
+		const bool tail  = level >= info.first_tail_level;
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(width == 0 || height == 0 || depth == 0 || mip.linear_pitch < width ||
+		                     mip.linear_size == 0 || mip.size == 0 ||
+		                     (!tail && (mip.pitch < width || mip.height < height)) ||
+		                     (!info.IsVolume() && mip.size % depth != 0));

 		uint64_t pitch_bytes = 0;
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!checked_multiply(info.pitch, info.bytes_per_element, pitch_bytes) ||
-		                     pitch_bytes > UINT32_MAX);
-		uint64_t slice_bytes   = info.linear_slice_stride;
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
+		    !checked_multiply(mip.linear_pitch, block.bytes_per_element, pitch_bytes) ||
+		    pitch_bytes > UINT32_MAX);
+		const uint64_t slice_bytes =
+		    info.linear_slice_stride != 0 ? info.linear_slice_stride : mip.linear_size;
 		uint64_t minimum_slice = 0;
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!checked_multiply(pitch_bytes, info.height, minimum_slice));
-		if (slice_bytes == 0) {
-			slice_bytes = minimum_slice;
-		}
 		uint64_t linear_used = 0;
-		uint64_t bytes       = 0;
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED((info.depth > 1 && slice_bytes < minimum_slice) ||
-		                     !checked_multiply(info.depth - 1u, slice_bytes, bytes) ||
+		uint64_t bytes         = 0;
+		uint64_t linear_span   = 0;
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!checked_multiply(pitch_bytes, height, minimum_slice) ||
+		                     (depth > 1 && slice_bytes < minimum_slice) ||
+		                     !checked_multiply(height - 1u, pitch_bytes, linear_used) ||
+		                     !checked_multiply(width, block.bytes_per_element, bytes) ||
 		                     !checked_add(linear_used, bytes, linear_used) ||
-		                     !checked_multiply(info.height - 1u, pitch_bytes, bytes) ||
-		                     !checked_add(linear_used, bytes, linear_used) ||
-		                     !checked_multiply(info.width, info.bytes_per_element, bytes) ||
-		                     !checked_add(linear_used, bytes, linear_used) ||
-		                     linear_used > info.linear_size || slice_bytes > UINT32_MAX);
+		                     linear_used > mip.linear_size || slice_bytes > UINT32_MAX ||
+		                     !checked_multiply(depth - 1u, slice_bytes, linear_span) ||
+		                     !checked_add(linear_span, mip.linear_size, linear_span) ||
+		                     !valid_range(mip.linear_offset, linear_span, linear_capacity));

 		const uint64_t columns =
-		    (static_cast<uint64_t>(tiled_width) + block.block_width - 1u) / block.block_width;
-		const uint64_t rows =
-		    (static_cast<uint64_t>(tiled_height) + block.block_height - 1u) / block.block_height;
-		uint64_t blocks_per_slice = 0;
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!checked_multiply(columns, rows, blocks_per_slice) ||
-		                     columns > UINT32_MAX || blocks_per_slice > UINT32_MAX);
-		if (info.tail) {
+		    (uint64_t {mip.pitch} + block.block_width - 1u) / block.block_width;
+		if (tail) {
 			EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
-			    info.family == TileBlockFamily::Standard256B || info.depth > block.block_depth ||
-			    info.tail_x >= block.block_width || info.width > block.block_width - info.tail_x ||
-			    info.tail_y >= block.block_height ||
-			    info.height > block.block_height - info.tail_y ||
-			    info.tiled_size < block.block_size);
-		} else {
-			const uint64_t slices =
-			    (static_cast<uint64_t>(info.depth) + block.block_depth - 1u) / block.block_depth;
-			uint64_t tiled_used = 0;
-			EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!checked_multiply(blocks_per_slice, slices, tiled_used) ||
-			                     !checked_multiply(tiled_used, block.block_size, tiled_used) ||
-			                     tiled_used > info.tiled_size);
+			    block.family == TileBlockFamily::Standard256B || mip.tail_x >= block.block_width ||
+			    width > block.block_width - mip.tail_x || mip.tail_y >= block.block_height ||
+			    height > block.block_height - mip.tail_y);
 		}
+		const uint64_t tiled_plane = info.IsVolume() ? mip.size : mip.size / depth;
+		const uint64_t tiled_slice = info.tiled_slice_stride;
+		const uint64_t slices     = (uint64_t {depth} + block.block_depth - 1u) / block.block_depth;
+		uint64_t       tiled_span = 0;
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(columns > UINT32_MAX || tiled_slice > UINT32_MAX ||
+		                     (slices > 1 && tiled_slice < tiled_plane) ||
+		                     !checked_multiply(slices - 1u, tiled_slice, tiled_span) ||
+		                     !checked_add(tiled_span, tiled_plane, tiled_span) ||
+		                     !valid_range(mip.offset, tiled_span, tiled_capacity));

-		const uint32_t alignment = std::min(info.bytes_per_element, 4u);
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(((info.linear_offset | info.tiled_offset | pitch_bytes | slice_bytes) &
-		                      (alignment - 1u)) != 0);
-		const uint64_t src = source_base + (tile ? info.linear_offset : info.tiled_offset);
-		const uint64_t dst = target_base + (tile ? info.tiled_offset : info.linear_offset);
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(src > UINT32_MAX || dst > UINT32_MAX);
-
-		const uint32_t family_index  = static_cast<uint32_t>(info.family);
-		const uint32_t element_index = std::countr_zero(info.bytes_per_element);
-		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(family_index >= FamilyCount || element_index >= BytesPerElementCount);
-		Dispatch dispatch {};
-		dispatch.pipeline_slot =
-		    ((tile ? FamilyCount : 0u) + family_index) * BytesPerElementCount + element_index;
-		dispatch.push.src_base         = static_cast<uint32_t>(src);
-		dispatch.push.dst_base         = static_cast<uint32_t>(dst);
-		dispatch.push.width            = info.width;
-		dispatch.push.height           = info.height;
-		dispatch.push.depth            = info.depth;
-		dispatch.push.surface_z        = info.surface_z;
-		dispatch.push.pitch_bytes      = static_cast<uint32_t>(pitch_bytes);
-		dispatch.push.slice_bytes      = static_cast<uint32_t>(slice_bytes);
-		dispatch.push.blocks_per_row   = static_cast<uint32_t>(columns);
-		dispatch.push.blocks_per_slice = static_cast<uint32_t>(blocks_per_slice);
-		dispatch.push.tail_x           = info.tail_x;
-		dispatch.push.tail_y           = info.tail_y;
-		dispatch.push.tail             = info.tail;
-		dispatches.push_back(dispatch);
+		const uint32_t alignment = std::min(block.bytes_per_element, 4u);
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
+		    ((mip.linear_offset | mip.offset | pitch_bytes | slice_bytes | tiled_slice) &
+		     (alignment - 1u)) != 0);
+		uint64_t src = 0, dst = 0, texels = 0;
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(
+		    !checked_add(source_base, tile ? mip.linear_offset : mip.offset, src) ||
+		    !checked_add(target_base, tile ? mip.offset : mip.linear_offset, dst) ||
+		    src > UINT32_MAX || dst > UINT32_MAX || !checked_multiply(width, height, texels) ||
+		    !checked_multiply(texels, depth, texels) || texels > UINT32_MAX - params.num_texels);
+		params.mips[level] = {static_cast<uint32_t>(src),
+		                      static_cast<uint32_t>(dst),
+		                      width,
+		                      height,
+		                      static_cast<uint32_t>(pitch_bytes),
+		                      static_cast<uint32_t>(slice_bytes),
+		                      static_cast<uint32_t>(tiled_slice),
+		                      static_cast<uint32_t>(columns),
+		                      mip.surface_z,
+		                      tail ? mip.tail_x : 0u,
+		                      tail ? mip.tail_y : 0u,
+		                      static_cast<uint32_t>(texels)};
+		params.num_texels += static_cast<uint32_t>(texels);
 	}

-	const uint64_t uniform_alignment =
-	    std::max<uint64_t>(limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment, 1);
-	const uint64_t stride = Common::AlignUp<uint64_t>(sizeof(Push), uniform_alignment);
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(dispatches.size() > UINT64_MAX / stride);
-	const uint64_t bytes  = dispatches.size() * stride;
-	auto [mapped, offset] = m_stream_buffer.Map(bytes, uniform_alignment);
-	EXIT_IF(mapped == nullptr);
-	for (size_t index = 0; index < dispatches.size(); index++) {
-		std::memcpy(mapped + index * stride, &dispatches[index].push, sizeof(Push));
-		dispatches[index].params_offset = offset + index * stride;
-	}
-	m_stream_buffer.Commit();
+	const auto& limits = m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits;
+	const auto  params_size =
+	    static_cast<uint16_t>(offsetof(TilingParams, mips) + levels * sizeof(Mip));
+	const auto offset = m_stream_buffer.Copy(
+	    &params, params_size,
+	    std::max<uint64_t>(limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment, alignof(TilingParams)));
+	const auto slot =
+	    ((tile ? FamilyCount : 0u) + static_cast<uint32_t>(block.family)) * BytesPerElementCount +
+	    std::countr_zero(block.bytes_per_element);
+	return {offset, params.num_texels, params_size, static_cast<uint16_t>(slot)};
 }

 vk::Pipeline TileManager::GetPipeline(uint32_t slot) {
@@ -253,10 +258,9 @@ vk::Pipeline TileManager::GetPipeline(uint32_t slot) {
 	return m_pipelines[slot];
 }

-void TileManager::Record(vk::Buffer source, uint64_t source_offset,
-                         uint64_t source_capacity, vk::Buffer target, uint64_t target_offset,
-                         uint64_t target_capacity, std::span<Dispatch> dispatches,
-                         bool clear_target) {
+void TileManager::Record(vk::Buffer source, uint64_t source_offset, uint64_t source_capacity,
+                         vk::Buffer target, uint64_t target_offset, uint64_t target_capacity,
+                         const Tiling& tiling, bool clear_target) {
 	const auto&    limits = m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits;
 	const uint64_t descriptor_alignment =
 	    std::max<uint64_t>(limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment, 4);
@@ -291,9 +295,8 @@ void TileManager::Record(vk::Buffer source, uint64_t source_offset,
 	barriers[2].srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eHostWrite;
 	barriers[2].dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eUniformRead;
 	barriers[2].buffer        = m_stream_buffer.Handle();
-	barriers[2].offset        = dispatches.front().params_offset;
-	barriers[2].size =
-	    dispatches.back().params_offset - dispatches.front().params_offset + sizeof(Push);
+	barriers[2].offset        = tiling.params_offset;
+	barriers[2].size          = tiling.params_size;
 	command.pipelineBarrier(
 	    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eAllCommands | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eHost,
 	    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eComputeShader | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, {}, 0,
@@ -310,24 +313,26 @@ void TileManager::Record(vk::Buffer source, uint64_t source_offset,

 	const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo source_info {source, source_descriptor_offset, source_range};
 	const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo target_info {target, target_descriptor_offset, target_range};
-	for (auto& dispatch: dispatches) {
-		const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo        params_info {m_stream_buffer.Handle(),
-		                                                   dispatch.params_offset, sizeof(Push)};
-		const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo        infos[] {source_info, target_info, params_info};
-		std::array<vk::WriteDescriptorSet, 3> writes {};
-		for (uint32_t index = 0; index < writes.size(); index++) {
-			writes[index].dstBinding      = index;
-			writes[index].descriptorCount = 1;
-			writes[index].descriptorType  = index == 2 ? vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer
-			                                           : vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
-			writes[index].pBufferInfo     = &infos[index];
-		}
-		command.pushDescriptorSetKHR(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, m_pipeline_layout, 0,
-		                             static_cast<uint32_t>(writes.size()), writes.data());
-		command.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, GetPipeline(dispatch.pipeline_slot));
-		command.dispatch((dispatch.push.width + 7u) / 8u, (dispatch.push.height + 7u) / 8u,
-		                 dispatch.push.depth);
+	const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo params_info {m_stream_buffer.Handle(), tiling.params_offset,
+	                                            tiling.params_size};
+	const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo infos[] {source_info, target_info, params_info};
+	std::array<vk::WriteDescriptorSet, 3> writes {};
+	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < writes.size(); index++) {
+		writes[index].dstBinding      = index;
+		writes[index].descriptorCount = 1;
+		writes[index].descriptorType =
+		    index == 2 ? vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer : vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
+		writes[index].pBufferInfo = &infos[index];
 	}
+	command.pushDescriptorSetKHR(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, m_pipeline_layout, 0,
+	                             static_cast<uint32_t>(writes.size()), writes.data());
+	command.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, GetPipeline(tiling.pipeline_slot));
+	const uint64_t groups   = (uint64_t {tiling.num_texels} + 63u) / 64u;
+	const uint32_t groups_y = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+	    (groups + limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[0] - 1u) / limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[0]);
+	const uint32_t groups_x = static_cast<uint32_t>((groups + groups_y - 1u) / groups_y);
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(groups_y > limits.maxComputeWorkGroupCount[1]);
+	command.dispatch(groups_x, groups_y, 1);

 	barriers[1].srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderWrite;
 	barriers[1].dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eMemoryRead;
@@ -337,54 +342,53 @@ void TileManager::Record(vk::Buffer source, uint64_t source_offset,
 }

 TileManager::Result TileManager::Detile(vk::Buffer tiled, uint64_t tiled_offset,
-                                        uint64_t tiled_capacity, uint64_t linear_capacity,
-                                        std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos) {
+                                        const ImageInfo& info) {
+	if (!info.IsTiled()) {
+		const Result source {tiled, tiled_offset, info.data.size};
+		return info.GetColorTransform() == ColorTransform::None
+		           ? source
+		           : TransformColor(source, info.GetColorTransform(), true);
+	}
 	const auto&    limits = m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits;
 	const uint64_t descriptor_alignment =
 	    std::max<uint64_t>(limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment, 4);
-	const uint64_t        source_base = tiled_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
-	std::vector<Dispatch> dispatches;
-	Prepare(false, tiled_capacity, linear_capacity, infos, source_base, 0, dispatches);
+	const uint64_t source_base     = tiled_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
+	const auto     linear_capacity = info.LinearSize();
+	const auto tiling  = Prepare(false, info.data.size, linear_capacity, info, 0, source_base, 0);
 	auto scratch = GetScratchBuffer(linear_capacity, tiled);
-	Record(tiled, tiled_offset, tiled_capacity, scratch.buffer, 0, scratch.size, dispatches,
-	       true);
+	Record(tiled, tiled_offset, info.data.size, scratch.buffer, 0, scratch.size, tiling, true);
 	return {scratch.buffer, 0, linear_capacity};
 }

 void TileManager::Tile(vk::Buffer linear, uint64_t linear_offset, uint64_t linear_capacity,
                       vk::Buffer tiled, uint64_t tiled_offset, uint64_t tiled_capacity,
-                       std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos) {
+                       const ImageInfo& info, uint32_t levels) {
 	const auto&    limits = m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits;
 	const uint64_t descriptor_alignment =
 	    std::max<uint64_t>(limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment, 4);
-	const uint64_t        source_base = linear_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
-	const uint64_t        target_base = tiled_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
-	std::vector<Dispatch> dispatches;
-	Prepare(true, tiled_capacity, linear_capacity, infos, source_base, target_base, dispatches);
-	Record(linear, linear_offset, linear_capacity, tiled, tiled_offset, tiled_capacity,
-	       dispatches, false);
+	const uint64_t source_base = linear_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
+	const uint64_t target_base = tiled_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
+	const auto     tiling =
+	    Prepare(true, tiled_capacity, linear_capacity, info, levels, source_base, target_base);
+	Record(linear, linear_offset, linear_capacity, tiled, tiled_offset, tiled_capacity, tiling,
+	       false);
 }

 void TileManager::TileImage(Image& image, std::span<const vk::BufferImageCopy> regions,
                            vk::Buffer tiled, uint64_t tiled_offset, uint64_t tiled_capacity,
-                            uint64_t linear_capacity, std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos,
-                            ColorTransform transform) {
+                            uint32_t levels) {
 	EXIT_IF(regions.empty());
 	const auto&    limits = m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits;
 	const uint64_t descriptor_alignment =
 	    std::max<uint64_t>(limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment, 4);
-	const uint64_t        target_base = tiled_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
-	std::vector<Dispatch> dispatches;
-	// Reserve stream parameters before recording the image download and conversion.
-	Prepare(true, tiled_capacity, linear_capacity, infos, 0, target_base, dispatches);
+	const uint64_t target_base     = tiled_offset & (descriptor_alignment - 1);
+	const auto     linear_capacity = image.info.LinearSize(levels);
+	// Reserve stream parameters before recording the image download.
+	const auto tiling =
+	    Prepare(true, tiled_capacity, linear_capacity, image.info, levels, 0, target_base);
 	auto linear = GetScratchBuffer(linear_capacity, tiled);
 	image.Download(regions, linear.buffer, 0, linear.size);
-	Result source {linear.buffer, 0, linear.size};
-	if (transform == ColorTransform::SwapBgra16) {
-		source = SwapBgra16(source);
-	}
-	Record(source.buffer, source.offset, linear_capacity, tiled, tiled_offset, tiled_capacity,
-	       dispatches, false);
+	Record(linear.buffer, 0, linear_capacity, tiled, tiled_offset, tiled_capacity, tiling, false);
 }

 TileManager::Result TileManager::GetScratchBuffer(uint64_t size, vk::Buffer input) {
@@ -562,13 +566,13 @@ void TileManager::ConvertD16(Result source, Result target, D16Direction directio
 			}
 			command.pushDescriptorSetKHR(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, m_pipeline_layout, 0,
 			                             static_cast<uint32_t>(writes.size()), writes.data());
-			Push push {};
+			Conversion push {};
 			push.src_base    = source_binding.base;
 			push.dst_base    = target_binding.base;
 			push.width       = layout.width;
 			push.height      = rows;
-			push.pitch_bytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(layout.source_row_stride);
-			push.slice_bytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(layout.target_row_stride);
+			push.source_pitch = static_cast<uint32_t>(layout.source_row_stride);
+			push.target_pitch = static_cast<uint32_t>(layout.target_row_stride);
 			command.pushConstants(m_pipeline_layout, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0,
 			                      sizeof(push), &push);
 			command.dispatch(static_cast<uint32_t>(groups_x), rows, 1);
@@ -582,9 +586,20 @@ void TileManager::ConvertD16(Result source, Result target, D16Direction directio
 	                        &barriers[1], 0, nullptr);
 }

-void TileManager::SwapBgra16(Result input, Result output, uint32_t pixels) {
-	if (m_swap_bgra16 == nullptr) {
-		const auto module = CompileSPV(GPU_TILER_SWAP_BGRA16_SPV, m_graphics.device);
+void TileManager::TransformColor(Result input, Result output, ColorTransform transform,
+                                 bool to_host) {
+	uint32_t element_bytes = 0;
+	switch (transform) {
+		case ColorTransform::SwapBgra16: element_bytes = 8; break;
+		case ColorTransform::Reverse10_11_11: element_bytes = 4; break;
+		default: EXIT("invalid color transform\n");
+	}
+	EXIT_IF(input.size == 0 || input.size % element_bytes != 0 ||
+	        input.size / element_bytes > UINT32_MAX ||
+	        output.size < input.size);
+	const auto pixels = static_cast<uint32_t>(input.size / element_bytes);
+	if (m_color_transform == nullptr) {
+		const auto module = CompileSPV(GPU_TILER_COLOR_TRANSFORM_SPV, m_graphics.device);
 		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo stage {};
 		stage.stage  = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute;
 		stage.module = module;
@@ -593,14 +608,12 @@ void TileManager::SwapBgra16(Result input, Result output, uint32_t pixels) {
 		create.stage  = stage;
 		create.layout = m_pipeline_layout;
 		const auto result =
-		    m_graphics.device.createComputePipelines(nullptr, 1, &create, nullptr, &m_swap_bgra16);
+		    m_graphics.device.createComputePipelines(nullptr, 1, &create, nullptr, &m_color_transform);
 		m_graphics.device.destroyShaderModule(module, nullptr);
-		RequireVulkanSuccess(result, "create BGRA16 swap pipeline");
+		RequireVulkanSuccess(result, "create color transform pipeline");
 	}
-	const uint64_t bytes = static_cast<uint64_t>(pixels) * 8u;
-	EXIT_IF(pixels == 0);
-	const auto input_binding  = BindStorage(input, bytes);
-	const auto output_binding = BindStorage(output, bytes);
+	const auto input_binding  = BindStorage(input, input.size);
+	const auto output_binding = BindStorage(output, input.size);

 	const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo infos[] {
 	    input_binding.info,
@@ -631,13 +644,15 @@ void TileManager::SwapBgra16(Result input, Result output, uint32_t pixels) {
 	command.pipelineBarrier(
 	    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eAllCommands | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eHost,
 	    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eComputeShader, {}, 0, nullptr, 2, barriers, 0, nullptr);
-	command.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, m_swap_bgra16);
+	command.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, m_color_transform);
 	command.pushDescriptorSetKHR(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, m_pipeline_layout, 0,
 	                             static_cast<uint32_t>(writes.size()), writes.data());
-	Push push {};
-	push.src_base = input_binding.base;
-	push.dst_base = output_binding.base;
-	push.width    = pixels;
+	Conversion push {};
+	push.src_base        = input_binding.base;
+	push.dst_base        = output_binding.base;
+	push.width           = pixels;
+	push.color_transform = static_cast<uint32_t>(transform);
+	push.to_host         = to_host;
 	command.pushConstants(m_pipeline_layout, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0, sizeof(push),
 	                      &push);
 	command.dispatch((pixels + 63u) / 64u, 1, 1);
@@ -648,17 +663,11 @@ void TileManager::SwapBgra16(Result input, Result output, uint32_t pixels) {
 	                        0, nullptr);
 }

-TileManager::Result TileManager::SwapBgra16(Result input) {
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(input.size == 0 || input.size % 8u != 0 || input.size / 8u > UINT32_MAX);
+TileManager::Result TileManager::TransformColor(Result input, ColorTransform transform,
+                                                bool to_host) {
 	auto result = GetScratchBuffer(input.size, input.buffer);
-	SwapBgra16(input, result, static_cast<uint32_t>(input.size / 8u));
+	TransformColor(input, result, transform, to_host);
 	return result;
 }

-void TileManager::SwapBgra16(Result input, Result output) {
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(input.size == 0 || input.size % 8u != 0 || input.size / 8u > UINT32_MAX ||
-	                     output.size < input.size);
-	SwapBgra16(input, output, static_cast<uint32_t>(input.size / 8u));
-}
-
 } // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@

 #include "common/common.h"
 #include "graphics/guest_gpu/tile.h"
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/image/imageInfo.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"

 #include <array>
 #include <memory>
 #include <span>
-#include <vector>

 namespace Libs::Graphics {

@@ -19,30 +19,9 @@ class StreamBuffer;
 struct GraphicContext;
 struct TileManagerTestAccess;

-struct GpuTileInfo {
-	TileBlockFamily family              = TileBlockFamily::Count;
-	uint32_t        bytes_per_element   = 0;
-	uint64_t        linear_offset       = 0;
-	uint64_t        linear_size         = 0;
-	uint64_t        tiled_offset        = 0;
-	uint64_t        tiled_size          = 0;
-	uint64_t        linear_slice_stride = 0;
-	uint32_t        width               = 0;
-	uint32_t        height              = 0;
-	uint32_t        depth               = 1;
-	uint32_t        pitch               = 0;
-	uint32_t        tail_x              = 0;
-	uint32_t        tail_y              = 0;
-	bool            tail                = false;
-	uint32_t        tiled_width         = 0;
-	uint32_t        tiled_height        = 0;
-	uint32_t        surface_z           = 0;
-};
-
 class TileManager final {
 public:
 	enum class D16Direction { Promote, Demote };
-	enum class ColorTransform { None, SwapBgra16 };

 	struct Result {
 		vk::Buffer buffer = nullptr;
@@ -64,19 +43,17 @@ public:
 	KYTY_CLASS_NO_COPY(TileManager);

 	// Consume scratch results before the next acquisition, or pass their buffer as input.
-	[[nodiscard]] Result Detile(vk::Buffer tiled, uint64_t tiled_offset, uint64_t tiled_capacity,
-	                            uint64_t linear_capacity, std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos);
+	[[nodiscard]] Result Detile(vk::Buffer tiled, uint64_t tiled_offset, const ImageInfo& info);
 	void Tile(vk::Buffer linear, uint64_t linear_offset, uint64_t linear_capacity, vk::Buffer tiled,
-	          uint64_t tiled_offset, uint64_t tiled_capacity, std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos);
+	          uint64_t tiled_offset, uint64_t tiled_capacity, const ImageInfo& info,
+	          uint32_t levels = 0);
 	void TileImage(Image& image, std::span<const vk::BufferImageCopy> regions, vk::Buffer tiled,
-	               uint64_t tiled_offset, uint64_t tiled_capacity, uint64_t linear_capacity,
-	               std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos,
-	               ColorTransform               transform = ColorTransform::None);
+	               uint64_t tiled_offset, uint64_t tiled_capacity, uint32_t levels = 0);
 	[[nodiscard]] Result GetScratchBuffer(uint64_t size, vk::Buffer input = nullptr);
 	void                 ConvertD16(Result source, Result target, D16Direction direction, bool d32,
 	                                const D16Layout& layout);
-	[[nodiscard]] Result SwapBgra16(Result input);
-	void                 SwapBgra16(Result input, Result output);
+	[[nodiscard]] Result TransformColor(Result input, ColorTransform transform, bool to_host);
+	void TransformColor(Result input, Result output, ColorTransform transform, bool to_host);

 private:
 	friend struct TileManagerTestAccess;
@@ -85,26 +62,43 @@ private:
 	static constexpr uint32_t BytesPerElementCount = 5;
 	static constexpr uint32_t DirectionCount       = 2;
 	static constexpr uint32_t PipelineCount = FamilyCount * BytesPerElementCount * DirectionCount;
+	static constexpr uint32_t MaxMipLevels         = 16;

-	struct Push {
+	struct alignas(16) Mip {
 		uint32_t src_base;
 		uint32_t dst_base;
 		uint32_t width;
 		uint32_t height;
-		uint32_t depth;
-		uint32_t surface_z;
 		uint32_t pitch_bytes;
 		uint32_t slice_bytes;
+		uint32_t tiled_slice_bytes;
 		uint32_t blocks_per_row;
-		uint32_t blocks_per_slice;
+		uint32_t surface_z;
 		uint32_t tail_x;
 		uint32_t tail_y;
-		uint32_t tail;
+		uint32_t num_texels;
 	};
-	struct Dispatch {
-		Push     push {};
-		uint32_t pipeline_slot = 0;
-		uint64_t params_offset = 0;
+	struct TilingParams {
+		uint32_t                      num_texels      = 0;
+		uint32_t                      color_transform = 0;
+		std::array<uint32_t, 2>        padding {};
+		std::array<Mip, MaxMipLevels> mips;
+	};
+	struct Tiling {
+		uint64_t params_offset;
+		uint32_t num_texels;
+		uint16_t params_size;
+		uint16_t pipeline_slot;
+	};
+	struct Conversion {
+		uint32_t src_base;
+		uint32_t dst_base;
+		uint32_t width;
+		uint32_t height;
+		uint32_t source_pitch;
+		uint32_t target_pitch;
+		uint32_t color_transform;
+		uint32_t to_host;
 	};
 	struct StorageBinding {
 		vk::DescriptorBufferInfo info;
@@ -116,14 +110,13 @@ private:
 	                                             uint64_t active, uint32_t remaining,
 	                                             uint64_t alignment, uint64_t max_range,
 	                                             uint32_t max_groups) noexcept;
-	void Prepare(bool tile, uint64_t tiled_capacity, uint64_t linear_capacity,
-	             std::span<const GpuTileInfo> infos, uint64_t source_base, uint64_t target_base,
-	             std::vector<Dispatch>& dispatches);
-	void Record(vk::Buffer source, uint64_t source_offset, uint64_t source_capacity,
-	            vk::Buffer target, uint64_t target_offset, uint64_t target_capacity,
-	            std::span<Dispatch> dispatches, bool clear_target);
+	[[nodiscard]] Tiling Prepare(bool tile, uint64_t tiled_capacity, uint64_t linear_capacity,
+	                             const ImageInfo& info, uint32_t levels, uint64_t source_base,
+	                             uint64_t target_base);
+	void                 Record(vk::Buffer source, uint64_t source_offset, uint64_t source_capacity,
+	                            vk::Buffer target, uint64_t target_offset, uint64_t target_capacity,
+	                            const Tiling& tiling, bool clear_target);
 	[[nodiscard]] vk::Pipeline GetPipeline(uint32_t slot);
-	void                       SwapBgra16(Result input, Result output, uint32_t pixels);

 	GraphicContext&                         m_graphics;
 	CommandScheduler&                       m_scheduler;
@@ -132,11 +125,11 @@ private:
 	vk::DescriptorSetLayout                 m_descriptor_layout = nullptr;
 	vk::PipelineLayout                      m_pipeline_layout   = nullptr;
 	std::array<vk::Pipeline, PipelineCount> m_pipelines {};
-	vk::Pipeline                            m_d16_to_d24  = nullptr;
-	vk::Pipeline                            m_d16_to_d32  = nullptr;
-	vk::Pipeline                            m_d24_to_d16  = nullptr;
-	vk::Pipeline                            m_d32_to_d16  = nullptr;
-	vk::Pipeline                            m_swap_bgra16 = nullptr;
+	vk::Pipeline                            m_d16_to_d24      = nullptr;
+	vk::Pipeline                            m_d16_to_d32      = nullptr;
+	vk::Pipeline                            m_d24_to_d16      = nullptr;
+	vk::Pipeline                            m_d32_to_d16      = nullptr;
+	vk::Pipeline                            m_color_transform = nullptr;
 };

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -30,6 +30,18 @@ BlendMappingSupport ClassifyBlendMapping(const HW::BlendControl&
 	if (mapping.Map(3) == 3u) {
 		return BlendMappingSupport::Direct;
 	}
+	if (blend.separate_alpha_blend &&
+	    blend.color_srcblend == static_cast<uint8_t>(Prospero::BlendFactor::kSrcAlpha) &&
+	    blend.color_destblend == static_cast<uint8_t>(Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusSrcAlpha) &&
+	    blend.alpha_destblend == blend.color_destblend &&
+	    blend.color_comb_fcn == static_cast<uint8_t>(Prospero::BlendOp::kAdd) &&
+	    blend.alpha_comb_fcn == blend.color_comb_fcn) {
+		switch (static_cast<Prospero::BlendFactor>(blend.alpha_srcblend)) {
+			case Prospero::BlendFactor::kZero: return BlendMappingSupport::SourceAlphaZero;
+			case Prospero::BlendFactor::kOne: return BlendMappingSupport::SourceAlphaOne;
+			default: break;
+		}
+	}
 	// Moving alpha requires the same equation for all channels.
 	if (blend.separate_alpha_blend && (blend.alpha_srcblend != blend.color_srcblend ||
 	                                   blend.alpha_destblend != blend.color_destblend ||
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ struct ColorComponentMapping;
 enum class BlendMappingSupport {
 	Direct,
 	SourceAlpha, // Requires logical alpha in the second blend source.
+	SourceAlphaOne, // Source alpha for RGB, one for alpha, with a shared destination equation.
+	SourceAlphaZero, // Source alpha for RGB, zero for alpha, with a shared destination equation.
 	Unsupported,
 };

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "common/alignment.h"
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "common/common.h"
+#include "common/emulatorConfig.h"
 #include "common/file.h"
 #include "common/logging/log.h"
 #include "common/profiler.h"
@@ -25,7 +26,6 @@
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/renderContext.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ShaderIR.h"
-#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/BindingLayout.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceMaterialization.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/shader.h"
 #include "kernel/memory.h"
@@ -68,17 +68,18 @@ vk::DescriptorType NativeDescriptorType(BindingKind kind) {
 		case BindingKind::BdaPagetable:
 		case BindingKind::FaultBuffer:
 		case BindingKind::FlattenedSrt:
-		case BindingKind::ShaderData: return vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
+		case BindingKind::ShaderData:
+		case BindingKind::SharedMemory: return vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
 		case BindingKind::Count: EXIT("invalid native descriptor binding kind");
 	}
 	EXIT("invalid native descriptor binding kind");
 }

-uint32_t NativeDescriptorCount(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBinding& binding) {
-	return binding.resources.empty() ? 1u : static_cast<uint32_t>(binding.resources.size());
-}
-
 vk::DescriptorImageInfo MakeImageInfo(const TextureBinding& texture, uint32_t element) {
+	if (!texture.image_id) {
+		EXIT_IF(texture.image_view != nullptr || !texture.mip_views.empty());
+		return {nullptr, nullptr, vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral};
+	}
 	vk::ImageView view = nullptr;
 	if (texture.mip_views.empty()) {
 		if (element == 0u) {
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ vk::DescriptorImageInfo MakeImageInfo(const TextureBinding& texture, uint32_t el
 	} else if (element < texture.mip_views.size()) {
 		view = texture.mip_views[element];
 	}
-	EXIT_IF(!texture.image_id || view == nullptr || texture.layout == vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
+	EXIT_IF(view == nullptr || texture.layout == vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
 	return {nullptr, view, texture.layout};
 }

@@ -125,8 +126,9 @@ NativeStorageBuffer(RenderContext& context, const PreparedBindings::BufferSource
 	if (size > graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits.maxStorageBufferRange) {
 		EXIT("storage buffer range is unsupported\n");
 	}
-	auto [buffer, offset] = context.GetBufferCache().ObtainBuffer(address, size, resource.written,
-	                                                              resource.formatted, id);
+	auto [buffer, offset] = context.GetBufferCache().ObtainBuffer(
+	    address, size, resource.written,
+	    resource.formatted || (resource.read && Config::SyncRawImageBuffersEnabled()), id);
 	const auto aligned_offset = Common::AlignDown(offset, alignment);
 	const auto adjustment     = offset - aligned_offset;
 	const auto max_range      = graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits.maxStorageBufferRange;
@@ -181,7 +183,9 @@ static void ValidateSampledDepthBinding(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResourc
                                        const ShaderTextureResource& descriptor, const Image& image,
                                        vk::Format view_format, uint64_t size) {
 	const bool resource_ok = IsSupportedSampledDepthResource(resource);
-	const bool encoding_ok = IsSupportedDepthTextureEncoding(descriptor, resource.r128);
+	// Comparison sampling changes the host format, not the guest metadata encoding.
+	const bool encoding_ok = descriptor.TileMode() != Prospero::TileMode::kDepth ||
+	                         IsSupportedDepthTextureEncoding(descriptor, resource.r128);
 	const bool view_ok =
 	    IsSupportedSampledDepthView(image.info.pixel_format, view_format, descriptor.DstSelXYZW());
 	if (resource_ok && encoding_ok && view_ok) {
@@ -308,9 +312,10 @@ void ValidateStorageTexture(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResource& resource,
 	const bool descriptor_ok = IsSupportedStorageTextureDescriptor(resource, descriptor);
 	const bool encoding_ok   = IsSupportedStorageTextureEncoding(resource, descriptor);
 	const bool uint_resource    = resource.numeric_class == Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Uint;
-	const bool raw_sint_storage = format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k32SInt && uint_resource &&
-	                              resource.written && !resource.read && !resource.atomic;
-	const auto numeric_class = Prospero::SampledTextureNumericClass(format);
+	const bool raw_sint_storage = uint_resource &&
+	    ShaderRecompiler::IR::RawSignedStorageFormat(resource, format) != Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid;
+	const auto numeric_class =
+	    Prospero::SampledTextureNumericClass(Prospero::RemapTextureFormat(format));
 	const bool raw_float_atomic = format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k32Float && uint_resource &&
 	                              resource.atomic && !resource.atomic64;
 	const bool format_ok =
@@ -347,84 +352,6 @@ void ValidateStorageTexture(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResource& resource,
 	     descriptor.fields[5], descriptor.fields[6], descriptor.fields[7]);
 }

-static TextureCache::ImageDesc NullTextureDesc(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResource& resource,
-                                               TextureCache::BindingType                  binding) {
-	TextureCache::ImageDesc desc {};
-	switch (resource.numeric_class) {
-		case Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float:
-			desc.info.guest_format = Prospero::BufferFormat::k32Float;
-			break;
-		case Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Uint:
-			desc.info.guest_format = resource.atomic64 ? Prospero::BufferFormat::k32_32UInt
-			                                         : Prospero::BufferFormat::k32UInt;
-			break;
-		case Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Sint:
-			desc.info.guest_format = Prospero::BufferFormat::k32SInt;
-			break;
-		default: EXIT("null image has unsupported numeric class\n");
-	}
-	desc.info.pixel_format    = VulkanFormat(desc.info.guest_format);
-	desc.info.type            = Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D;
-	desc.info.extent          = {1, 1, 1};
-	desc.info.resources       = {1, 1};
-	desc.info.bytes_per_block = Prospero::NumBytesPerElement(desc.info.guest_format);
-	desc.info.samples         = 1;
-	desc.info.mip_layout[0]   = {0, 0, 1, 1};
-	desc.view_info.format     = resource.atomic64 ? vk::Format::eR64Uint : desc.info.pixel_format;
-	desc.view_info.type       = vk::ImageViewType::e2D;
-	desc.view_info.aspect     = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
-	desc.view_info.usage      = binding == TextureCache::BindingType::Storage
-	                                ? vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eStorage
-	                                : vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled;
-	desc.type                 = binding;
-	return desc;
-}
-
-static void PopulateTextureMipLayout(ImageInfo& info) {
-	if (info.IsVolume() && info.tile_mode != Prospero::TileMode::kLinear) {
-		TileSurfaceLayout            surface {};
-		const TileSurfaceDescription description {
-		    info.guest_format,  info.tile_mode,    TileSurfaceDimension::Dim3D, info.extent.width,
-		    info.extent.height, info.extent.depth, info.resources.levels,       1};
-		if (!TileGetTiledTextureLayout(description, surface)) {
-			EXIT("unsupported normalized volume texture layout\n");
-		}
-		for (uint32_t level = 0; level < info.resources.levels; level++) {
-			const auto& mip        = surface.mips[level];
-			info.mip_layout[level] = {
-			    mip.offset,
-			    mip.size,
-			    mip.padded_width,
-			    mip.padded_height,
-			};
-		}
-		return;
-	}
-
-	TileSizeOffset levels[16] {};
-	TilePaddedSize padded[16] {};
-	TileGetTextureSize(info.guest_format, info.extent.width, info.extent.height,
-	                   info.resources.levels, info.tile_mode, nullptr, levels, padded);
-	const auto texel_shift = info.IsBlock() ? 2u : 0u;
-	for (uint32_t level = 0; level < info.resources.levels; level++) {
-		const auto offset =
-		    levels[level].src_size != 0 ? levels[level].src_offset : levels[level].offset;
-		auto size = static_cast<uint64_t>(levels[level].src_size != 0 ? levels[level].src_size
-		                                                              : levels[level].size);
-		if (info.IsVolume()) {
-			size *= std::max(info.extent.depth >> level, 1u);
-		} else {
-			size *= info.resources.layers;
-		}
-		info.mip_layout[level] = {
-		    offset,
-		    size,
-		    padded[level].width >> texel_shift,
-		    padded[level].height >> texel_shift,
-		};
-	}
-}
-
 static ImageViewInfo TextureViewInfo(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResource& resource,
                                     const ShaderTextureResource& descriptor, vk::Format format,
                                     const SurfaceFormatInfo& surface_format, bool storage,
@@ -492,45 +419,54 @@ static ImageViewInfo TextureViewInfo(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResource&
 	return view;
 }

-static bool ResolveTextureMipView(const TileSurfaceDescription& description, bool metadata,
-                                   uint32_t view_levels, uint32_t& levels, uint32_t& base_level) {
-	TileSurfaceLayout physical {};
-	TileSurfaceLayout view {};
-	auto              view_description = description;
-	view_description.levels            = levels;
-	if (!TileGetTiledTextureLayout(description, physical) ||
-	    !TileGetTiledTextureLayout(view_description, view)) {
+static bool ResolveTextureMipView(ImageInfo& info, uint32_t physical_levels, bool metadata,
+                                  uint32_t view_levels, uint32_t& base_level) {
+	if (!info.IsTiled()) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	if (physical.first_tail_level == view.first_tail_level &&
-	    physical.block_slice_size == view.block_slice_size &&
-	    physical.total_size == view.total_size &&
-	    std::equal(std::begin(physical.mips), std::begin(physical.mips) + description.levels,
-	               std::begin(view.mips))) {
-		return true;
+	ImageInfo physical        = info;
+	physical.resources.levels = physical_levels;
+	physical.UpdateSize();
+	info.UpdateSize();
+	const auto same_mip = [&](uint32_t target, uint32_t source) {
+		const auto& left  = physical.mip_layout[target];
+		const auto& right = info.mip_layout[source];
+		return left.offset == right.offset && left.size == right.size &&
+		       left.pitch == right.pitch && left.height == right.height &&
+		       left.tail_x == right.tail_x && left.tail_y == right.tail_y &&
+		       left.surface_z == right.surface_z &&
+		       physical.MipExtent(target) == info.MipExtent(source);
+	};
+	if (physical.first_tail_level == info.first_tail_level &&
+	    physical.tiled_slice_stride == info.tiled_slice_stride &&
+	    physical.data.size == info.data.size) {
+		bool matches = true;
+		for (uint32_t level = 0; level < physical_levels; ++level) {
+			matches &= same_mip(level, level);
+		}
+		if (matches) {
+			return true;
+		}
 	}
-	if (metadata || ((description.layers > 1 || description.depth > 1) &&
-	                 physical.block_slice_size != view.block_slice_size)) {
+	if (metadata ||
+	    (info.TransferLayers() > 1 && physical.tiled_slice_stride != info.tiled_slice_stride)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 	// T# addresses the last mip. A view can select the same stored subresources
 	// with different mip indices; inaccessible mips need no host representation.
-	for (uint32_t base = 0; base + view_levels <= description.levels; ++base) {
+	for (uint32_t base = 0; base + view_levels <= physical_levels; ++base) {
 		bool matches = true;
 		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < view_levels; ++i) {
 			const auto source = base_level + i;
 			const auto target = base + i;
-			if (physical.mips[target] != view.mips[source] ||
-			    (target >= physical.first_tail_level) != (source >= view.first_tail_level) ||
-			    std::max(description.width >> target, 1u) != std::max(description.width >> source, 1u) ||
-			    std::max(description.height >> target, 1u) != std::max(description.height >> source, 1u) ||
-			    std::max(description.depth >> target, 1u) != std::max(description.depth >> source, 1u)) {
+			if (!same_mip(target, source) ||
+			    (target >= physical.first_tail_level) != (source >= info.first_tail_level)) {
 				matches = false;
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 		if (matches) {
-			levels     = description.levels;
+			info       = std::move(physical);
 			base_level = base;
 			return true;
 		}
@@ -551,10 +487,7 @@ TextureBinding RenderExecutor::ResolveTexture(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageR

 	auto& texture_cache = m_context.GetTextureCache();
 	if (descriptor.IsNull()) {
-		auto       desc = NullTextureDesc(resource, storage ? TextureCache::BindingType::Storage
-		                                                    : TextureCache::BindingType::Texture);
-		const auto id   = texture_cache.FindImage(desc);
-		return {id, nullptr, std::move(desc)};
+		return {.layout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral};
 	}

 	const auto address         = descriptor.Base40();
@@ -602,7 +535,8 @@ TextureBinding RenderExecutor::ResolveTexture(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageR
 	const bool shader_conversion =
 	    surface_format.conversion_format != Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid;
 	const bool sampled_numeric_class =
-	    storage || resource.numeric_class == Prospero::SampledTextureNumericClass(format);
+	    storage || resource.numeric_class ==
+	                   Prospero::SampledTextureNumericClass(Prospero::RemapTextureFormat(format));
 	if (!storage && resource.resource_class == ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResourceClass::Sampled &&
 	    !sampled_numeric_class) {
 		EXIT("sampled image numeric class mismatch: numeric=%u format=%u addr=0x%016" PRIx64 "\n",
@@ -615,82 +549,62 @@ TextureBinding RenderExecutor::ResolveTexture(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageR
 	                             type == Prospero::ImageType::kColor2DMsaaArray;
 	const auto    image_layers = layered ? depth : 1u;
 	auto          view_base    = static_cast<uint32_t>(base_level);
-	if (levels > physical_levels) {
-		const TileSurfaceDescription physical {
-		    format, tile, volume ? TileSurfaceDimension::Dim3D : TileSurfaceDimension::Dim2D,
-		    width, height, volume ? depth : 1u, physical_levels, image_layers};
-		if (!ResolveTextureMipView(physical, !resource.r128 && descriptor.MetaCompress(),
-		                           view_levels, levels, view_base)) {
-			EXIT("unsupported texture mip view changes physical layout: base=%u last=%u max=%u "
-			     "extent=%ux%ux%u tile=%u\n",
-			     base_level, last_level, max_mip, width, height, depth,
-			     static_cast<uint32_t>(tile));
-		}
-	}
-	uint32_t      pitch = 0;
-	TileSizeAlign size {};
-	if (multisampled) {
-		const auto bytes = Prospero::NumBytesPerElement(format);
-		pitch            = depth_tile ? TileGetDepthPitch(width, bytes, last_level)
-		                              : TileGetRenderTargetPitch(width, bytes, last_level);
-		if (pitch == 0 || !TileGetRenderTargetSize(width, height, pitch, bytes, size, last_level) ||
-		    size.size > UINT32_MAX / image_layers) {
-			EXIT("unsupported multisample texture layout\n");
-		}
-		size.size *= image_layers;
-	} else {
-		pitch = TileGetTexturePitch(format, width, tile);
-		TileGetTextureTotalSize(format, width, height, volume ? depth : image_layers,
-		                        physical_levels, tile, volume, size);
-	}
-	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(size.size == 0 || size.align == 0 ||
-	                     (address & (static_cast<uint64_t>(size.align) - 1u)) != 0);
-	if (storage) {
-		ValidateStorageTexture(resource, descriptor, size.size);
-	}
-
 	auto pixel_format = surface_format.vk_format;
 	if (resource.depth_compare) {
 		if (const auto* depth_format = FindGuestDepthFormatPolicy(format)) {
 			pixel_format = depth_format->depth_attachment_format;
 		}
 	}
+	const auto raw_sint_format = ShaderRecompiler::IR::RawSignedStorageFormat(resource, format);
 	const auto storage_view_format = resource.atomic64 ? vk::Format::eR64Uint
-	                                 : storage && (resource.atomic ||
-	                                               format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k32SInt)
-	                                     ? vk::Format::eR32Uint
+	                                 : storage && resource.atomic ? vk::Format::eR32Uint
+	                                 : raw_sint_format != Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid
+	                                     ? VulkanFormat(raw_sint_format)
 	                                     : SrgbStorageViewFormat(pixel_format);
 	const auto view_format         = storage && storage_view_format != vk::Format::eUndefined
 	                                     ? storage_view_format
 	                                     : pixel_format;
 	const auto block_bytes         = Prospero::BlockCompressedBytesPerBlock(format);
 	TextureCache::ImageDesc desc {};
-	desc.info.data         = {address, size.size};
+	desc.info.data         = {address, 0};
 	desc.info.pixel_format = pixel_format;
 	desc.info.guest_format = format;
 	desc.info.type         = TextureBaseType(type);
 	desc.info.extent       = {width, height, volume ? depth : 1u};
 	desc.info.resources    = {levels, image_layers};
-	desc.info.pitch        = pitch;
 	desc.info.bytes_per_block =
 	    block_bytes != 0 ? block_bytes : Prospero::NumBytesPerElement(format);
 	desc.info.samples   = samples;
 	desc.info.tile_mode = tile;
-	if (!resource.r128 && descriptor.MetaCompress() && tile != Prospero::TileMode::kDepth &&
-	    !desc.info.IsDepth()) {
+	if (!resource.r128 && descriptor.MetaCompress() && tile != Prospero::TileMode::kDepth) {
+		desc.info.metadata.kind = ImageMetadataKind::Dcc;
+	}
+	if (levels > physical_levels) {
+		if (!ResolveTextureMipView(desc.info, physical_levels,
+		                           !resource.r128 && descriptor.MetaCompress(), view_levels,
+		                           view_base)) {
+			EXIT("unsupported texture mip view changes physical layout: base=%u last=%u max=%u "
+			     "extent=%ux%ux%u tile=%u\n",
+			     base_level, last_level, max_mip, width, height, depth,
+			     static_cast<uint32_t>(tile));
+		}
+	} else {
+		desc.info.UpdateSize();
+	}
+	const auto alignment = desc.info.DataAlignment();
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(desc.info.data.size == 0 || alignment == 0 ||
+	                     (address & (static_cast<uint64_t>(alignment) - 1u)) != 0);
+	if (storage) {
+		ValidateStorageTexture(resource, descriptor, desc.info.data.size);
+	}
+	if (!resource.r128 && descriptor.MetaCompress() && tile != Prospero::TileMode::kDepth) {
 		TileSizeAlign metadata_size {};
 		(void)TileGetDccSize(width, height, volume ? depth : image_layers,
 		                     desc.info.bytes_per_block, physical_levels, tile, metadata_size,
 		                     std::countr_zero(samples));
-		desc.info.metadata.kind          = ImageMetadataKind::Dcc;
 		desc.info.metadata.range         = {descriptor.MetaAddr() << 8u, metadata_size.size};
 		desc.info.metadata.dcc_alpha_msb = descriptor.DccAlphaPos();
 	}
-	if (samples > 1) {
-		desc.info.mip_layout[0] = {0, size.size, pitch, height};
-	} else {
-		PopulateTextureMipLayout(desc.info);
-	}
 	desc.view_info = TextureViewInfo(resource, descriptor, view_format, surface_format, storage,
 	                                 view_levels, desc.info.resources.layers);
 	desc.view_info.base_level = view_base;
@@ -706,7 +620,8 @@ TextureBinding RenderExecutor::ResolveTexture(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageR
 		if (storage) {
 			EXIT("depth target cannot be bound as a storage image\n");
 		}
-		ValidateSampledDepthBinding(resource, descriptor, *image, pixel_format, size.size);
+		ValidateSampledDepthBinding(resource, descriptor, *image, pixel_format,
+		                            desc.info.data.size);
 	} else if (storage) {
 		ValidateStorageColorView(image->info.pixel_format, view_format, descriptor.DstSelXYZW());
 	} else {
@@ -742,10 +657,10 @@ static vk::DescriptorBufferInfo NativeUpload(RenderContext&            context,
 }

 void RenderExecutor::BindImage(ImageId id, bool storage) {
-	auto& image = m_context.GetTextureCache().GetImage(id);
-	if (image.info.data.Empty()) {
+	if (!id) {
 		return;
 	}
+	auto& image = m_context.GetTextureCache().GetImage(id);
 	if (image.binding.is_bound) {
 		image.binding.force_general |= image.binding.shader_write != storage;
 	}
@@ -779,6 +694,7 @@ void RenderExecutor::PrepareBindings(const ShaderStageRuntime& runtime,
 	prepared.gds = {nullptr, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE};
 	prepared.flattened_srt = {};
 	prepared.shader_data_buffer = {};
+	prepared.shared_memory = {};
 	prepared.images.resize(program.info.images.size());
 	prepared.samplers.clear();
 	prepared.shader_data.clear();
@@ -795,40 +711,62 @@ void RenderExecutor::PrepareBindings(const ShaderStageRuntime& runtime,
 		    m_context, program, i, snapshot.samplers[program.info.samplers[i].snapshot_index]));
 	}
 	prepared.shader_data.reserve(program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords());
-	for (const auto reg: program.bindings.user_data_registers) {
+	for (const auto reg: program.info.user_data_registers) {
 		prepared.shader_data.push_back(snapshot.user_data[reg - program.user_data_base]);
 	}
 	prepared.shader_data.resize(program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords());
-	if (ShaderRecompiler::IR::FindBinding(
-	        program.bindings, ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBindingKind::Gds) != nullptr) {
+	if (program.bindings.descriptor_counts[static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::Gds)] != 0) {
 		prepared.gds.buffer = m_context.GetBufferCache().GetGdsBuffer()->Handle();
 	}
 }

-void RenderExecutor::FindBuffers(PreparedBindings& prepared) {
+void RenderExecutor::FindBuffers(std::span<PreparedBindings* const> stages) {
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();
-	EXIT_IF(prepared.runtime == nullptr || !*prepared.runtime);
-	const auto& program  = *prepared.runtime->program;
-	const auto& snapshot = *prepared.runtime->resources;
-	auto&       cache    = m_context.GetBufferCache();
-
-	prepared.buffer_sources.clear();
-	const auto& layout = program.bindings;
-	if (layout.memory_offset_count == 0) {
-		return;
-	}
-	const auto& resources = layout.descriptors.front().resources;
-	prepared.buffer_sources.reserve(resources.size());
-	for (const auto resource: resources) {
-		auto descriptor = DecodeNativeDescriptor<ShaderBufferResource>(snapshot.buffers[resource]);
-		const auto address = descriptor.Base48();
-		const auto requested_size = descriptor.GetSize();
-		if (address == 0 || requested_size == 0) {
-			prepared.buffer_sources.push_back({});
+	auto& cache = m_context.GetBufferCache();
+	for (auto* stage: stages) {
+		auto& prepared = *stage;
+		EXIT_IF(prepared.runtime == nullptr || !*prepared.runtime);
+		const auto& program  = *prepared.runtime->program;
+		const auto& snapshot = *prepared.runtime->resources;
+		const auto& layout = program.bindings;
+		prepared.buffer_sources.resize(layout.descriptor_counts[static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::Buffers)]);
+		if (layout.descriptor_counts[static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::Buffers)] == 0) {
 			continue;
 		}
-		const auto size = Libs::LibKernel::Memory::ClampRangeSize(address, requested_size);
-		prepared.buffer_sources.push_back({address, size, cache.FindBuffer(address, size)});
+		for (uint32_t resource = 0; resource < program.info.buffers.size(); ++resource) {
+			const auto& metadata = program.info.buffers[resource];
+			if (metadata.descriptor_index == UINT32_MAX) continue;
+			auto& source = prepared.buffer_sources[metadata.descriptor_index];
+			const auto descriptor = DecodeNativeDescriptor<ShaderBufferResource>(snapshot.buffers[resource]);
+			const auto address = descriptor.Base48();
+			auto size = descriptor.GetSize();
+			if (address == 0 || size == 0) {
+				source = {};
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (descriptor.NumRecords() == UINT32_MAX) {
+				if (program.info.buffers[resource].written) {
+					// Sentinel write ranges end before tables captured by any bound stage.
+					for (const auto* reader: stages) {
+						for (const auto [read_address, read_size]: reader->runtime->resources->specialization_reads) {
+							if (read_size == 0) continue;
+							if (read_address > address) {
+								size = std::min(size, read_address - address);
+							} else if (address - read_address < read_size) {
+								EXIT("scalar resource reads overlap a shader buffer write\n");
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				} else {
+					const auto& graphics = m_context.GetGraphics();
+					const auto limit = uint64_t {graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits.maxStorageBufferRange} -
+					                   (graphics.StorageMinAlignment() - 1);
+					size = std::min({size, uint64_t {256} * 1024 * 1024, limit});
+				}
+			}
+			size = Libs::LibKernel::Memory::ClampRangeSize(address, size);
+			source = {address, size, cache.FindBuffer(address, size)};
+		}
 	}
 }

@@ -838,10 +776,9 @@ void RenderExecutor::RebindBuffers(PreparedBindings& prepared) {
 	const auto& program   = *prepared.runtime->program;
 	const auto& snapshot  = *prepared.runtime->resources;
 	const auto& layout    = program.bindings;
-	EXIT_IF(prepared.buffer_sources.size() != layout.memory_offset_count);
+	EXIT_IF(prepared.buffer_sources.size() != layout.descriptor_counts[static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::Buffers)]);

-	prepared.buffers.clear();
-	prepared.buffers.reserve(layout.memory_offset_count);
+	prepared.buffers.resize(layout.descriptor_counts[static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::Buffers)]);
 	EXIT_IF(prepared.shader_data.size() != layout.ShaderDataDwords());
 	std::fill(prepared.shader_data.begin() + layout.memory_offset_dword,
 	          prepared.shader_data.end(), 0);
@@ -850,20 +787,18 @@ void RenderExecutor::RebindBuffers(PreparedBindings& prepared) {
 		const auto shift = (index % 4u) * 8u;
 		prepared.shader_data[dword] |= offset << shift;
 	};
-	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < layout.memory_offset_count; i++) {
-		const auto resource = layout.descriptors.front().resources[i];
+	for (const auto& resource: program.info.buffers) {
+		const auto index = resource.descriptor_index;
+		if (index == UINT32_MAX) continue;
 		uint32_t buffer_offset = 0;
-		prepared.buffers.push_back(NativeStorageBuffer(m_context, prepared.buffer_sources[i],
-		                                               program.info.buffers[resource],
-		                                               buffer_offset));
-		pack_memory_offset(i, buffer_offset);
+		prepared.buffers[index] = NativeStorageBuffer(m_context, prepared.buffer_sources[index],
+		                                              resource, buffer_offset);
+		pack_memory_offset(index, buffer_offset);
 	}
-	if (ShaderRecompiler::IR::FindBinding(
-	        layout, ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBindingKind::FlattenedSrt) != nullptr) {
+	if (layout.descriptor_counts[static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::FlattenedSrt)] != 0) {
 		prepared.flattened_srt = NativeUpload(m_context, snapshot.flattened_srt);
 	}
-	if (ShaderRecompiler::IR::FindBinding(
-	        program.bindings, ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBindingKind::ShaderData) != nullptr) {
+	if (layout.descriptor_counts[static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::ShaderData)] != 0) {
 		prepared.shader_data_buffer = NativeUpload(m_context, prepared.shader_data);
 	}
 }
@@ -876,9 +811,11 @@ void RenderExecutor::RebindImages(PreparedBindings& prepared) {
 	auto&       images   = prepared.images;
 	EXIT_IF(images.size() != program.info.images.size());
 	auto& texture_cache = m_context.GetTextureCache();
+	// Acquire each view before a later overlapping descriptor can replace its image.
 	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < program.info.images.size(); i++) {
+		if (!images[i].image_id) continue;
 		const auto old_image = texture_cache.m_slot_images.try_get(images[i].image_id);
-		if (old_image == nullptr || (!old_image->registered && !old_image->info.data.Empty()) ||
+		if (old_image == nullptr || !old_image->registered ||
 		    old_image->binding.needs_rebind) {
 			if (old_image != nullptr) {
 				old_image->binding = {};
@@ -887,8 +824,6 @@ void RenderExecutor::RebindImages(PreparedBindings& prepared) {
 			BindImage(images[i].image_id,
 			          images[i].desc.type == TextureCache::BindingType::Storage);
 		}
-	}
-	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < program.info.images.size(); i++) {
 		auto& binding = images[i];
 		binding.mip_views.clear();
 		const auto& resource = program.info.images[i];
@@ -911,15 +846,14 @@ void RenderExecutor::RebindImages(PreparedBindings& prepared) {
 		auto&      image   = texture_cache.GetImage(binding.image_id);
 		const bool storage = binding.desc.type == TextureCache::BindingType::Storage;
 		image.usage.storage |= storage;
-		image.usage.texture |= !storage;
 	}
 }

 void RenderExecutor::PrepareGraphicsBindings(std::span<PreparedBindings* const> stages,
                                             std::span<RenderColorInfo> colors) {
 	bool uses_dma = false;
+	FindBuffers(stages);
 	for (auto* stage: stages) {
-		FindBuffers(*stage);
 		uses_dma |= stage->runtime->program->info.uses_dma;
 	}
 	if (uses_dma) {
@@ -932,7 +866,7 @@ void RenderExecutor::PrepareGraphicsBindings(std::span<PreparedBindings* const>
 	for (auto& target: colors) {
 		EXIT_IF(!target.image_id);
 		const auto old_image = cache.m_slot_images.try_get(target.image_id);
-		if (old_image == nullptr || (!old_image->registered && !old_image->info.data.Empty()) ||
+		if (old_image == nullptr || !old_image->registered ||
 		    old_image->binding.needs_rebind) {
 			if (old_image != nullptr) {
 				old_image->binding = {};
@@ -956,7 +890,7 @@ void RenderExecutor::CommitBindings(CommandBuffer&                     buffer,
                                    std::span<PreparedBindings* const> prepared_bindings) {
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();
 	auto   vk_buffer        = buffer.Handle();
-	size_t descriptor_count = 0;
+	size_t image_descriptor_count = 0;
 	size_t write_count      = 0;
 	ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData push_data;
 	bool                           has_push_data = false;
@@ -970,9 +904,14 @@ void RenderExecutor::CommitBindings(CommandBuffer&                     buffer,
 	for (const auto* prepared: prepared_bindings) {
 		EXIT_IF(prepared == nullptr || prepared->runtime == nullptr || !*prepared->runtime);
 		const auto& program = *prepared->runtime->program;
-		write_count += program.bindings.descriptors.size();
-		for (const auto& binding: program.bindings.descriptors) {
-			descriptor_count += NativeDescriptorCount(binding);
+		write_count += std::popcount(program.bindings.descriptor_mask);
+		for (auto mask = program.bindings.descriptor_mask; mask != 0; mask &= mask - 1) {
+			const auto index = std::countr_zero(mask);
+			const auto count = program.bindings.descriptor_counts[index];
+			if (index >= ShaderRecompiler::IR::FirstImageBinding &&
+			    index <= static_cast<size_t>(BindingKind::Samplers)) {
+				image_descriptor_count += count;
+			}
 		}
 		const auto shader_stage = NativeShaderStage(program.stage);
 		push_stages |= shader_stage;
@@ -1004,10 +943,9 @@ void RenderExecutor::CommitBindings(CommandBuffer&                     buffer,
 			}
 			for (const auto* writer: prepared_bindings) {
 				const auto& program = *writer->runtime->program;
-				for (uint32_t i = 0; i < writer->buffer_sources.size(); ++i) {
-					const auto resource = program.bindings.descriptors.front().resources[i];
-					if (!program.info.buffers[resource].written) continue;
-					const auto& written = writer->buffer_sources[i];
+				for (const auto& resource: program.info.buffers) {
+					if (!resource.written || resource.descriptor_index == UINT32_MAX) continue;
+					const auto& written = writer->buffer_sources[resource.descriptor_index];
 					if (written.size != 0 && ImageRangeOverlaps(address, size,
 					                                          written.address, written.size)) {
 						EXIT("scalar resource reads overlap a shader buffer write\n");
@@ -1016,12 +954,11 @@ void RenderExecutor::CommitBindings(CommandBuffer&                     buffer,
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	m_descriptor_buffers.clear();
-	m_descriptor_images.clear();
+	m_descriptor_images.resize(image_descriptor_count);
 	m_descriptor_writes.clear();
-	m_descriptor_buffers.reserve(descriptor_count);
-	m_descriptor_images.reserve(descriptor_count);
 	m_descriptor_writes.reserve(write_count);
+	size_t image_cursor = 0;
+	std::array<vk::DescriptorBufferInfo, 2> address_buffers;

 	for (auto* prepared: prepared_bindings) {
 		const auto& program       = *prepared->runtime->program;
@@ -1039,19 +976,14 @@ void RenderExecutor::CommitBindings(CommandBuffer&                     buffer,
 		}

 		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < program.info.images.size(); i++) {
-			auto& image   = m_context.GetTextureCache().GetImage(descriptors.images[i].image_id);
 			auto& binding = descriptors.images[i];
+			if (!binding.image_id) continue;
+			auto& image = m_context.GetTextureCache().GetImage(binding.image_id);
 			const auto&                 view = binding.desc.view_info;
 			const ImageSubresourceRange range {view.base_level, view.level_count, view.base_layer,
 			                                   view.layer_count};
 			const bool storage = binding.desc.type == TextureCache::BindingType::Storage;
-			if (image.info.data.Empty()) {
-				image.Transit(vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
-				              storage ? vk::AccessFlagBits2::eShaderRead |
-				                            vk::AccessFlagBits2::eShaderWrite
-				                      : vk::AccessFlagBits2::eShaderRead,
-				              range, vk_buffer);
-			} else if (image.binding.is_target) {
+			if (image.binding.is_target) {
 				const auto layout = image.binding.attachment_layout;
 				EXIT_IF(layout == vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
 				if (image.info.IsDepth()) {
@@ -1086,77 +1018,80 @@ void RenderExecutor::CommitBindings(CommandBuffer&                     buffer,
 			binding.layout = image.backing.state.layout;
 		}

-		m_image_occurrences.assign(descriptors.images.size(), 0);
-		for (const auto& binding: program.bindings.descriptors) {
+		std::array<size_t, ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageBindingCount> image_starts {};
+		for (auto mask = program.bindings.descriptor_mask; mask != 0; mask &= mask - 1) {
+			const auto index = std::countr_zero(mask);
+			const auto kind = static_cast<BindingKind>(index);
 			vk::WriteDescriptorSet write {};
-			write.dstBinding     = ShaderRecompiler::IR::NativeBinding(program.stage, binding.kind);
-			write.descriptorType = NativeDescriptorType(binding.kind);
-			write.descriptorCount   = NativeDescriptorCount(binding);
-			const auto buffer_start = m_descriptor_buffers.size();
-			const auto image_start  = m_descriptor_images.size();
-			if (ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageBindingResourceClass(binding.kind) !=
+			write.dstBinding = ShaderRecompiler::IR::NativeBinding(program.stage, kind);
+			write.descriptorType = NativeDescriptorType(kind);
+			write.descriptorCount = program.bindings.descriptor_counts[index];
+			const auto image_start = image_cursor;
+			if (ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageBindingResourceClass(kind) !=
 			    ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResourceClass::None) {
-				for (const auto resource: binding.resources) {
-					m_descriptor_images.push_back(MakeImageInfo(
-					    descriptors.images.at(resource), m_image_occurrences.at(resource)++));
-				}
+				image_starts[ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageBindingIndex(kind)] = image_start;
+				image_cursor += write.descriptorCount;
 			} else {
-				switch (binding.kind) {
+				switch (kind) {
 					case BindingKind::Buffers:
-						EXIT_IF(descriptors.buffers.size() != binding.resources.size());
+						EXIT_IF(descriptors.buffers.size() != write.descriptorCount);
 						for (const auto& view: descriptors.buffers) {
 							EXIT_IF(view.buffer == nullptr);
-							m_descriptor_buffers.push_back(view);
 						}
+						write.pBufferInfo = descriptors.buffers.data();
 						break;
 					case BindingKind::BdaPagetable:
 					case BindingKind::FaultBuffer: {
-						auto&       cache      = m_context.GetBufferCache();
-						const auto* bda_buffer = binding.kind == BindingKind::BdaPagetable
+						auto& cache = m_context.GetBufferCache();
+						const auto* bda_buffer = kind == BindingKind::BdaPagetable
 						                             ? cache.GetBdaPageTableBuffer()
 						                             : cache.GetFaultBuffer();
-						m_descriptor_buffers.emplace_back(bda_buffer->Handle(), 0,
-						                                  bda_buffer->Size());
+						auto& view = address_buffers[kind == BindingKind::FaultBuffer];
+						view = {bda_buffer->Handle(), 0, bda_buffer->Size()};
+						write.pBufferInfo = &view;
 						break;
 					}
 					case BindingKind::FlattenedSrt:
 					case BindingKind::ShaderData:
+					case BindingKind::SharedMemory:
 					case BindingKind::Gds: {
 						const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo* view = &descriptors.gds;
-						if (binding.kind == BindingKind::FlattenedSrt) {
+						if (kind == BindingKind::FlattenedSrt) {
 							view = &descriptors.flattened_srt;
-						} else if (binding.kind == BindingKind::ShaderData) {
+						} else if (kind == BindingKind::ShaderData) {
 							view = &descriptors.shader_data_buffer;
+						} else if (kind == BindingKind::SharedMemory) {
+							view = &descriptors.shared_memory;
 						}
 						EXIT_IF(view->buffer == nullptr);
-						m_descriptor_buffers.push_back(*view);
+						write.pBufferInfo = view;
 						break;
 					}
 					case BindingKind::Samplers:
-						for (const auto resource: binding.resources) {
-							const auto sampler = descriptors.samplers.at(resource);
+						for (const auto sampler: descriptors.samplers) {
 							EXIT_IF(sampler == nullptr);
-							m_descriptor_images.emplace_back(sampler, nullptr,
-							                                 vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
+							m_descriptor_images[image_cursor++] = {sampler, nullptr, vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined};
 						}
 						break;
 					case BindingKind::Count: EXIT("invalid descriptor binding kind");
 				}
 			}
-			if (m_descriptor_buffers.size() != buffer_start) {
-				write.pBufferInfo = m_descriptor_buffers.data() + buffer_start;
-			}
-			if (m_descriptor_images.size() != image_start) {
+			if (image_cursor != image_start) {
 				write.pImageInfo = m_descriptor_images.data() + image_start;
 			}
 			m_descriptor_writes.push_back(write);
 		}
-		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < descriptors.images.size(); i++) {
-			const auto expected =
-			    descriptors.images[i].mip_views.empty()
-			        ? 1u
-			        : static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptors.images[i].mip_views.size());
-			EXIT_IF(m_image_occurrences[i] != expected);
+		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < program.info.images.size(); ++i) {
+			const auto& resource = program.info.images[i];
+			const auto& texture = descriptors.images[i];
+			EXIT_IF(texture.image_id &&
+			        resource.mip_count != (texture.mip_views.empty() ? 1u : texture.mip_views.size()));
+			const auto kind = *ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(resource);
+			const auto start = image_starts[ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageBindingIndex(kind)] +
+			                   resource.descriptor_index;
+			for (uint32_t mip = 0; mip < resource.mip_count; ++mip) {
+				m_descriptor_images[start + mip] = MakeImageInfo(texture, mip);
+			}
 		}

 		const auto shader_data_dwords = program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords();
@@ -44,13 +44,12 @@ struct PreparedBindings {
 	vk::DescriptorBufferInfo              gds {nullptr, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE};
 	vk::DescriptorBufferInfo              flattened_srt;
 	vk::DescriptorBufferInfo              shader_data_buffer;
+	vk::DescriptorBufferInfo              shared_memory;
 	std::vector<uint32_t>                 shader_data;
 };

 [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorType
 NativeDescriptorType(ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBindingKind kind);
-[[nodiscard]] uint32_t
-NativeDescriptorCount(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBinding& binding);
 [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorImageInfo MakeImageInfo(const TextureBinding& texture,
                                                    uint32_t              element = 0);

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "common/logging/log.h"
 #include "common/profiler.h"
 #include "common/threads.h"
+#include "graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_format.h"
 #include "graphics/guest_gpu/hardwareContext.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/colorRenderTarget.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/debug.h"
@@ -39,6 +40,18 @@ namespace Libs::Graphics {

 namespace {

+constexpr auto DriverCacheSaveInterval = std::chrono::minutes {5};
+
+uint8_t RemapSourceAlphaFactor(uint8_t factor) {
+	switch (static_cast<Prospero::BlendFactor>(factor)) {
+		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kSrcAlpha:
+			return static_cast<uint8_t>(Prospero::BlendFactor::kSrc1Alpha);
+		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusSrcAlpha:
+			return static_cast<uint8_t>(Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusSrc1Alpha);
+		default: return factor;
+	}
+}
+
 vk::PolygonMode ResolvePolygonMode(const HW::ModeControl& mode, bool cull_front, bool cull_back) {
 	// CxPrimitiveSetup::PolygonMode disables both per-face modes when it is zero.
 	if (mode.poly_mode == 0) {
@@ -138,7 +151,7 @@ void DumpShaderOriginal(const char* stage_name, uint64_t shader_hash,
 }

 bool ValidateShaderSpirv(const char* label, uint64_t shader_hash,
-                         const std::vector<uint32_t>& spirv) {
+                         const std::vector<uint32_t>& spirv, bool maintenance8_enabled) {
 	if (!Config::ShaderValidationEnabled()) {
 		return true;
 	}
@@ -150,7 +163,9 @@ bool ValidateShaderSpirv(const char* label, uint64_t shader_hash,
 		                        static_cast<int>(position.column), static_cast<int>(position.index),
 		                        message);
 	});
-	if (tools.Validate(spirv)) {
+	spvtools::ValidatorOptions validator_options;
+	validator_options.SetAllowOffsetTextureOperand(maintenance8_enabled);
+	if (tools.Validate(spirv.data(), spirv.size(), validator_options)) {
 		return true;
 	}
 	spvtools::SpirvTools disassembler(SPV_ENV_VULKAN_1_2);
@@ -207,17 +222,53 @@ struct PipelineCache::ProgramCache {
 	};

 	struct Permutation {
+		std::vector<uint32_t>                       function_code;
 		ShaderRecompiler::IR::ResourceSpecialization specialization;
 		ShaderRecompiler::IR::CompiledShaderInfo     program;
 		ShaderProgram                                handle;
 	};

 	struct SourceEntry {
-		explicit SourceEntry(ShaderRecompiler::IR::ResourcePlan plan)
-		    : resource_plan(std::move(plan)) {
+		SourceEntry(ShaderRecompiler::IR::ResourcePlan plan,
+		            std::unique_ptr<ShaderRecompiler::ShaderSource> call_source)
+		    : call_source(std::move(call_source)), resource_plan(std::move(plan)) {
 			permutations.reserve(8);
 		}

+		std::span<const uint32_t> FunctionCode() const {
+			return call_source
+			    ? std::span<const uint32_t>(call_source->linked->code).subspan(call_source->code.size())
+			    : std::span<const uint32_t>{};
+		}
+
+		bool RefreshCallSource(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::SrtRuntime& runtime) {
+			const auto revision = call_source->revision;
+			ShaderRecompiler::RefreshShaderSource(*call_source, runtime);
+			resource_plan.source_reads = call_source->reads;
+			return revision != call_source->revision;
+		}
+
+		template <bool HasCalls>
+		Permutation* FindPermutation(const ShaderRecompiler::IR::SrtRuntime& runtime,
+		                             uint32_t push_data_cursor) {
+			EXIT_IF(!ShaderRecompiler::IR::MaterializeResources(
+			    resource_plan, runtime, resources, specialization));
+			for (auto& candidate: permutations) {
+				const auto& layout = candidate.program.bindings;
+				if (layout.push_data_start_dword != ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData::StartFor(
+				        push_data_cursor, layout.ShaderDataDwords()) ||
+				    candidate.specialization != specialization) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if constexpr (HasCalls) {
+					if (!std::ranges::equal(candidate.function_code, FunctionCode())) continue;
+				}
+				return &candidate;
+			}
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		std::unique_ptr<ShaderRecompiler::ShaderSource> call_source;
 		ShaderRecompiler::IR::ResourcePlan           resource_plan;
 		ShaderRecompiler::IR::ResourceSnapshot       resources;
 		ShaderRecompiler::IR::ResourceSpecialization specialization;
@@ -246,23 +297,26 @@ struct PipelineCache::ProgramCache {
 	                               const ShaderRecompiler::CompileOptions&      options,
 	                               ShaderRecompiler::TranslateResult            translated,
 	                               ShaderRecompiler::IR::ResourceSpecialization specialization,
-	                               uint32_t push_data_start_dword) {
+	                               uint32_t push_data_start_dword,
+	                               std::span<const uint32_t> function_code) {
 		auto result = ShaderRecompiler::CompileProgram(std::move(translated), options,
 		                                               specialization, push_data_start_dword);
-		if (!ValidateShaderSpirv(options.dump_label, options.shader_hash, result.spirv)) {
+		if (!ValidateShaderSpirv(options.dump_label, options.shader_hash, result.spirv,
+		                         options.maintenance8_enabled)) {
 			DumpShaderSpirv(stage_name, options.shader_hash, result.spirv);
 			EXIT("%s failed hash=0x%016" PRIx64 ": SPIR-V validation failed\n", options.dump_label,
 			     options.shader_hash);
 		}
 		DumpShaderSpirv(stage_name, options.shader_hash, result.spirv);

-		const auto module = CompileSPV(result.spirv, device);
+		const auto module = CompileSPV(result.spirv, graphics.device);
 		EXIT_IF(module == nullptr);
 		if (options.dump_ir) {
 			LOGF("%s SPIR-V words=%" PRIu64 " wave_size=%u\n", options.dump_label,
 			     static_cast<uint64_t>(result.spirv.size()), options.wave_size);
 		}
 		return {
+		    .function_code  = {function_code.begin(), function_code.end()},
 		    .specialization = std::move(specialization),
 		    .program        = std::move(result.program).TakeCompiledInfo(),
 		    .handle         = {.id = ++next_shader_id, .module = module},
@@ -289,26 +343,27 @@ struct PipelineCache::ProgramCache {
 		lookup_key.code_size       = static_cast<uint32_t>(params.code.size());
 		BuildStageStaticKey(input_info, lookup_key.static_state);
 		auto                                         entry = programs.find(lookup_key);
-		const ShaderRecompiler::IR::SrtRuntime       runtime {
+		ShaderRecompiler::IR::SrtRuntime             runtime {
 		    .user_data                  = user_data,
 		    .shader_base                = params.Base(),
 		    .read_specialization_memory = ReadShaderGuestMemory,
 		};
+		if constexpr (std::is_same_v<InputInfo, ShaderComputeInputInfo>) {
+			runtime.workgroup_counts = input_info.workgroup_counts;
+			runtime.indirect_args_address = input_info.indirect_args_address;
+		}
+		bool source_changed = false;
 		if (entry != programs.end()) {
-			EXIT_IF(!ShaderRecompiler::IR::MaterializeResources(
-			    entry->second.resource_plan, runtime, entry->second.resources,
-			    entry->second.specialization));
-			if (const auto permutation = std::ranges::find_if(
-			        entry->second.permutations, [&](const Permutation& candidate) {
-				        const auto& layout = candidate.program.bindings;
-				        return layout.push_data_start_dword ==
-				                   ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData::StartFor(
-				                       push_data_cursor, layout.ShaderDataDwords()) &&
-				               candidate.specialization == entry->second.specialization;
-			        });
-			    permutation != entry->second.permutations.end()) {
-				input_info.stage = {.program   = &permutation->program,
-				                    .resources = &entry->second.resources};
+			auto& cached = entry->second;
+			Permutation* permutation = nullptr;
+			if (cached.call_source) {
+				source_changed = cached.RefreshCallSource(runtime);
+				if (!source_changed) permutation = cached.FindPermutation<true>(runtime, push_data_cursor);
+			} else {
+				permutation = cached.FindPermutation<false>(runtime, push_data_cursor);
+			}
+			if (permutation != nullptr) {
+				input_info.stage = {.program = &permutation->program, .resources = &entry->second.resources};
 				permutation->program.bindings.AdvancePushData(push_data_cursor);
 				return permutation->handle;
 			}
@@ -336,11 +391,13 @@ struct PipelineCache::ProgramCache {
 		}
 		ShaderRecompiler::CompileOptions options;
 		options.stage       = stage;
+		options.maintenance8_enabled = graphics.maintenance8_enabled;
 		options.shader_hash = params.hash;
 		options.user_data   = user_data;
 		options.back_code      = params.back_code;
 		options.dump_ir     = Config::GetShaderLogDirection() != Config::LogDirection::Silent;
 		options.early_dump  = options.dump_ir;
+		options.emit_debug_info = Config::GraphicsDebugDumpEnabled();
 		options.dump_label  = label;
 		options.input_info  = stage_input;

@@ -355,16 +412,39 @@ struct PipelineCache::ProgramCache {
 			options.wave_size = input_info.wave_size;
 		}
 		DumpShaderOriginal(stage_name, options.shader_hash, params.code);
-		auto translated = ShaderRecompiler::TranslateProgram(params.code, options);
+		ShaderRecompiler::ShaderSource source;
+		if (entry == programs.end()) source = ShaderRecompiler::PrepareShaderSource(params.code, options);
+		auto* current = entry == programs.end() ? &source : entry->second.call_source.get();
+		ShaderRecompiler::TranslateResult translated;
+		if (current != nullptr) {
+			if (current->call) {
+				if (entry == programs.end()) ShaderRecompiler::RefreshShaderSource(*current, runtime);
+				translated = ShaderRecompiler::TranslateProgram(current->linked->decoded, options);
+				translated.program.source_reads = current->reads;
+			} else {
+				translated = ShaderRecompiler::TranslateProgram(current->decoded, options);
+			}
+		} else {
+			translated = ShaderRecompiler::TranslateProgram(params.code, options);
+		}
 		if (entry == programs.end()) {
+			auto retained = source.call ? std::make_unique<ShaderRecompiler::ShaderSource>(std::move(source)) : nullptr;
 			entry = programs.try_emplace(lookup_key,
-			    ShaderRecompiler::IR::ExtractResourcePlan(translated.program)).first;
+			    ShaderRecompiler::IR::ExtractResourcePlan(translated.program), std::move(retained)).first;
 			EXIT_IF(!ShaderRecompiler::IR::MaterializeResources(
 			    entry->second.resource_plan, runtime, entry->second.resources,
 			    entry->second.specialization));
+		} else if (source_changed) {
+			entry->second.resource_plan = ShaderRecompiler::IR::ExtractResourcePlan(translated.program);
+			if (const auto* permutation = entry->second.FindPermutation<true>(runtime, push_data_cursor)) {
+				input_info.stage = {.program = &permutation->program, .resources = &entry->second.resources};
+				permutation->program.bindings.AdvancePushData(push_data_cursor);
+				return permutation->handle;
+			}
 		}
 		entry->second.permutations.push_back(CompilePermutation(
-		    stage_name, options, std::move(translated), entry->second.specialization, push_data_cursor));
+		    stage_name, options, std::move(translated), entry->second.specialization, push_data_cursor,
+		    entry->second.FunctionCode()));
 		const auto& permutation = entry->second.permutations.back();
 		input_info.stage = {.program = &permutation.program, .resources = &entry->second.resources};
 		permutation.program.bindings.AdvancePushData(push_data_cursor);
@@ -385,26 +465,27 @@ struct PipelineCache::ProgramCache {
 		return permutation.handle;
 	}

-	explicit ProgramCache(vk::Device device): device(device) {
+	explicit ProgramCache(GraphicContext& graphics): graphics(graphics) {
 		lookup_key.static_state.reserve(MaxStaticKeyWords);
 	}
 	~ProgramCache() {
 		for (const auto& [key, entry]: programs) {
 			(void)key;
 			for (const auto& permutation: entry.permutations) {
-				device.destroyShaderModule(permutation.handle.module, nullptr);
+				graphics.device.destroyShaderModule(permutation.handle.module, nullptr);
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	std::unordered_map<ProgramKey, SourceEntry, ProgramKeyHash> programs;
 	ProgramKey                                                  lookup_key;
-	vk::Device                                                  device;
+	GraphicContext&                                             graphics;
 	uint64_t                                                    next_shader_id = 0;
 };

 PipelineCache::PipelineCache(GraphicContext& graphics)
-    : m_graphics(graphics), m_program_cache(std::make_unique<ProgramCache>(graphics.device)) {
+    : m_graphics(graphics), m_program_cache(std::make_unique<ProgramCache>(graphics)),
+      m_next_driver_cache_save(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + DriverCacheSaveInterval) {
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!Common::Thread::IsMainThread());
 	InitializeDriverCache();
 }
@@ -512,10 +593,21 @@ void PipelineCache::InitializeDriverCache() {
 	}
 }

-void PipelineCache::Save() {
+void PipelineCache::CheckpointDriverCache() {
 	if (m_driver_cache == nullptr) {
 		return;
 	}
+	m_driver_cache_dirty = true;
+	if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() >= m_next_driver_cache_save) {
+		Save();
+	}
+}
+
+void PipelineCache::Save() {
+	if (m_driver_cache == nullptr || !m_driver_cache_dirty) {
+		return;
+	}
+	m_next_driver_cache_save = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + DriverCacheSaveInterval;

 	size_t               size = 0;
 	vk::Result           result;
@@ -558,16 +650,19 @@ void PipelineCache::Save() {
 	}
 	const bool flushed = !file.IsInvalid() && file.Flush();
 	file.Close();
-	if (prefix_written != prefix.size() || payload_written != payload.size() || !flushed ||
-	    !Common::File::RenameFile(temp_path, m_driver_cache_path)) {
+	const bool written = prefix_written == prefix.size() && payload_written == payload.size() && flushed;
+	std::error_code error;
+	if (written) {
+		std::filesystem::rename(temp_path, m_driver_cache_path, error);
+	}
+	if (!written || error) {
 		PipelineCacheLog("Vulkan pipeline cache: failed to write {}",
 		                 Common::PathToString(m_driver_cache_path));
 		return;
 	}
 	PipelineCacheLog("Vulkan pipeline cache: saved {} bytes to {}", payload.size(),
 	                 Common::PathToString(m_driver_cache_path));
-	m_graphics.device.destroyPipelineCache(m_driver_cache, nullptr);
-	m_driver_cache = nullptr;
+	m_driver_cache_dirty = false;
 }

 PipelineCache::GraphicsPrograms PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPrograms(
@@ -583,6 +678,17 @@ PipelineCache::GraphicsPrograms PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPrograms(
 		vertex_params[0] = PrepareProgram(vertex_regs, context, user_config, vertex_info[0]);
 	}
 	const bool mesh_active = vertex_info[0].logical_stage == ShaderType::Mesh;
+	const bool object_primitive_id = context.HasObjectPrimitiveIdOutput();
+	if (object_primitive_id) {
+		// CxObjectIdMode: register source plus a 32-bit pipelined primitive-ID addition.
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(sh.m_paClObjprimIdCntl != 2u || mesh_active || tess_active ||
+		                     !pixel_active || (sh.m_vgtDrawPayloadCntl & 8u) == 0 ||
+		                     user_config.GetPrimType() != Prospero::PrimitiveType::kTriList);
+		const auto& target = context.GetRenderTarget(7);
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(Prospero::ResolveRenderTargetFormat(target.info.format,
+		                                                       target.info.channel_type)
+		                         .buffer_format != Prospero::BufferFormat::k32UInt);
+	}
 	if (mesh_active) {
 		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!m_graphics.mesh_shader_enabled);
 		auto& mesh              = vertex_info[0].mesh;
@@ -604,6 +710,36 @@ PipelineCache::GraphicsPrograms PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPrograms(
 	ShaderParams pixel_params;
 	if (pixel_active) {
 		pixel_params      = PrepareProgram(pixel_regs, sh, target_export_mapping, pixel_info);
+		pixel_info.object_primitive_id = object_primitive_id;
+		for (uint32_t export_index = 0; export_index < 8u; export_index++) {
+			const auto slot = ShaderPixelExportTarget(pixel_info.target_shader_mask, export_index);
+			if (slot >= 8u || pixel_info.target_output_mode[export_index] == 0u) continue;
+			const auto& rt = context.GetRenderTarget(slot);
+			const auto target_mask = render_target_mask_slot(context.GetRenderTargetMask(), slot);
+			if (rt.base.addr == 0 || target_mask == 0u) continue;
+			const auto format = Prospero::ResolveRenderTargetFormat(rt.info.format, rt.info.channel_type);
+			if (format.buffer_format != Prospero::BufferFormat::k11_11_10UNorm) continue;
+			const auto mapping = pixel_info.target_export_mapping[export_index];
+			const auto shader_mask = render_target_mask_slot(pixel_info.target_shader_mask, slot);
+			const bool blend = context.GetBlendControl(slot).enable && !rt.info.blend_bypass;
+			if (blend || (mapping.ApplyMask(target_mask) & 7u) != 7u ||
+			    (mapping.ApplyMask(shader_mask) & 7u) != 7u ||
+			    pixel_info.target_output_mode[export_index] != 9u) {
+				EXIT("unsupported packed UNorm render-target export: slot=%u export=%u mode=%u "
+				     "target_mask=0x%x shader_mask=0x%x mapping=0x%02x blend=%u\n",
+				     slot, export_index, pixel_info.target_output_mode[export_index], target_mask,
+				     shader_mask, mapping.packed, static_cast<uint32_t>(blend));
+			}
+			pixel_info.target_packed_unorm_mask |= 1u << export_index;
+			pixel_info.target_round_mode |= static_cast<uint8_t>(rt.info.round_mode) << export_index;
+		}
+		if (!mesh_active && !tess_active && Prospero::IsRectList(user_config.GetPrimType())) {
+			pixel_info.parameter_mode = ShaderPixelParameterMode::Rectangle;
+		} else if (context.GetModeControl().provoking_vtx_last) {
+			pixel_info.parameter_mode = ShaderPixelParameterMode::LastVertex;
+		} else {
+			pixel_info.parameter_mode = ShaderPixelParameterMode::FirstVertex;
+		}
 		const auto& blend = context.GetBlendControl(0);
 		pixel_info.dual_source_blending =
 		    blend.enable && !context.GetRenderTarget(0).info.blend_bypass &&
@@ -619,14 +755,24 @@ PipelineCache::GraphicsPrograms PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPrograms(
 		           pixel_info.target_output_mode[0] != 0 && pixel_info.target_output_mode[0] != 7 &&
 		           std::all_of(std::begin(pixel_info.target_output_mode) + 1,
 		                       std::end(pixel_info.target_output_mode),
-		                       [](uint8_t mode) { return mode == 0; }) &&
-		           ClassifyBlendMapping(blend, pixel_info.target_export_mapping[0]) ==
-		               BlendMappingSupport::SourceAlpha) {
-			// Preserve logical alpha when the export mapping moves it.
-			pixel_info.alpha_blend_source_remap = true;
-			pixel_info.dual_source_blending     = true;
-			pixel_info.target_output_mode[1]    = pixel_info.target_output_mode[0];
-			pixel_info.target_export_mapping[1] = {};
+		                       [](uint8_t mode) { return mode == 0; })) {
+			switch (ClassifyBlendMapping(blend, pixel_info.target_export_mapping[0])) {
+				case BlendMappingSupport::SourceAlpha:
+					pixel_info.alpha_blend_source = ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlpha;
+					break;
+				case BlendMappingSupport::SourceAlphaOne:
+					pixel_info.alpha_blend_source = ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlphaOne;
+					break;
+				case BlendMappingSupport::SourceAlphaZero:
+					pixel_info.alpha_blend_source = ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlphaZero;
+					break;
+				default: break;
+			}
+			if (pixel_info.alpha_blend_source != ShaderAlphaBlendSource::None) {
+				pixel_info.dual_source_blending     = true;
+				pixel_info.target_output_mode[1]    = pixel_info.target_output_mode[0];
+				pixel_info.target_export_mapping[1] = {};
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	if (context.GetClipControl().clip_disable) {
@@ -643,8 +789,8 @@ PipelineCache::GraphicsPrograms PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPrograms(
 		    static_cast<float>(std::min(limits.maxViewportDimensions[1], 16384u)) * 0.5f;
 		clip.enabled = true;
 	}
-	uint32_t          push_data_cursor =
-	    mesh_active ? ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData::MeshDrawDwordCount : 0;
+	uint32_t push_data_cursor = ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData::GraphicsDrawDwords(
+	    mesh_active, object_primitive_id);
 	GraphicsPrograms  result;
 	if (pixel_active) {
 		result.pixel = m_program_cache->Get(pixel_params, pixel_info, push_data_cursor);
@@ -660,19 +806,8 @@ ShaderProgram PipelineCache::GetComputeProgram(const HW::ComputeShaderInfo& regs
                                               ShaderComputeInputInfo&      input_info) {
 	input_info.host_subgroup_size = m_graphics.SupportsComputeWave64() ? 64u : 32u;
 	const auto        params      = PrepareProgram(regs, sh, input_info);
-	// Use one effective size for the cache key, LDS declaration, and access bounds.
-	const auto max_lds_dwords =
-	    m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits.maxComputeSharedMemorySize / 4u;
-	if (input_info.lds_size_dwords > max_lds_dwords) {
-		static std::atomic_bool warned = false;
-		if (!warned.exchange(true, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-			PipelineCacheLog("GPU warning: game compute shader requests {} bytes of LDS, but "
-			                 "the Vulkan device limit is {} bytes. Clamping LDS; rendering may "
-			                 "be incorrect.",
-			                 input_info.lds_size_dwords * 4u, max_lds_dwords * 4u);
-		}
-	}
-	input_info.lds_size_dwords = std::min(input_info.lds_size_dwords, max_lds_dwords);
+	input_info.lds_storage = input_info.lds_size_dwords * 4u >
+	    m_graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits.maxComputeSharedMemorySize;
 	uint32_t          push_data_cursor = 0;
 	return m_program_cache->Get(params, input_info, push_data_cursor);
 }
@@ -720,6 +855,9 @@ PipelineCache::Pipeline& PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPipeline(
 		EXIT_IF(!colors[i].image_id || colors[i].desc.view_info.format == vk::Format::eUndefined);
 		static_params.color_mask[slot] = colors[i].export_mapping.ApplyMask(
 		    render_target_mask_slot(ctx.GetRenderTargetMask(), colors[i].target_slot));
+		if (colors[i].desc.info.guest_format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k11_11_10UNorm) {
+			static_params.color_mask[slot] = 1u;
+		}
 		rendering.color_formats[slot] = colors[i].desc.view_info.format;
 		if (attachment_samples == 0) {
 			attachment_samples = colors[i].desc.info.samples;
@@ -729,10 +867,12 @@ PipelineCache::Pipeline& PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPipeline(
 		}
 		const auto& rt                        = ctx.GetRenderTarget(colors[i].target_slot);
 		const auto& bc                        = ctx.GetBlendControl(colors[i].target_slot);
-		const bool alpha_remap =
-		    slot == 0 && ps_input_info != nullptr && ps_input_info->alpha_blend_source_remap;
+		auto alpha_source = ShaderAlphaBlendSource::None;
+		if (slot == 0 && ps_input_info != nullptr) {
+			alpha_source = ps_input_info->alpha_blend_source;
+		}
 		static_params.blend_enable[slot] = bc.enable && !rt.info.blend_bypass;
-		if (static_params.blend_enable[slot] && !alpha_remap &&
+		if (static_params.blend_enable[slot] && alpha_source == ShaderAlphaBlendSource::None &&
 		    ClassifyBlendMapping(bc, colors[i].export_mapping) != BlendMappingSupport::Direct) {
 			static_params.blend_enable[slot] = false;
 			static std::atomic_bool warned = false;
@@ -744,18 +884,32 @@ PipelineCache::Pipeline& PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPipeline(
 				    bc.alpha_srcblend, bc.alpha_destblend, bc.separate_alpha_blend ? 1 : 0));
 			}
 		}
-		if (alpha_remap) {
-			static_params.blend_alpha_source_remap = true;
-		}
 		if (static_params.blend_enable[slot]) {
-			static_params.color_srcblend[slot]       = bc.color_srcblend;
-			static_params.color_comb_fcn[slot]       = bc.color_comb_fcn;
-			static_params.color_destblend[slot]      = bc.color_destblend;
-			static_params.separate_alpha_blend[slot] = bc.separate_alpha_blend;
-			if (bc.separate_alpha_blend) {
-				static_params.alpha_srcblend[slot]  = bc.alpha_srcblend;
-				static_params.alpha_comb_fcn[slot]  = bc.alpha_comb_fcn;
-				static_params.alpha_destblend[slot] = bc.alpha_destblend;
+			auto blend = bc;
+			switch (alpha_source) {
+				case ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlpha:
+					blend.color_srcblend  = RemapSourceAlphaFactor(blend.color_srcblend);
+					blend.color_destblend = RemapSourceAlphaFactor(blend.color_destblend);
+					blend.separate_alpha_blend = false;
+					break;
+				case ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlphaOne:
+				case ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlphaZero:
+					// The second source carries the mapped source factor; its alpha stays logical Sa.
+					blend.color_srcblend = static_cast<uint8_t>(Prospero::BlendFactor::kSrc1Color);
+					blend.color_destblend =
+					    static_cast<uint8_t>(Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusSrc1Alpha);
+					blend.separate_alpha_blend = false;
+					break;
+				case ShaderAlphaBlendSource::None: break;
+			}
+			static_params.color_srcblend[slot]       = blend.color_srcblend;
+			static_params.color_comb_fcn[slot]       = blend.color_comb_fcn;
+			static_params.color_destblend[slot]      = blend.color_destblend;
+			static_params.separate_alpha_blend[slot] = blend.separate_alpha_blend;
+			if (blend.separate_alpha_blend) {
+				static_params.alpha_srcblend[slot]  = blend.alpha_srcblend;
+				static_params.alpha_comb_fcn[slot]  = blend.alpha_comb_fcn;
+				static_params.alpha_destblend[slot] = blend.alpha_destblend;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -803,9 +957,6 @@ PipelineCache::Pipeline& PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPipeline(
 	if (static_params.sample_shading_enable && !m_graphics.sample_rate_shading_enabled) {
 		EXIT("Pipeline: sample-rate shading is required but unsupported by the host\n");
 	}
-	static_params.depth_bounds_test_enable = depth.depth_bounds_test_enable;
-	static_params.depth_min_bounds         = depth.depth_min_bounds;
-	static_params.depth_max_bounds         = depth.depth_max_bounds;
 	const bool rect_list = Prospero::IsRectList(command.GetUserConfig().GetPrimType());
 	static_params.cull_back  = !rect_list && mc.cull_back;
 	static_params.cull_front = !rect_list && mc.cull_front;
@@ -862,6 +1013,7 @@ PipelineCache::Pipeline& PipelineCache::GetGraphicsPipeline(

 	auto [iter, inserted] = m_graphics_pipelines.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(cached));
 	EXIT_IF(!inserted);
+	CheckpointDriverCache();

 	return *iter->second;
 }
@@ -890,6 +1042,7 @@ PipelineCache::GetComputePipeline(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& input_info,

 	auto [iter, inserted] = m_compute_pipelines.emplace(compute_program.id, std::move(cached));
 	EXIT_IF(!inserted);
+	CheckpointDriverCache();

 	return *iter->second;
 }
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/shader.h"

+#include <chrono>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <memory>
@@ -38,9 +39,6 @@ struct PipelineStaticParameters {
 	bool                       primitive_restart_enable = false;
 	uint32_t                   samples                  = 1;
 	bool                       sample_shading_enable    = false;
-	bool                       depth_bounds_test_enable = false;
-	float                      depth_min_bounds         = 0.0f;
-	float                      depth_max_bounds         = 0.0f;
 	uint32_t                   color_mask[RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX]           = {};
 	bool                       cull_front                                         = false;
 	bool                       cull_back                                          = false;
@@ -55,7 +53,6 @@ struct PipelineStaticParameters {
 	uint8_t                    alpha_destblend[RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX]      = {};
 	bool                       separate_alpha_blend[RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX] = {};
 	bool                       blend_enable[RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX]         = {};
-	bool                       blend_alpha_source_remap                           = false;

 	bool operator==(const PipelineStaticParameters& other) const noexcept;
 };
@@ -65,7 +62,7 @@ struct PipelineStaticParameters {
 static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<PipelineStaticParameters>);
 static_assert(std::is_standard_layout_v<PipelineStaticParameters>);
 static_assert(alignof(PipelineStaticParameters) == 1);
-static_assert(sizeof(PipelineStaticParameters) == 126);
+static_assert(sizeof(PipelineStaticParameters) == 116);

 struct PipelineRenderingState {
 	std::array<vk::Format, RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX> color_formats {};
@@ -177,11 +174,14 @@ private:
 	std::unique_ptr<ProgramCache> m_program_cache;
 	vk::PipelineCache             m_driver_cache = nullptr;
 	std::filesystem::path         m_driver_cache_path;
+	std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point m_next_driver_cache_save;
+	bool                          m_driver_cache_dirty = false;
 	std::unordered_map<GraphicsPipelineKey, std::unique_ptr<Pipeline>, GraphicsPipelineKeyHash>
 	                                                        m_graphics_pipelines;
 	std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::unique_ptr<Pipeline>> m_compute_pipelines;

 	void InitializeDriverCache();
+	void CheckpointDriverCache();
 };

 void LogPipelineTrace(const char* phase, uint64_t vertex_program_id, uint64_t pixel_program_id);
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 #include "graphics/shader/shader.h"

 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <bit>
 #include <limits>
 #include <span>
 #include <vector>
@@ -137,17 +139,14 @@ static void GetInputFormat(const ShaderBufferResource& res, vk::Format& format,
 	}
 }

-static vk::BlendFactor GetBlendFactor(uint32_t factor, bool remap_source_alpha) {
+static vk::BlendFactor GetBlendFactor(uint32_t factor) {
 	switch (static_cast<Prospero::BlendFactor>(factor)) {
 		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kZero: return vk::BlendFactor::eZero;
 		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kOne: return vk::BlendFactor::eOne;
 		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kSrcColor: return vk::BlendFactor::eSrcColor;
 		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusSrcColor: return vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrcColor;
-		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kSrcAlpha:
-			return remap_source_alpha ? vk::BlendFactor::eSrc1Color : vk::BlendFactor::eSrcAlpha;
-		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusSrcAlpha:
-			return remap_source_alpha ? vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrc1Color
-			                          : vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrcAlpha;
+		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kSrcAlpha: return vk::BlendFactor::eSrcAlpha;
+		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusSrcAlpha: return vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrcAlpha;
 		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kDstAlpha: return vk::BlendFactor::eDstAlpha;
 		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kOneMinusDstAlpha: return vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusDstAlpha;
 		case Prospero::BlendFactor::kDstColor: return vk::BlendFactor::eDstColor;
@@ -183,18 +182,41 @@ static vk::BlendOp GetBlendOp(uint32_t op) {
 static void AddLayoutBindings(std::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding>& descriptor_bindings,
                              const ShaderRecompiler::IR::CompiledShaderInfo& program,
                              vk::ShaderStageFlagBits              stage) {
-	for (const auto& binding: program.bindings.descriptors) {
+	for (auto mask = program.bindings.descriptor_mask; mask != 0; mask &= mask - 1) {
+		const auto index = std::countr_zero(mask);
+		const auto kind = static_cast<ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBindingKind>(index);
 		descriptor_bindings.push_back(
-		    {ShaderRecompiler::IR::NativeBinding(program.stage, binding.kind),
-		     NativeDescriptorType(binding.kind), NativeDescriptorCount(binding), stage, nullptr});
+		    {ShaderRecompiler::IR::NativeBinding(program.stage, kind), NativeDescriptorType(kind),
+		     program.bindings.descriptor_counts[index], stage, nullptr});
 	}
 }

 static void CreateDescriptorLayout(GraphicContext& graphics, PipelineCache::Pipeline& pipeline,
                                   std::span<const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings) {
-	uint32_t descriptor_count = 0;
+	const auto& limits = graphics.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits;
+	uint64_t descriptor_count = 0;
+	uint64_t storage_buffers = 0;
+	std::array<uint64_t, 32> stage_buffers {}, stage_resources {};
 	for (const auto& binding: bindings) {
 		descriptor_count += binding.descriptorCount;
+		const bool storage = binding.descriptorType == vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
+		if (storage) storage_buffers += binding.descriptorCount;
+		for (auto stages = static_cast<uint32_t>(binding.stageFlags); stages != 0; stages &= stages - 1u) {
+			const auto stage = std::countr_zero(stages);
+			if (storage) stage_buffers[stage] += binding.descriptorCount;
+			if (binding.descriptorType != vk::DescriptorType::eSampler)
+				stage_resources[stage] += binding.descriptorCount;
+			if (stage_buffers[stage] > limits.maxPerStageDescriptorStorageBuffers ||
+			    stage_resources[stage] > limits.maxPerStageResources) {
+				EXIT("native descriptor stage %u exceeds device limits: buffers=%" PRIu64
+				     "/%u resources=%" PRIu64 "/%u\n", stage, stage_buffers[stage],
+				     limits.maxPerStageDescriptorStorageBuffers, stage_resources[stage], limits.maxPerStageResources);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (storage_buffers > limits.maxDescriptorSetStorageBuffers) {
+		EXIT("native storage-buffer descriptors exceed device limit: %" PRIu64 "/%u\n",
+		     storage_buffers, limits.maxDescriptorSetStorageBuffers);
 	}
 	pipeline.uses_push_descriptors = descriptor_count <= graphics.max_push_descriptors;

@@ -397,20 +419,18 @@ void CreatePipelineInternal(GraphicContext& graphics, PipelineCache::Pipeline& p
 		color_blend_attachment[i].colorWriteMask =
 		    vk::ColorComponentFlags {static_params.color_mask[i]};
 		color_blend_attachment[i].blendEnable = static_params.blend_enable[i] ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
-		// Only target 0 can use the second blend source carrying logical alpha.
-		const bool remap_source_alpha         = i == 0 && static_params.blend_alpha_source_remap;
 		color_blend_attachment[i].srcColorBlendFactor =
-		    GetBlendFactor(static_params.color_srcblend[i], remap_source_alpha);
+		    GetBlendFactor(static_params.color_srcblend[i]);
 		color_blend_attachment[i].dstColorBlendFactor =
-		    GetBlendFactor(static_params.color_destblend[i], remap_source_alpha);
+		    GetBlendFactor(static_params.color_destblend[i]);
 		color_blend_attachment[i].colorBlendOp = GetBlendOp(static_params.color_comb_fcn[i]);
 		color_blend_attachment[i].srcAlphaBlendFactor =
 		    (static_params.separate_alpha_blend[i]
-		         ? GetBlendFactor(static_params.alpha_srcblend[i], remap_source_alpha)
+		         ? GetBlendFactor(static_params.alpha_srcblend[i])
 		         : color_blend_attachment[i].srcColorBlendFactor);
 		color_blend_attachment[i].dstAlphaBlendFactor =
 		    (static_params.separate_alpha_blend[i]
-		         ? GetBlendFactor(static_params.alpha_destblend[i], remap_source_alpha)
+		         ? GetBlendFactor(static_params.alpha_destblend[i])
 		         : color_blend_attachment[i].dstColorBlendFactor);
 		color_blend_attachment[i].alphaBlendOp =
 		    (static_params.separate_alpha_blend[i] ? GetBlendOp(static_params.alpha_comb_fcn[i])
@@ -476,14 +496,6 @@ void CreatePipelineInternal(GraphicContext& graphics, PipelineCache::Pipeline& p
 	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(pipeline.pipeline_layout == nullptr);

 	vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depth_stencil_info {};
-	depth_stencil_info.depthBoundsTestEnable =
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-	    VK_FALSE; // MoltenVK lacks the depthBounds feature; depth-bounds testing is disabled
-#else
-	    (static_params.depth_bounds_test_enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
-#endif
-	depth_stencil_info.minDepthBounds    = static_params.depth_min_bounds;
-	depth_stencil_info.maxDepthBounds    = static_params.depth_max_bounds;

 	std::vector<vk::DynamicState> dynamic_states {
 	    vk::DynamicState::eViewportWithCount,
@@ -502,6 +514,8 @@ void CreatePipelineInternal(GraphicContext& graphics, PipelineCache::Pipeline& p
 	    vk::DynamicState::eBlendConstants,
 	};
 #if !defined(__APPLE__)
+	dynamic_states.push_back(vk::DynamicState::eDepthBoundsTestEnable);
+	dynamic_states.push_back(vk::DynamicState::eDepthBounds);
 	if (rendering.color_count != 0) {
 		dynamic_states.push_back(vk::DynamicState::eColorWriteEnableEXT);
 	}
@@ -39,13 +39,7 @@ enum class CommandBufferDebugOp : uint32_t {
 	DispatchDirect,
 	DrawIndex,
 	DrawIndexAuto,
-	EopWrite,
-	EopInterrupt,
-	EopWriteBack,
-	EopFlip,
-	EopWriteBackFlip,
-	EopOnlyFlip,
-	DispatchIndirect,
+	DispatchIndirect = 9,
 	Unknown,
 };

@@ -156,12 +150,12 @@ public:
 	KYTY_CLASS_NO_COPY(RenderExecutor);

 	void DispatchDirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint32_t thread_group_x,
-	                    uint32_t thread_group_y, uint32_t thread_group_z, uint32_t mode);
+	                    uint32_t thread_group_y, uint32_t thread_group_z, uint32_t mode, bool async_compute);
 	void DispatchIndirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint64_t args_addr,
-	                      uint32_t mode);
+	                      uint32_t mode, bool async_compute);

 	void PrepareBindings(const ShaderStageRuntime& runtime, PreparedBindings& prepared);
-	void                           FindBuffers(PreparedBindings& bindings);
+	void                           FindBuffers(std::span<PreparedBindings* const> stages);
 	void                           RebindBuffers(PreparedBindings& bindings);
 	void                           RebindImages(PreparedBindings& bindings);
 	void CommitBindings(CommandBuffer& buffer, vk::PipelineBindPoint pipeline_bind_point,
@@ -186,6 +180,8 @@ private:
 	                              bool ignore_target_mask = false, bool exact_format = false);
 	void ResolveRenderDepthTarget(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderDepthInfo& target);
 	[[nodiscard]] bool DepthStencilCopy(CommandBuffer& buffer);
+	[[nodiscard]] bool CopyDepthToColor(CommandBuffer& buffer, const DrawCallInfo& draw,
+	                                   const DrawEmitInfo& emit, DrawRenderState& state);
 	[[nodiscard]] bool PrepareDrawRenderState(CommandBuffer& buffer,
 	                                          const DrawCallInfo& draw,
 	                                          uint32_t            render_target_slice_offset,
@@ -200,11 +196,13 @@ private:
 	                                               std::span<PreparedBindings* const> stages = {});
 	[[nodiscard]] bool        ResolveColorTargets(CommandBuffer& buffer,
 	                                              uint32_t render_target_slice_offset);
+	[[nodiscard]] bool        ConsumeMetadataColorOperation(CommandBuffer& buffer,
+	                                                       uint32_t render_target_slice_offset);
 	void                      BindImage(ImageId id, bool storage);
 	void                      BindRenderTarget(ImageId id);
 	void                      ResetBindings();
-	[[nodiscard]] bool        TryConsumeComputeMetaClear(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& input,
-	                                                     const CommandBuffer&          buffer);
+	void                     UpdateComputeMetaClears(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& input,
+	                                                 const CommandBuffer&          buffer);
 	[[nodiscard]] bool TryConsumeComputeImageClear(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& input,
 	                                              CommandBuffer& command, uint32_t group_x,
 	                                              uint32_t group_y, uint32_t group_z, uint32_t mode);
@@ -213,10 +211,8 @@ private:
 	GraphicsBindings                     m_graphics_bindings;
 	PreparedBindings                     m_compute_bindings;
 	std::vector<ImageId>                  m_bound_images;
-	std::vector<vk::DescriptorBufferInfo> m_descriptor_buffers;
 	std::vector<vk::DescriptorImageInfo>  m_descriptor_images;
 	std::vector<vk::WriteDescriptorSet>   m_descriptor_writes;
-	std::vector<uint32_t>                 m_image_occurrences;

 	friend class CommandProcessor;
 	friend struct RenderExecutorTestAccess;
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceMaterialization.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/shader.h"
 #include "kernel/eventQueue.h"
+#include "kernel/memory.h"
 #include "kernel/pthread.h"
 #include "libs/errno.h"

@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ static bool FillSourcesDisjoint(std::span<const ShaderRecompiler::IR::Descriptor
 	return true;
 }

-bool RenderExecutor::TryConsumeComputeMetaClear(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& input,
-                                                const CommandBuffer&          buffer) {
+void RenderExecutor::UpdateComputeMetaClears(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& input,
+                                            const CommandBuffer&          buffer) {
 	const auto& program   = *input.stage.program;
 	const auto& resources = *input.stage.resources;
 	if (resources.buffers.size() != program.info.buffers.size()) {
@@ -60,10 +61,9 @@ bool RenderExecutor::TryConsumeComputeMetaClear(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& in
 	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < program.info.buffers.size(); i++) {
 		const auto& resource   = program.info.buffers[i];
 		const auto  descriptor = DecodeNativeDescriptor<ShaderBufferResource>(resources.buffers[i]);
-		// A metadata resource that is also read is not proven to be a full overwrite. Execute it
-		// conservatively instead of replacing the dispatch with a coarse full-surface clear.
+		// Reads and transforms of metadata do not establish a clear state.
 		if ((!resource.written || resource.read) && cache.IsMeta(descriptor.Base48())) {
-			return false;
+			return;
 		}
 	}

@@ -73,13 +73,10 @@ bool RenderExecutor::TryConsumeComputeMetaClear(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& in
 			if (resource.written) {
 				const auto descriptor =
 				    DecodeNativeDescriptor<ShaderBufferResource>(resources.buffers[i]);
-				if (cache.ClearMeta(descriptor.Base48())) {
-					return true;
-				}
+				(void)cache.ClearMeta(descriptor.Base48());
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return false;
 }

 bool ResolveComputeBufferFill(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& input, uint32_t group_x,
@@ -195,9 +192,38 @@ bool RenderExecutor::TryConsumeComputeImageClear(const ShaderComputeInputInfo& i
 	return true;
 }

+static void BindSharedMemory(RenderContext& context, ShaderComputeInputInfo& input,
+                             PreparedBindings& bindings, uint64_t indirect_args = 0) {
+	if (input.stage.program->bindings.descriptor_counts[
+	        static_cast<size_t>(ShaderRecompiler::IR::DescriptorBindingKind::SharedMemory)] == 0) {
+		return;
+	}
+	auto& cache = context.GetBufferCache();
+	if (indirect_args != 0) {
+		cache.ReadMemory(indirect_args, sizeof(vk::DispatchIndirectCommand));
+		std::memcpy(input.workgroup_counts, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(indirect_args),
+		            sizeof(input.workgroup_counts));
+	}
+	// LDS has no contents to preserve between dispatches. The existing shader hazard
+	// barriers also order other users of this GPU-only utility buffer.
+	auto& storage = cache.GetUtilityBuffer(MemoryUsage::DeviceLocal);
+	const auto limit = std::min<uint64_t>(storage.Size(),
+	    context.GetGraphics().GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().limits.maxStorageBufferRange);
+	uint64_t size = sizeof(uint32_t);
+	if (std::ranges::find(input.workgroup_counts, 0u) == std::end(input.workgroup_counts)) {
+		size = uint64_t {input.lds_size_dwords} * sizeof(uint32_t);
+		EXIT_IF(size == 0 || size > limit);
+		for (const auto count: input.workgroup_counts) {
+			EXIT_IF(size > limit / count);
+			size *= count;
+		}
+	}
+	bindings.shared_memory = {storage.Handle(), 0, size};
+}
+
 void RenderExecutor::DispatchDirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
                                    uint32_t thread_group_x, uint32_t thread_group_y,
-                                    uint32_t thread_group_z, uint32_t mode) {
+                                    uint32_t thread_group_z, uint32_t mode, bool async_compute) {
 	EXIT_IF(buffer.IsInvalid());
 	m_context.GetCommandScheduler().PopPendingOperations();
 	auto& ctx    = buffer.GetRegisters();
@@ -252,8 +278,21 @@ void RenderExecutor::DispatchDirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
 	const auto& sh_regs = ctx.GetShaderRegisters();

 	ShaderComputeInputInfo input_info {};
+	input_info.async_compute = async_compute;
 	const bool use_thread_dimensions = (mode & DISPATCH_INITIATOR_USE_THREAD_DIMENSIONS) != 0;
 	input_info.dispatch_thread_dimensions = use_thread_dimensions;
+	input_info.workgroup_counts[0] = thread_group_x;
+	input_info.workgroup_counts[1] = thread_group_y;
+	input_info.workgroup_counts[2] = thread_group_z;
+	if (use_thread_dimensions) {
+		const uint32_t group_sizes[] = {cs_regs.cs_regs.num_thread_x, cs_regs.cs_regs.num_thread_y,
+		                                cs_regs.cs_regs.num_thread_z};
+		for (uint32_t axis = 0; axis < 3u; ++axis) {
+			const auto size = std::max(group_sizes[axis], 1u);
+			const auto threads = input_info.workgroup_counts[axis];
+			input_info.workgroup_counts[axis] = threads / size + (threads % size != 0u);
+		}
+	}
 	const auto compute_program =
 	    m_context.GetPipelineCache().GetComputeProgram(cs_regs, sh_regs, input_info);
 	if (use_thread_dimensions) {
@@ -264,27 +303,23 @@ void RenderExecutor::DispatchDirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,

 	const auto& program   = *input_info.stage.program;
 	const auto& resources = *input_info.stage.resources;
-	if (resources.specialization_reads.empty() &&
-	    (TryConsumeComputeMetaClear(input_info, buffer) ||
-	     TryConsumeComputeImageClear(input_info, buffer, thread_group_x, thread_group_y,
-	                                 thread_group_z, mode))) {
-		ResetBindings();
-		return;
+	if (resources.specialization_reads.empty()) {
+		// Cached metadata addresses can be reused as ordinary buffers; preserve their guest writes.
+		UpdateComputeMetaClears(input_info, buffer);
+		if (TryConsumeComputeImageClear(input_info, buffer, thread_group_x, thread_group_y,
+		                               thread_group_z, mode)) {
+			ResetBindings();
+			return;
+		}
 	}

 	if (use_thread_dimensions) {
-		auto groups_from_threads = [](uint32_t threads, uint32_t group_size) {
-			return (threads == 0
-			            ? 0u
-			            : (threads + std::max(group_size, 1u) - 1u) / std::max(group_size, 1u));
-		};
-
 		const uint32_t old_x = thread_group_x;
 		const uint32_t old_y = thread_group_y;
 		const uint32_t old_z = thread_group_z;
-		thread_group_x       = groups_from_threads(thread_group_x, cs_regs.cs_regs.num_thread_x);
-		thread_group_y       = groups_from_threads(thread_group_y, cs_regs.cs_regs.num_thread_y);
-		thread_group_z       = groups_from_threads(thread_group_z, cs_regs.cs_regs.num_thread_z);
+		thread_group_x       = input_info.workgroup_counts[0];
+		thread_group_y       = input_info.workgroup_counts[1];
+		thread_group_z       = input_info.workgroup_counts[2];

 		static std::atomic<uint32_t> log_count {0};
 		if (log_count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed) < 32) {
@@ -306,18 +341,20 @@ void RenderExecutor::DispatchDirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
 		std::copy(std::begin(input_info.dispatch_threads_num), std::end(input_info.dispatch_threads_num),
 		          bindings.shader_data.begin() + program.bindings.dispatch_thread_dword);
 	}
-	FindBuffers(bindings);
+	PreparedBindings* descriptor_stage = &bindings;
+	FindBuffers(std::span {&descriptor_stage, 1u});
 	if (program.info.uses_dma) {
 		m_context.PrepareBda();
 	}
 	RebindImages(bindings);
+	BindSharedMemory(m_context, input_info, bindings);
 	RebindBuffers(bindings);

 	auto              vk_buffer        = buffer.Handle();
-	PreparedBindings* descriptor_stage = &bindings;
 	CommitBindings(buffer, vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, pipeline,
 	               std::span {&descriptor_stage, 1u});
-	bool has_storage_writes = HasShaderBufferWrites(input_info.stage);
+	bool has_storage_writes = bindings.shared_memory.buffer != nullptr ||
+	    HasShaderBufferWrites(input_info.stage);
 	has_storage_writes =
 	    std::any_of(program.info.images.begin(), program.info.images.end(),
 	                [](const auto& image) {
@@ -338,11 +375,12 @@ void RenderExecutor::DispatchDirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
 		    });
 		const uint32_t frame_num = static_cast<uint32_t>(m_context.GetGpu().GetFrameNum());
 		LOGF("GraphicsRenderDispatchDirect: frame=%u shader=0x%016" PRIx64
-		     " hash=0x%016" PRIx64 " tick=%" PRIu64
+		     " hash=0x%016" PRIx64 " tick=%" PRIu64 " completed_tick=%" PRIu64
 		     " groups=%ux%ux%u mode=0x%08" PRIx32 " local=%ux%ux%u "
 		     "buffers=%zu textures=%zu sampled=%zu storage=%zu samplers=%zu push=%u\n",
 		     frame_num, sh_ctx.GetCs().cs_regs.data_addr, program.shader_hash,
 		     m_context.GetCommandScheduler().CurrentTick(),
+		     m_context.GetCommandScheduler().GetMasterSemaphore().KnownGpuTick(),
 		     thread_group_x, thread_group_y, thread_group_z, mode,
 		     input_info.threads_num[0], input_info.threads_num[1],
 		     input_info.threads_num[2], program.info.buffers.size(), program.info.images.size(),
@@ -400,7 +438,7 @@ void RenderExecutor::DispatchDirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
 }

 void RenderExecutor::DispatchIndirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                      uint64_t args_addr, uint32_t mode) {
+                                      uint64_t args_addr, uint32_t mode, bool async_compute) {
 	EXIT_IF(buffer.IsInvalid() || args_addr == 0 || (args_addr & 3u) != 0 ||
 	        (mode & Pm4::COMPUTE_DISPATCH_INITIATOR_USE_THREAD_DIMENSIONS) != 0);
 	m_context.GetCommandScheduler().PopPendingOperations();
@@ -408,33 +446,43 @@ void RenderExecutor::DispatchIndirect(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
 	                    static_cast<uint32_t>(args_addr), static_cast<uint32_t>(args_addr >> 32u),
 	                    0, mode, buffer.GetShaders().GetCs().cs_regs.data_addr);
 	Common::LockGuard lock(m_context.GetMutex());
+	vk::DispatchIndirectCommand args {};
+	if (!m_context.GetBufferCache().HasGpuDirtyBytes(args_addr, sizeof(args)) &&
+	    LibKernel::Memory::TryReadBacking(args_addr, &args, sizeof(args)) &&
+	    (args.x == 0 || args.y == 0 || args.z == 0)) {
+		return;
+	}
 	const auto& cs_regs = buffer.GetShaders().GetCs();
 	if (cs_regs.cs_regs.data_addr == 0) {
 		return;
 	}
 	ShaderComputeInputInfo input_info {};
+	input_info.async_compute = async_compute;
+	input_info.indirect_args_address = args_addr;
 	const auto compute_program = m_context.GetPipelineCache().GetComputeProgram(
 	    cs_regs, buffer.GetRegisters().GetShaderRegisters(), input_info);
 	buffer.EndRendering();
 	auto& pipeline = m_context.GetPipelineCache().GetComputePipeline(input_info, compute_program);
 	auto& bindings = m_compute_bindings;
 	PrepareBindings(input_info.stage, bindings);
-	FindBuffers(bindings);
+	PreparedBindings* descriptor_stage = &bindings;
+	FindBuffers(std::span {&descriptor_stage, 1u});
 	const auto& program = *input_info.stage.program;
 	if (program.info.uses_dma) {
 		m_context.PrepareBda();
 	}
+	BindSharedMemory(m_context, input_info, bindings, args_addr);
 	RebindImages(bindings);
 	// Acquiring arguments can merge cache buffers; finalize shader bindings afterward.
 	const auto [args_buffer, args_offset] = m_context.GetBufferCache().ObtainBuffer(
 	    args_addr, sizeof(vk::DispatchIndirectCommand), false);
 	EXIT_IF(args_buffer == nullptr || (args_offset & 3u) != 0);
 	RebindBuffers(bindings);
-	PreparedBindings* descriptor_stage = &bindings;
 	CommitBindings(buffer, vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, pipeline,
 	               std::span {&descriptor_stage, 1u});
 	const auto vk_buffer = buffer.Handle();
-	const bool has_storage_writes = HasShaderBufferWrites(input_info.stage) ||
+	const bool has_storage_writes = bindings.shared_memory.buffer != nullptr ||
+	    HasShaderBufferWrites(input_info.stage) ||
 	    std::any_of(program.info.images.begin(), program.info.images.end(), [](const auto& image) {
 		    return image.written && image.resource_class ==
 		                                ShaderRecompiler::IR::ImageResourceClass::Storage;
@@ -99,7 +99,12 @@ void RenderContext::UnmapMemory(uint64_t vaddr, uint64_t size) {
 		     vaddr, size);
 	}
 	const auto unmap = [this, vaddr, size] {
-		if (m_command_scheduler.Active()) {
+		// Check cache ownership on the GPU thread. Guest-memory callbacks can still
+		// access a range with no cached data, so they must finish before it is unmapped.
+		if (m_command_scheduler.Active() &&
+		    (m_buffer_cache.IsRegionRegistered(vaddr, size) ||
+		     m_texture_cache.IsRegionRegistered(vaddr, size) ||
+		     m_command_scheduler.HasPendingPriorityOperations())) {
 			const auto tick = m_command_scheduler.CurrentTick();
 			m_command_scheduler.Finish();
 			m_command_scheduler.WaitPriorityOperations(tick);
@@ -312,9 +312,9 @@ static void LogDrawInputState(const CommandBuffer& buffer, const RenderColorInfo
 	}
 }

-static void SetGraphicsDynamicParams(const CommandBuffer& buffer, vk::CommandBuffer vk_buffer,
-                                     const ShaderVertexInputInfo& vs_input_info,
-                                     const RenderDepthInfo& depth, const RenderState& rendering) {
+static void UpdateGraphicsDynamicState(const CommandBuffer& buffer, DynamicState& dynamic_state,
+                                       const ShaderVertexInputInfo& vs_input_info,
+                                       const RenderDepthInfo& depth, const RenderState& rendering) {
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();

 	const auto& ctx = buffer.GetRegisters();
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@ static void SetGraphicsDynamicParams(const CommandBuffer& buffer, vk::CommandBuf
 			scissor.extent = {0, 0};
 		}
 	}
-	vk_buffer.setViewportWithCount(viewport_count, viewports.data());
-	vk_buffer.setScissorWithCount(viewport_count, scissors.data());
+	dynamic_state.SetViewports(std::span {viewports}.first(viewport_count));
+	dynamic_state.SetScissors(std::span {scissors}.first(viewport_count));

 	float line_width = ctx.GetLineWidth();
 	if (line_width != 1.0f) {
@@ -372,20 +372,26 @@ static void SetGraphicsDynamicParams(const CommandBuffer& buffer, vk::CommandBuf
 		}
 		line_width = 1.0f;
 	}
-	vk_buffer.setLineWidth(line_width);
+	dynamic_state.SetLineWidth(line_width);
 	const auto&      blend = ctx.GetBlendColor();
 	const std::array blend_constants {blend.red, blend.green, blend.blue, blend.alpha};
-	vk_buffer.setBlendConstants(blend_constants.data());
-	vk_buffer.setDepthTestEnable(depth.depth_test_enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
-	vk_buffer.setDepthWriteEnable(depth.depth_write_enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
-	vk_buffer.setDepthCompareOp(depth.depth_compare_op);
+	dynamic_state.SetBlendConstants(blend_constants);
+	dynamic_state.SetDepthTestEnabled(depth.depth_test_enable);
+	dynamic_state.SetDepthWriteEnabled(depth.depth_write_enable);
+	dynamic_state.SetDepthCompareOp(depth.depth_compare_op);
+#if !defined(__APPLE__)
+	dynamic_state.SetDepthBoundsTestEnabled(depth.depth_bounds_test_enable);
+	if (depth.depth_bounds_test_enable) {
+		dynamic_state.SetDepthBounds(ctx.GetDepthBoundsMin(), ctx.GetDepthBoundsMax());
+	}
+#endif

 	const auto& mode              = ctx.GetModeControl();
 	const auto& poly_offset       = ctx.GetPolyOffset();
 	const bool  use_front         = mode.poly_offset_front_enable && !mode.cull_front;
 	const bool  use_back          = mode.poly_offset_back_enable && !mode.cull_back;
 	const bool  depth_bias_enable = use_front || use_back;
-	vk_buffer.setDepthBiasEnable(depth_bias_enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
+	dynamic_state.SetDepthBiasEnabled(depth_bias_enable);
 	if (depth_bias_enable) {
 		// Vulkan has one bias for both faces. Prefer a visible front face when both are enabled.
 		const float guest_constant_factor =
@@ -394,19 +400,18 @@ static void SetGraphicsDynamicParams(const CommandBuffer& buffer, vk::CommandBuf
 		    guest_constant_factor, poly_offset, depth.desc.view_info.format);
 		const float slope_factor =
 		    (use_front ? poly_offset.front_scale : poly_offset.back_scale) / 16.0f;
-		vk_buffer.setDepthBias(constant_factor, poly_offset.clamp, slope_factor);
+		dynamic_state.SetDepthBias(constant_factor, poly_offset.clamp, slope_factor);
 	}

-	vk_buffer.setStencilTestEnable(depth.stencil_test_enable ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
+	dynamic_state.SetStencilTestEnabled(depth.stencil_test_enable);
 	if (depth.stencil_test_enable) {
-		const auto set_stencil = [&](vk::StencilFaceFlagBits face, const vk::StencilOpState& state) {
-			vk_buffer.setStencilOp(face, state.failOp, state.passOp, state.depthFailOp, state.compareOp);
-			vk_buffer.setStencilCompareMask(face, state.compareMask);
-			vk_buffer.setStencilWriteMask(face, state.writeMask);
-			vk_buffer.setStencilReference(face, state.reference);
-		};
-		set_stencil(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eFront, depth.stencil_front);
-		set_stencil(vk::StencilFaceFlagBits::eBack, depth.stencil_back);
+		const auto& front = depth.stencil_front;
+		const auto& back  = depth.stencil_back;
+		dynamic_state.SetStencilOps({front.failOp, front.passOp, front.depthFailOp, front.compareOp},
+		                            {back.failOp, back.passOp, back.depthFailOp, back.compareOp});
+		dynamic_state.SetStencilCompareMasks(front.compareMask, back.compareMask);
+		dynamic_state.SetStencilWriteMasks(front.writeMask, back.writeMask);
+		dynamic_state.SetStencilReferences(front.reference, back.reference);
 	}

 #if defined(__APPLE__)
@@ -417,9 +422,7 @@ static void SetGraphicsDynamicParams(const CommandBuffer& buffer, vk::CommandBuf
 	for (uint32_t slot = 0; slot < rendering.num_color_attachments; slot++) {
 		enable[slot] = rendering.color_attachments[slot].image_view != nullptr;
 	}
-	if (rendering.num_color_attachments != 0) {
-		vk_buffer.setColorWriteEnableEXT(rendering.num_color_attachments, enable);
-	}
+	dynamic_state.SetColorWriteEnables(std::span {enable}.first(rendering.num_color_attachments));
 #endif
 }

@@ -582,9 +585,13 @@ RenderState RenderExecutor::AcquireRenderTargets(CommandBuffer& buffer, RenderCo
 static uint32_t DrawColorOutputMask(const HW::Context& ctx) {
 	const auto& sh_regs     = ctx.GetShaderRegisters();
 	const auto  write_mask  = ctx.GetRenderTargetMask() & sh_regs.m_cbShaderMask;
-	uint32_t    output_mask = 0;
-	for (uint32_t slot = 0; slot < RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX; slot++) {
-		if (sh_regs.target_output_mode[slot] != 0 &&
+	uint32_t    output_mask = ctx.HasObjectPrimitiveIdOutput() ? 1u << 7u : 0;
+	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX; index++) {
+		const auto slot = ShaderPixelExportTarget(sh_regs.m_cbShaderMask, index);
+		if (slot >= RENDER_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS_MAX) {
+			break;
+		}
+		if (sh_regs.target_output_mode[index] != 0 &&
 		    render_target_mask_slot(write_mask, slot) != 0) {
 			output_mask |= 1u << slot;
 		}
@@ -601,16 +608,19 @@ enum class CbColorMode : uint8_t {
 	DccDecompress      = 6,
 };

-static bool ConsumeMetadataColorOperation(const CommandBuffer& buffer) {
+bool RenderExecutor::ConsumeMetadataColorOperation(CommandBuffer& buffer,
+                                                   uint32_t render_target_slice_offset) {
 	const auto& ctx  = buffer.GetRegisters();
 	const auto  mode = ctx.GetColorControl().mode;
-	// These special modes run color-buffer metadata or decompression operations. The shader is a
-	// vehicle for that operation, and its exported color must not be applied as a normal draw.
-	// Kyty stores expanded Vulkan images rather than compressed guest surfaces, so no equivalent
-	// hardware pass is emitted. Tracked DCC clear state is materialized on attachment bind;
-	// future CMask/FMask support can consume its state through the same TextureCache path.
-	return mode == static_cast<uint8_t>(CbColorMode::EliminateFastClear) ||
-	       mode == static_cast<uint8_t>(CbColorMode::FmaskDecompress) ||
+	if (mode == static_cast<uint8_t>(CbColorMode::EliminateFastClear)) {
+		// FCE can precede any ordinary draw. Discover the target to materialize its native
+		// clear metadata before the expanded image is sampled.
+		RenderColorInfo target {};
+		ResolveRenderColorTarget(buffer, target, render_target_slice_offset, 0, true);
+		return true;
+	}
+	// Metadata/decompression shaders must not export colors into the expanded image.
+	return mode == static_cast<uint8_t>(CbColorMode::FmaskDecompress) ||
 	       mode == static_cast<uint8_t>(CbColorMode::DccDecompress);
 }

@@ -784,6 +794,7 @@ static bool GetDrawTopology(const HW::UserConfig& ucfg, vk::PrimitiveTopology& t
 			topology = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList;
 			break;
 		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kTriFan:
+		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kPolygon:
 			topology = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleFan;
 			break;
 		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kTriStrip:
@@ -894,8 +905,9 @@ bool RenderExecutor::PrepareDrawRenderState(CommandBuffer& buffer, const DrawCal
 	uint32_t mrt_mask = 0;
 	if (state.ps_active) {
 		for (const auto& output: state.ps_input_info.stage.program->info.outputs) {
-			if (output.kind == ShaderRecompiler::IR::StageOutputKind::Mrt) {
-				mrt_mask |= 1u << output.index;
+			if (output.kind == ShaderRecompiler::IR::StageOutputKind::Mrt ||
+			    output.kind == ShaderRecompiler::IR::StageOutputKind::ObjectPrimitiveId) {
+				mrt_mask |= 1u << output.location;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -994,6 +1006,7 @@ static void EmitDrawPrimitives(const HW::UserConfig& ucfg, vk::CommandBuffer vk_
 		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kTriFan:
 		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kTriStrip:
 		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kRectList:
+		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kPolygon:
 		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kRectListLegacy:
 		case Prospero::PrimitiveType::kPatch:
 			if (draw.IsIndexed()) {
@@ -1020,12 +1033,71 @@ static void EmitDrawPrimitives(const HW::UserConfig& ucfg, vk::CommandBuffer vk_
 	}
 }

+bool RenderExecutor::CopyDepthToColor(CommandBuffer& buffer, const DrawCallInfo& draw,
+                                       const DrawEmitInfo& emit, DrawRenderState& state) {
+	if (!buffer.GetRegisters().GetRenderControl().copy_depth_to_color) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	auto& ucfg = buffer.GetUserConfig();
+	const auto& hw = buffer.GetRegisters();
+	auto& depth = state.depth_info;
+	auto& color = state.color_info[0];
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!m_context.GetGraphics().maintenance8_enabled ||
+	                     !Prospero::IsRectList(ucfg.GetPrimType()) ||
+	                     draw.IsIndexed() || draw.index_count != 3 || draw.instance_count != 1 ||
+	                     emit.first_vertex != 0 || emit.first_instance != 0 ||
+	                     state.color_count != 1 || color.target_slot != 0 || !depth.image_id ||
+	                     color.desc.info.samples != 1 ||
+	                     depth.desc.info.extent.width != color.Extent().width ||
+	                     depth.desc.info.extent.height != color.Extent().height ||
+	                     depth.desc.view_info.layer_count != 1 ||
+	                     color.desc.view_info.layer_count != 1 ||
+	                     hw.GetBlendControl(0).enable || state.ps_input_info.ps_pixel_kill_enable ||
+	                     state.ps_input_info.ps_depth_export_enable ||
+	                     state.ps_input_info.ps_sample_mask_export_enable);
+	vk::ImageAspectFlags feedback;
+	const auto rendering = AcquireRenderTargets(buffer, &color, 1, depth, feedback);
+	if (depth.depth_load_clear_enable) {
+		m_context.GetCommandScheduler().BeginRendering(rendering);
+	}
+	auto& cache = m_context.GetTextureCache();
+	auto& source = cache.GetImage(depth.image_id);
+	auto& destination = cache.GetImage(color.image_id);
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED((source.backing.format != vk::Format::eD32Sfloat &&
+	                      source.backing.format != vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint) ||
+	                     destination.backing.format != vk::Format::eR32Sfloat);
+	const auto rect = calc_final_scissor(hw.GetScreenViewport(), hw.GetScanModeControl(),
+	                                    {rendering.width, rendering.height}, 0);
+	if (rect.right > rect.left && rect.bottom > rect.top) {
+		const vk::ImageCopy region {
+		    {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, depth.desc.view_info.base_level,
+		     depth.desc.view_info.base_layer, 1}, {rect.left, rect.top, 0},
+		    {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, color.desc.view_info.base_level,
+		     color.desc.view_info.base_layer, 1}, {rect.left, rect.top, 0},
+		    {static_cast<uint32_t>(rect.right - rect.left),
+		     static_cast<uint32_t>(rect.bottom - rect.top), 1}};
+		m_context.GetCommandScheduler().EndRendering();
+		const auto command = buffer.Handle();
+		source.Transit(vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferRead,
+		               {}, command);
+		destination.Transit(vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
+		                    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferWrite, {}, command);
+		command.copyImage(source.backing.image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
+		                  destination.backing.image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
+		                  1, &region);
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
 void RenderExecutor::ExecutePreparedDraw(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
                                         const DrawCallInfo& draw, DrawRenderState& state,
                                         vk::PrimitiveTopology topology, const DrawEmitInfo& emit,
                                         const DrawIndexBufferSource& index_source,
 	                                     bool primitive_restart_enable) {
 	auto& ucfg = buffer.GetUserConfig();
+	if (CopyDepthToColor(buffer, draw, emit, state)) {
+		return;
+	}
 	const auto vertex_stages =
 	    std::span {state.vertex_info.data(), state.programs.VertexStageCount()};
 	const bool mesh_active = state.vertex_info[0].stage.program->stage == ShaderType::Mesh;
@@ -1111,27 +1183,36 @@ void RenderExecutor::ExecutePreparedDraw(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buff
 		SetDrawDebugPhase(buffer, submit_id, draw, 0x300u);
 	}
 	CommitBindings(buffer, vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline, stages);
-	if (mesh_active) {
-		const uint32_t draw_data[] {
-		    draw.index_count,
-		    draw.IsIndexed() ? static_cast<uint32_t>(emit.vertex_offset) : emit.first_vertex,
-		    emit.first_instance, index_source.guest_element_size,
-		    static_cast<uint32_t>(index_source.address),
-		    static_cast<uint32_t>(index_source.address >> 32u)};
-		static_assert(std::size(draw_data) == ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData::MeshDrawDwordCount);
-		vk_buffer.pushConstants(pipeline.pipeline_layout,
-		                        vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eMeshEXT |
-		                            vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment,
-		                        0, sizeof(draw_data), draw_data);
-	} else {
+	if (!mesh_active) {
 		CommitIndexBuffer(vk_buffer, index_binding);
 	}
-
-	SetGraphicsDynamicParams(buffer, vk_buffer, vertex_stages.back(), state.depth_info, rendering);
-	if (m_context.GetGraphics().attachment_feedback_loop_enabled) {
-		vk_buffer.setAttachmentFeedbackLoopEnableEXT(feedback_aspects);
+	const auto draw_dwords = ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData::GraphicsDrawDwords(
+	    mesh_active, state.ps_input_info.object_primitive_id);
+	if (draw_dwords != 0) {
+		std::array<uint32_t, ShaderRecompiler::IR::PushData::MeshDrawDwordCount> draw_data {};
+		const auto draw_stages = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment |
+		                         (mesh_active ? vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eMeshEXT
+		                                      : vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex);
+		if (mesh_active) {
+			draw_data = {
+			    draw.index_count,
+			    draw.IsIndexed() ? static_cast<uint32_t>(emit.vertex_offset) : emit.first_vertex,
+			    emit.first_instance, index_source.guest_element_size,
+			    static_cast<uint32_t>(index_source.address),
+			    static_cast<uint32_t>(index_source.address >> 32u)};
+		} else {
+			draw_data[0] = buffer.GetUserConfig().GetObjectId();
+		}
+		vk_buffer.pushConstants(pipeline.pipeline_layout, draw_stages, 0,
+		                        draw_dwords * sizeof(uint32_t), draw_data.data());
 	}

+	auto& dynamic_state = m_context.GetCommandScheduler().GetDynamicState();
+	UpdateGraphicsDynamicState(buffer, dynamic_state, vertex_stages.back(), state.depth_info,
+	                           rendering);
+	dynamic_state.SetAttachmentFeedbackLoopAspects(feedback_aspects);
+	dynamic_state.Commit(m_context.GetGraphics(), vk_buffer);
+
 	LogDrawPhase(draw.Name(), "BeginRendering");
 	if (!draw.IsIndexed()) {
 		SetDrawDebugPhase(buffer, submit_id, draw, 0x400u);
@@ -1188,7 +1269,8 @@ void RenderExecutor::DrawIndex(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
 		return;
 	}

-	if (ConsumeMetadataColorOperation(buffer) || DepthStencilCopy(buffer) ||
+	if (ConsumeMetadataColorOperation(buffer, args.render_target_slice_offset) ||
+	    DepthStencilCopy(buffer) ||
 	    ResolveColorTargets(buffer, args.render_target_slice_offset)) {
 		ResetBindings();
 		return;
@@ -1272,8 +1354,10 @@ void RenderExecutor::DrawIndex(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
 	             : ResolveDrawOffsets(ucfg.GetIndexOffset(), state.vertex_info[0]);

 	DrawEmitInfo emit {};
-	emit.vertex_offset  = vertex_offset + args.base_vertex;
-	emit.first_instance = instance_offset;
+	// Native fetches consume the patched SGPRs; rewritten fetches need Vulkan offsets.
+	const bool native_indirect = indirect && !state.vertex_info[0].fetch_embedded;
+	emit.vertex_offset  = native_indirect ? 0 : vertex_offset + args.base_vertex;
+	emit.first_instance = native_indirect ? 0 : instance_offset;

 	ExecutePreparedDraw(submit_id, buffer, draw, state, topology, emit, index_source,
 	                    primitive_restart);
@@ -1299,7 +1383,8 @@ void RenderExecutor::DrawAuto(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, const D
 		return;
 	}

-	if (ConsumeMetadataColorOperation(buffer) || DepthStencilCopy(buffer) ||
+	if (ConsumeMetadataColorOperation(buffer, args.render_target_slice_offset) ||
+	    DepthStencilCopy(buffer) ||
 	    ResolveColorTargets(buffer, args.render_target_slice_offset)) {
 		ResetBindings();
 		return;
@@ -1361,8 +1446,10 @@ void RenderExecutor::DrawAuto(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, const D
 	    indirect ? std::pair<int32_t, uint32_t> {0, args.first_instance}
 	             : ResolveDrawOffsets(ucfg.GetIndexOffset(), state.vertex_info[0]);
 	DrawEmitInfo emit {};
-	emit.first_vertex = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertex_offset + static_cast<int32_t>(args.first_vertex));
-	emit.first_instance = instance_offset;
+	const bool native_indirect = indirect && !state.vertex_info[0].fetch_embedded;
+	emit.first_vertex = native_indirect ? 0 :
+	    static_cast<uint32_t>(vertex_offset + static_cast<int32_t>(args.first_vertex));
+	emit.first_instance = native_indirect ? 0 : instance_offset;

 	DrawIndexBufferSource index_source {};
 	ExecutePreparedDraw(submit_id, buffer, draw, state, topology, emit, index_source, false);
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/sync.h"

 #include "common/assert.h"
-#include "common/common.h"
-#include "common/logging/log.h"
-#include "common/threads.h"
-#include "graphics/host_gpu/graphicContext.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/cache/bufferCache.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/render.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/renderer/renderContext.h"
@@ -53,109 +49,6 @@ uint64_t ReadReferenceClock() {
 	return value;
 }

-enum class EndOfPipeWriteSize : uint32_t { Dword = 4, Qword = 8 };
-enum class EndOfPipeWriteAction { Write, WriteBack, Interrupt, InterruptWriteBack };
-
-static CommandBufferDebugOp DebugOperation(EndOfPipeWriteAction action) {
-	switch (action) {
-		case EndOfPipeWriteAction::Write: return CommandBufferDebugOp::EopWrite;
-		case EndOfPipeWriteAction::WriteBack:
-		case EndOfPipeWriteAction::InterruptWriteBack: return CommandBufferDebugOp::EopWriteBack;
-		case EndOfPipeWriteAction::Interrupt: return CommandBufferDebugOp::EopInterrupt;
-	}
-	EXIT("unsupported end-of-pipe write action\n");
-	return CommandBufferDebugOp::Unknown;
-}
-
-static bool TriggersInterrupt(EndOfPipeWriteAction action) {
-	return action == EndOfPipeWriteAction::Interrupt ||
-	       action == EndOfPipeWriteAction::InterruptWriteBack;
-}
-
-static void RecordEndOfPipeWrite(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint64_t destination,
-                                 uint64_t value, EndOfPipeWriteSize size,
-                                 EndOfPipeWriteAction action, int interrupt_event_id = 0,
-                                 uint32_t context_id = 0) {
-	EXIT_IF(destination == 0);
-	(void)buffer.Handle();
-
-	const auto width      = static_cast<uint32_t>(size);
-	const auto value_low  = static_cast<uint32_t>(value);
-	const auto value_high = static_cast<uint32_t>(value >> 32u);
-	const auto operation  = static_cast<uint32_t>(DebugOperation(action));
-	if (TriggersInterrupt(action)) {
-		buffer.SetDebugInfo(operation, submit_id, width, context_id, value_low, value_high,
-		                    destination);
-		TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(buffer, interrupt_event_id, context_id);
-	} else {
-		buffer.SetDebugInfo(operation, submit_id, width, value_low, value_high, 0, destination);
-	}
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipe32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                        uint32_t value) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Dword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::Write);
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeGds32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                           uint32_t dw_offset, uint32_t dw_num) {
-	EXIT_IF(dst_gpu_addr == nullptr);
-	(void)buffer.Handle();
-	buffer.SetDebugInfo(static_cast<uint32_t>(CommandBufferDebugOp::EopWrite), submit_id,
-	                    dw_offset, dw_num, 0, 0, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr));
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipe64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                        uint64_t value) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Qword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::Write);
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithWriteBack64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint64_t value) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Qword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::WriteBack);
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithWriteBack32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Dword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::WriteBack);
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBack64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                              uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint64_t value, int event_id,
-                                              uint32_t context_id) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Qword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::InterruptWriteBack,
-	                     event_id, context_id);
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBack32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                              uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value, int event_id,
-                                              uint32_t context_id) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Dword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::InterruptWriteBack,
-	                     event_id, context_id);
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterrupt64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint64_t value, int event_id,
-                                     uint32_t context_id) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Qword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::Interrupt, event_id,
-	                     context_id);
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterrupt32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value, int event_id,
-                                     uint32_t context_id) {
-	RecordEndOfPipeWrite(submit_id, buffer, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(dst_gpu_addr), value,
-	                     EndOfPipeWriteSize::Dword, EndOfPipeWriteAction::Interrupt, event_id,
-	                     context_id);
-}
-
 uint64_t PrepareVideoOutFlip(CommandBuffer& buffer, int handle, int index, int flip_mode,
                             int64_t flip_arg) {
 	for (;;) {
@@ -176,65 +69,6 @@ uint64_t PrepareVideoOutFlip(CommandBuffer& buffer, int handle, int index, int f
 	}
 }

-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBackFlip32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                                  uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value,
-                                                  int handle, int index, int flip_mode,
-                                                  int64_t flip_arg, uint64_t request_id,
-                                                  int event_id) {
-	EXIT_IF(dst_gpu_addr == nullptr);
-	(void)buffer.Handle();
-	buffer.SetDebugInfo(static_cast<uint32_t>(CommandBufferDebugOp::EopWriteBackFlip), submit_id,
-	                    static_cast<uint32_t>(handle), static_cast<uint32_t>(index),
-	                    static_cast<uint32_t>(flip_mode), value, static_cast<uint64_t>(flip_arg));
-
-	auto& renderer  = buffer.GetContext();
-	auto& scheduler = renderer.GetCommandScheduler();
-	EXIT_IF(!scheduler.Active() || &buffer != &scheduler.Current());
-	scheduler.DeferPriorityOperation([&renderer, event_id, request_id] {
-		renderer.GetVideoOut().CompleteFlip(request_id);
-		renderer.TriggerInterrupt(event_id, 0);
-	});
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithFlip32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                                uint32_t value, int handle, int index, int flip_mode,
-                                int64_t flip_arg, uint64_t request_id) {
-	EXIT_IF(dst_gpu_addr == nullptr);
-	(void)buffer.Handle();
-	buffer.SetDebugInfo(static_cast<uint32_t>(CommandBufferDebugOp::EopFlip), submit_id,
-	                    static_cast<uint32_t>(handle), static_cast<uint32_t>(index),
-	                    static_cast<uint32_t>(flip_mode), value, static_cast<uint64_t>(flip_arg));
-
-	auto& renderer  = buffer.GetContext();
-	auto& scheduler = renderer.GetCommandScheduler();
-	EXIT_IF(!scheduler.Active() || &buffer != &scheduler.Current());
-	scheduler.DeferPriorityOperation(
-	    [&renderer, request_id] { renderer.GetVideoOut().CompleteFlip(request_id); });
-}
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeOnlyFlip(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, int handle, int index,
-                              int flip_mode, int64_t flip_arg, uint64_t request_id) {
-	(void)buffer.Handle();
-	buffer.SetDebugInfo(static_cast<uint32_t>(CommandBufferDebugOp::EopOnlyFlip), submit_id,
-	                    static_cast<uint32_t>(handle), static_cast<uint32_t>(index),
-	                    static_cast<uint32_t>(flip_mode), 0, static_cast<uint64_t>(flip_arg));
-
-	auto& renderer  = buffer.GetContext();
-	auto& scheduler = renderer.GetCommandScheduler();
-	EXIT_IF(!scheduler.Active() || &buffer != &scheduler.Current());
-	scheduler.DeferPriorityOperation(
-	    [&renderer, request_id] { renderer.GetVideoOut().CompleteFlip(request_id); });
-}
-
-void TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(CommandBuffer& buffer, int event_id, uint32_t context_id) {
-	(void)buffer.Handle();
-	auto& renderer  = buffer.GetContext();
-	auto& scheduler = renderer.GetCommandScheduler();
-	EXIT_IF(!scheduler.Active() || &buffer != &scheduler.Current());
-	scheduler.DeferPriorityOperation(
-	    [&renderer, event_id, context_id] { renderer.TriggerInterrupt(event_id, context_id); });
-}
-
 static void InterruptEventResetFunc(LibKernel::EventQueue::KernelEqueueEvent* event) {
 	EXIT_IF(event == nullptr);
 	event->triggered    = false;
@@ -17,44 +17,8 @@ namespace Sync {
                                           uint64_t& value);
 [[nodiscard]] uint64_t ReadReferenceClock();

-void TriggerEopEventAtEndOfPipe(CommandBuffer& buffer, int event_id, uint32_t context_id);
-
-void WriteAtEndOfPipe32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                        uint32_t value);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipe64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                        uint64_t value);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeGds32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                           uint32_t dw_offset, uint32_t dw_num);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithWriteBack32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithWriteBack64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint64_t value);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterrupt32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value, int event_id,
-                                     uint32_t context_id = 0);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterrupt64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                     uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint64_t value, int event_id,
-                                     uint32_t context_id = 0);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBack32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                              uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value, int event_id,
-                                              uint32_t context_id = 0);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBack64(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                              uint64_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint64_t value, int event_id,
-                                              uint32_t context_id = 0);
-
 [[nodiscard]] uint64_t PrepareVideoOutFlip(CommandBuffer& buffer, int handle, int index,
                                           int flip_mode, int64_t flip_arg);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeOnlyFlip(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, int handle, int index,
-                              int flip_mode, int64_t flip_arg, uint64_t request_id);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithFlip32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer, uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr,
-                                uint32_t value, int handle, int index, int flip_mode,
-                                int64_t flip_arg, uint64_t request_id);
-void WriteAtEndOfPipeWithInterruptWriteBackFlip32(uint64_t submit_id, CommandBuffer& buffer,
-                                                  uint32_t* dst_gpu_addr, uint32_t value,
-                                                  int handle, int index, int flip_mode,
-                                                  int64_t flip_arg, uint64_t request_id,
-                                                  int event_id);
-
 int  AddEqEvent(RenderContext& renderer, LibKernel::EventQueue::KernelEqueue eq, int id,
                void* udata);
 int  DeleteEqEvent(RenderContext& renderer, LibKernel::EventQueue::KernelEqueue eq, int id);
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// ColorTransform values match imageInfo.h. Preserve the floating-point bit fields exactly.
+uvec2 transform_color(uvec2 value, uint transform, bool to_host) {
+	switch (transform) {
+		case 1u:
+			return uvec2((value.y & 0xffffu) | (value.x & 0xffff0000u),
+			             (value.x & 0xffffu) | (value.y & 0xffff0000u));
+		case 2u: {
+			uint packed = value.x;
+			if (to_host) {
+				value.x = (packed >> 21u) | (((packed >> 10u) & 0x7ffu) << 11u) |
+				          ((packed & 0x3ffu) << 22u);
+			} else {
+				value.x = (packed >> 22u) | (((packed >> 11u) & 0x7ffu) << 10u) |
+				          ((packed & 0x7ffu) << 21u);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	return value;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#version 450
+#extension GL_GOOGLE_include_directive : require
+
+layout(local_size_x = 64) in;
+
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0, std430) readonly buffer Input { uint data[]; } input_buffer;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 1, std430) buffer Output { uint data[]; } output_buffer;
+
+layout(push_constant, std430) uniform Conversion {
+	uint src_base;
+	uint dst_base;
+	uint width;
+	uint height;
+	uint source_pitch;
+	uint target_pitch;
+	uint color_transform;
+	uint to_host;
+} params;
+
+#include "gpu_tiler_color.inc"
+
+void main() {
+	uint pixel = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
+	if (pixel >= params.width) {
+		return;
+	}
+	uint words = params.color_transform == 1u ? 2u : 1u;
+	uint src = (params.src_base >> 2u) + pixel * words;
+	uint dst = (params.dst_base >> 2u) + pixel * words;
+	uvec2 value = uvec2(input_buffer.data[src], 0u);
+	if (words == 2u) value.y = input_buffer.data[src + 1u];
+	value = transform_color(value, params.color_transform, params.to_host != 0u);
+	output_buffer.data[dst] = value.x;
+	if (words == 2u) output_buffer.data[dst + 1u] = value.y;
+}
@@ -1,57 +1,84 @@
-layout(local_size_x = 8, local_size_y = 8) in;
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_8bit_storage : require
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
+
+layout(local_size_x = 64) in;

 layout(set = 0, binding = 0, std430) readonly buffer Input { uint data[]; } input_buffer;
 layout(set = 0, binding = 1, std430) buffer Output { uint data[]; } output_buffer;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0, std430) readonly buffer Input8 { uint8_t data[]; } input_buffer8;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 1, std430) buffer Output8 { uint8_t data[]; } output_buffer8;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0, std430) readonly buffer Input16 { uint16_t data[]; } input_buffer16;
+layout(set = 0, binding = 1, std430) buffer Output16 { uint16_t data[]; } output_buffer16;

-layout(set = 0, binding = 2, std140) uniform Push {
+struct Mip {
 	uint src_base;
 	uint dst_base;
 	uint width;
 	uint height;
-	uint depth;
-	uint surface_z;
 	uint pitch_bytes;
 	uint slice_bytes;
+	uint tiled_slice_bytes;
 	uint blocks_per_row;
-	uint blocks_per_slice;
+	uint surface_z;
 	uint tail_x;
 	uint tail_y;
-	uint tail;
-} params;
+	uint num_texels;
+};
+
+layout(set = 0, binding = 2, std140) uniform TilingInfo {
+	uint num_texels;
+	uint color_transform;
+	Mip mips[16];
+} info;
+
+#include "gpu_tiler_color.inc"

 void copy_element(uint src, uint dst) {
-	if (ELEMENT_BYTES >= 4) {
+	if ((ELEMENT_BYTES == 4u || ELEMENT_BYTES == 8u) && info.color_transform != 0u) {
+		uvec2 value = uvec2(input_buffer.data[src >> 2], 0u);
+		if (ELEMENT_BYTES == 8u) value.y = input_buffer.data[(src >> 2) + 1u];
+		value = transform_color(value, info.color_transform, TILE == 0u);
+		output_buffer.data[dst >> 2] = value.x;
+		if (ELEMENT_BYTES == 8u) output_buffer.data[(dst >> 2) + 1u] = value.y;
+	} else if (ELEMENT_BYTES >= 4) {
 		for (uint i = 0; i < ELEMENT_BYTES; i += 4) {
 			output_buffer.data[(dst + i) >> 2] = input_buffer.data[(src + i) >> 2];
 		}
+	} else if (ELEMENT_BYTES == 2) {
+		output_buffer16.data[dst >> 1] = input_buffer16.data[src >> 1];
 	} else {
-		uint mask = ELEMENT_BYTES == 1 ? 0xffu : 0xffffu;
-		uint value = (input_buffer.data[src >> 2] >> ((src & 3u) * 8u)) & mask;
-		uint shift = (dst & 3u) * 8u;
-		atomicAnd(output_buffer.data[dst >> 2], ~(mask << shift));
-		atomicOr(output_buffer.data[dst >> 2], value << shift);
+		output_buffer8.data[dst] = input_buffer8.data[src];
 	}
 }

 void main() {
-	uvec3 p = gl_GlobalInvocationID;
-	if (p.x >= params.width || p.y >= params.height || p.z >= params.depth) {
+	uint group = gl_WorkGroupID.y * gl_NumWorkGroups.x + gl_WorkGroupID.x;
+	// Reject padding groups before multiplying: the active range may approach 4 GiB.
+	if (group > (info.num_texels - 1u) / 64u) {
 		return;
 	}
+	uint texel = group * 64u + gl_LocalInvocationID.x;
+	if (texel >= info.num_texels) {
+		return;
+	}
+	uint mip = 0u;
+	uint mip_texels = info.mips[mip].num_texels;
+	while (texel >= mip_texels) {
+		texel -= mip_texels;
+		mip_texels = info.mips[++mip].num_texels;
+	}
+	Mip params = info.mips[mip];
+	uint row = texel / params.width;
+	uint z = row / params.height;
+	uvec3 p = uvec3(texel - row * params.width, row - z * params.height, z);

 	uvec3 extent = block_extent();
-	uvec3 swizzle = p;
-	uvec3 block = uvec3(0);
-	if (params.tail != 0) {
-		swizzle.xy += uvec2(params.tail_x, params.tail_y);
-	} else {
-		block = p / extent;
-	}
+	uvec3 block = p / extent;
+	uvec3 swizzle = p + uvec3(params.tail_x, params.tail_y, params.surface_z);

-	uint block_index = block.z * params.blocks_per_slice +
-	                   block.y * params.blocks_per_row + block.x;
-	uint tiled = block_index * BLOCK_BYTES +
-	             block_offset(uvec3(swizzle.xy, swizzle.z + params.surface_z));
+	uint block_index = block.y * params.blocks_per_row + block.x;
+	uint tiled = block.z * params.tiled_slice_bytes + block_index * BLOCK_BYTES +
+	             block_offset(swizzle);
 	uint linear = p.z * params.slice_bytes + p.y * params.pitch_bytes +
 	              p.x * ELEMENT_BYTES;
 	if (TILE == 0) {
@@ -6,20 +6,15 @@ layout(local_size_x = 64) in;
 layout(set = 0, binding = 0, std430) readonly buffer Input { uint data[]; } input_buffer;
 layout(set = 0, binding = 1, std430) buffer Output { uint data[]; } output_buffer;

-layout(push_constant, std430) uniform Push {
+layout(push_constant, std430) uniform Conversion {
 	uint src_base;
 	uint dst_base;
 	uint width;
 	uint height;
-	uint depth;
-	uint surface_z;
-	uint pitch_bytes;
-	uint slice_bytes;
-	uint blocks_per_row;
-	uint blocks_per_slice;
-	uint tail_x;
-	uint tail_y;
-	uint tail;
+	uint source_pitch;
+	uint target_pitch;
+	uint color_transform;
+	uint to_host;
 } params;

 uint decode(uint value) {
@@ -35,8 +30,8 @@ void main() {
 	if (x >= params.width || y >= params.height) {
 		return;
 	}
-	uint src = params.src_base + y * params.pitch_bytes + x * 4u;
-	uint dst = params.dst_base + y * params.slice_bytes + x * 2u;
+	uint src = params.src_base + y * params.source_pitch + x * 4u;
+	uint dst = params.dst_base + y * params.target_pitch + x * 2u;
 	uint shift = (dst & 2u) * 8u;
 	uint mask = 0xffffu << shift;
 	uint word = dst >> 2u;
@@ -6,20 +6,15 @@ layout(local_size_x = 64) in;
 layout(set = 0, binding = 0, std430) readonly buffer Input { uint data[]; } input_buffer;
 layout(set = 0, binding = 1, std430) buffer Output { uint data[]; } output_buffer;

-layout(push_constant, std430) uniform Push {
+layout(push_constant, std430) uniform Conversion {
 	uint src_base;
 	uint dst_base;
 	uint width;
 	uint height;
-	uint depth;
-	uint surface_z;
-	uint pitch_bytes;
-	uint slice_bytes;
-	uint blocks_per_row;
-	uint blocks_per_slice;
-	uint tail_x;
-	uint tail_y;
-	uint tail;
+	uint source_pitch;
+	uint target_pitch;
+	uint color_transform;
+	uint to_host;
 } params;

 void main() {
@@ -28,12 +23,12 @@ void main() {
 	if (x >= params.width || y >= params.height) {
 		return;
 	}
-	uint src = params.src_base + y * params.pitch_bytes + x * 2u;
+	uint src = params.src_base + y * params.source_pitch + x * 2u;
 	uint packed = input_buffer.data[src >> 2u];
 	uint value = (packed >> ((src & 2u) * 8u)) & 0xffffu;
 	uint encoded = D32 != 0u
 		? floatBitsToUint(float(value) / 65535.0)
 		: value * 256u + (value + 128u) / 257u;
-	uint dst = params.dst_base + y * params.slice_bytes + x * 4u;
+	uint dst = params.dst_base + y * params.target_pitch + x * 4u;
 	output_buffer.data[dst >> 2u] = encoded;
 }
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-
-layout(local_size_x = 64) in;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 0, std430) readonly buffer Input { uint data[]; } input_buffer;
-layout(set = 0, binding = 1, std430) buffer Output { uint data[]; } output_buffer;
-
-layout(push_constant, std430) uniform Push {
-	uint src_base;
-	uint dst_base;
-	uint width;
-	uint height;
-	uint depth;
-	uint surface_z;
-	uint pitch_bytes;
-	uint slice_bytes;
-	uint blocks_per_row;
-	uint blocks_per_slice;
-	uint tail_x;
-	uint tail_y;
-	uint tail;
-} params;
-
-void main() {
-	uint pixel = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
-	if (pixel >= params.width) {
-		return;
-	}
-	uint src = (params.src_base >> 2u) + pixel * 2u;
-	uint dst = (params.dst_base >> 2u) + pixel * 2u;
-	uint bg = input_buffer.data[src];
-	uint ra = input_buffer.data[src + 1u];
-	output_buffer.data[dst] = (ra & 0x0000ffffu) | (bg & 0xffff0000u);
-	output_buffer.data[dst + 1u] = (bg & 0x0000ffffu) | (ra & 0xffff0000u);
-}
@@ -1,15 +1,53 @@
 #version 450

-layout(location = 0) in vec2 uv;
 layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;
+
+vec3 SdrToHdr10(vec3 rgb, bool source_linear) {
+	rgb = clamp(rgb, 0.0, 1.0);
+	vec3 linear = source_linear ? rgb :
+	    mix(rgb / 12.92, pow((rgb + 0.055) / 1.055, vec3(2.4)),
+	        greaterThan(rgb, vec3(0.04045)));
+	// Convert primaries and scale 250-nit reference white relative to 10,000 nits.
+	const mat3 to_rec2020 = (250.0 / 10000.0) *
+	    mat3(0.627404, 0.069097, 0.016391,
+	         0.329283, 0.919540, 0.088013,
+	         0.043313, 0.011362, 0.895595);
+	vec3 powered = pow(to_rec2020 * linear, vec3(2610.0 / 16384.0));
+	return pow((3424.0 / 4096.0 + (2413.0 / 128.0) * powered) /
+	               (1.0 + (2392.0 / 128.0) * powered), vec3(2523.0 / 32.0));
+}
+
+#ifdef IMGUI_HDR
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform texture2D image;
+layout(set = 1, binding = 0) uniform sampler image_sampler;
+layout(location = 0) in struct { vec4 Color; vec2 UV; } In;
+
+void main() {
+	vec4 sampled = In.Color * texture(sampler2D(image, image_sampler), In.UV);
+	color = vec4(SdrToHdr10(sampled.rgb, false), sampled.a);
+}
+#else
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 uv;
 layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2D source;
 layout(push_constant) uniform AlphaControl {
-	uint premultiplied;
+	uint flags; // bit 0: premultiplied, bit 1: HDR target, bit 2: PQ source, bit 3: linear source
 };

 void main() {
-	color = texture(source, uv);
-	if (premultiplied == 0u) {
-		color.rgb *= color.a;
+	const uint HDR_TARGET = 2u;
+	const uint PQ_SOURCE = 4u;
+	vec4 sampled = texture(source, uv);
+	bool premultiplied = (flags & 1u) != 0u;
+	bool convert_to_hdr = (flags & (HDR_TARGET | PQ_SOURCE)) == HDR_TARGET;
+	if (convert_to_hdr && premultiplied) {
+		sampled.rgb = sampled.a > 0.0 ? sampled.rgb / sampled.a : vec3(0.0);
 	}
+	if (convert_to_hdr) {
+		sampled.rgb = SdrToHdr10(sampled.rgb, (flags & 8u) != 0u);
+	}
+	if (!premultiplied || convert_to_hdr) {
+		sampled.rgb *= sampled.a;
+	}
+	color = sampled;
 }
+#endif
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ constexpr FormatMapping kFormatMappings[] = {
    {Prospero::BufferFormat::k11_11_10Float, vk::Format::eB10G11R11UfloatPack32},
    {Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UNorm, vk::Format::eA2B10G10R10UnormPack32},
    {Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2SNorm, vk::Format::eA2B10G10R10SnormPack32},
+    {Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UScaled, vk::Format::eA2B10G10R10UscaledPack32},
    {Prospero::BufferFormat::k10_10_10_2UInt, vk::Format::eA2B10G10R10UintPack32},
    {Prospero::BufferFormat::k8_8_8_8UNorm, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm},
    {Prospero::BufferFormat::k8_8_8_8SNorm, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Snorm},
@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@ vk::Format  VulkanFormat(Prospero::BufferFormat guest_format);
 void        RequireVulkanSuccess(vk::Result result, const char* operation);
 vk::ShaderModule CompileSPV(std::span<const uint32_t> code, vk::Device device);

+[[nodiscard]] constexpr bool IsHdrSwapchainFormat(vk::Format format) {
+	switch (format) {
+		case vk::Format::eA2B10G10R10UnormPack32:
+		case vk::Format::eA2R10G10B10UnormPack32: return true;
+		default: return false;
+	}
+}
+
 template <typename Handle, typename... Args>
 void SetVulkanObjectNameF(vk::Device device, Handle handle, fmt::format_string<Args...> format,
                          Args&&... args) {
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#include "graphics/presentation/ddsImage.h"
+
+#include "common/assert.h"
+#include "common/file.h"
+#include "common/logging/log.h"
+#include "imgui_impl_vulkan.h"
+
+#include <array>
+
+namespace Libs::Graphics {
+
+DdsImage::~DdsImage() {
+	if (m_descriptor != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		ImGui_ImplVulkan_RemoveTexture(m_descriptor);
+	}
+	m_graphics.device.destroyImageView(m_view, nullptr);
+	if (m_image.image != nullptr) {
+		m_graphics.DeleteImage(m_image);
+	}
+	if (m_staging != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		vmaDestroyBuffer(m_graphics.allocator, m_staging, m_staging_allocation);
+	}
+}
+
+bool DdsImage::Load(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
+	EXIT_IF(m_image.image != nullptr || m_staging != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
+	Common::File file(path, Common::File::Mode::Read);
+	if (file.IsInvalid()) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	std::array<uint32_t, 37> header {};
+	uint32_t                 read = 0;
+	file.Read(header.data(), sizeof(header), &read);
+	const auto width  = header[4];
+	const auto height = header[3];
+	if (read != sizeof(header) || header[0] != 0x20534444 || header[1] != 124 || header[19] != 32 ||
+	    header[20] != 4 || header[21] != 0x30315844 || header[32] != 98 || header[33] != 3 ||
+	    header[34] != 0 || header[35] != 1 || header[6] != 0 || header[7] != 1 || header[28] != 0 ||
+	    width == 0 || height == 0 || width > 3840 || height > 2160) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	const uint32_t size = ((width + 3) / 4) * ((height + 3) / 4) * 16;
+	if (file.Size() != sizeof(header) + size) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	constexpr auto format   = vk::Format::eBc7UnormBlock;
+	constexpr auto features = vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage |
+	                          vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImageFilterLinear |
+	                          vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eTransferDst;
+	if ((m_graphics.GetFormatProperties(format).optimalTilingFeatures & features) != features) {
+		LOGF("[Splash] host does not support BC7 textures\n");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	vk::BufferCreateInfo buffer {};
+	buffer.size  = size;
+	buffer.usage = vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
+	VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocation {};
+	allocation.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;
+	allocation.flags =
+	    VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;
+	VmaAllocationInfo mapped {};
+	if (vmaCreateBuffer(m_graphics.allocator, static_cast<const VkBufferCreateInfo*>(buffer),
+	                    &allocation, &m_staging, &m_staging_allocation, &mapped) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		LOGF("[Splash] could not allocate DDS upload buffer\n");
+		return false;
+	}
+	file.Read(mapped.pMappedData, size, &read);
+	if (read != size) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	RequireVulkanSuccess(static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaFlushAllocation(m_graphics.allocator,
+	                                                                m_staging_allocation, 0, size)),
+	                     "flush splash image upload");
+
+	vk::ImageCreateInfo image {};
+	image.imageType   = vk::ImageType::e2D;
+	image.extent      = {width, height, 1};
+	image.mipLevels   = 1;
+	image.arrayLayers = 1;
+	image.format      = format;
+	image.tiling      = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal;
+	image.usage       = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled;
+	image.samples     = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;
+	if (!m_graphics.CreateImage(image, m_image)) {
+		LOGF("[Splash] could not allocate DDS image\n");
+		return false;
+	}
+	vk::ImageViewCreateInfo view {};
+	view.image            = m_image.image;
+	view.viewType         = vk::ImageViewType::e2D;
+	view.format           = format;
+	view.subresourceRange = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1};
+	RequireVulkanSuccess(m_graphics.device.createImageView(&view, nullptr, &m_view),
+	                     "create splash image view");
+	m_descriptor = ImGui_ImplVulkan_AddTexture(static_cast<VkImageView>(m_view),
+	                                           VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
+	return true;
+}
+
+void DdsImage::Upload(vk::CommandBuffer command) {
+	if (m_image.state.layout == vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal) {
+		return;
+	}
+	vk::ImageMemoryBarrier barrier {};
+	barrier.dstAccessMask       = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
+	barrier.oldLayout           = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
+	barrier.newLayout           = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
+	barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+	barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+	barrier.image               = m_image.image;
+	barrier.subresourceRange    = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1};
+	command.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
+	                        vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, {}, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1,
+	                        &barrier);
+	vk::BufferImageCopy copy {};
+	copy.imageSubresource = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 0, 1};
+	copy.imageExtent      = m_image.extent;
+	command.copyBufferToImage(m_staging, m_image.image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1,
+	                          &copy);
+	barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
+	barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;
+	barrier.oldLayout     = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
+	barrier.newLayout     = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
+	command.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
+	                        vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader, {}, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr,
+	                        1, &barrier);
+	m_image.state.layout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
+}
+
+ImTextureRef DdsImage::Texture() const {
+	return ImTextureRef {static_cast<ImTextureID>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(m_descriptor))};
+}
+
+} // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef EMULATOR_SRC_GRAPHICS_PRESENTATION_DDSIMAGE_H_
+#define EMULATOR_SRC_GRAPHICS_PRESENTATION_DDSIMAGE_H_
+
+#include "graphics/host_gpu/graphicContext.h"
+#include "imgui.h"
+
+#include <filesystem>
+
+namespace Libs::Graphics {
+
+class DdsImage final {
+public:
+	explicit DdsImage(GraphicContext& graphics): m_graphics(graphics) {}
+	~DdsImage();
+	KYTY_CLASS_NO_COPY(DdsImage);
+
+	bool                       Load(const std::filesystem::path& path);
+	void                       Upload(vk::CommandBuffer command);
+	[[nodiscard]] ImTextureRef Texture() const;
+
+private:
+	GraphicContext& m_graphics;
+	VulkanImage     m_image;
+	vk::ImageView   m_view               = nullptr;
+	VkDescriptorSet m_descriptor         = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkBuffer        m_staging            = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VmaAllocation   m_staging_allocation = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // namespace Libs::Graphics
+
+#endif // EMULATOR_SRC_GRAPHICS_PRESENTATION_DDSIMAGE_H_
@@ -26,11 +26,13 @@ public:
 	~Presenter();
 	KYTY_CLASS_NO_COPY(Presenter);

-	[[nodiscard]] Frame&         PrepareFrame(CommandBuffer& command, const ImageInfo& info);
+	[[nodiscard]] Frame&         PrepareFrame(CommandBuffer& command, const ImageInfo& info,
+	                                         bool hdr = false);
 	[[nodiscard]] Frame&         PrepareBlankFrame(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, bool opaque,
 	                                               CommandBuffer* producer = nullptr);
 	[[nodiscard]] bool           PresentLastFrame();
 	[[nodiscard]] bool           IsGuestPaused() const noexcept;
+	[[nodiscard]] bool           IsHdrSupported() const noexcept;
 	[[nodiscard]] bool           NeedsSystemOverlayRefresh() const noexcept;
 	[[nodiscard]] RenderContext& Renderer() const noexcept;
 	void                         Present(Frame& frame);
@@ -3,14 +3,22 @@
 #include <SDL3/SDL.h>

 #include "common/assert.h"
+#include "common/emulatorConfig.h"
+#include "common/file.h"
+#include "common/logging/log.h"
 #include "common/stringUtils.h"
+#include "gpu_blit_shaders/gpu_imgui_hdr_spv.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/graphicContext.h"
+#include "graphics/presentation/ddsImage.h"
 #include "imgui.h"
+#include "imgui_internal.h"
 #include "imgui_impl_vulkan.h"
 #include "libs/controller.h"
 #include "libs/dialog.h"
 #include "libs/ime.h"
 #include "libs/imeDialog.h"
+#include "loader/systemContent.h"
+#include "stb_image.h"

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -18,17 +26,25 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <deque>
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
 #include <span>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
+#include <vector>

 namespace Libs::Graphics {

 namespace {

+using Clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+
 namespace CoreIme      = Libs::Ime;
 namespace DialogIme    = Libs::Dialog::ImeDialog;
 namespace SystemDialog = Libs::Dialog::SystemDialog;
@@ -178,6 +194,49 @@ bool                         g_input_lifecycle_active     = false;
 bool                         g_controller_captured        = false;
 OverlaySession               g_session;
 SDL_Window*                  g_input_window               = nullptr;
+struct TrophyNotification {
+	std::string            name;
+	int32_t                grade;
+	std::vector<std::byte> icon_png;
+};
+std::mutex                     g_trophy_notification_mutex;
+std::deque<TrophyNotification> g_trophy_notifications;
+std::atomic<bool>              g_trophy_notification_active {false};
+std::array<std::filesystem::path, 2> g_splash_paths;
+std::atomic<bool>                    g_splash_active {false};
+std::atomic<Clock::duration::rep>    g_splash_hidden_at {0};
+bool                                 g_splash_fast = false;
+
+std::vector<std::string_view> WrapTrophyTitle(std::string_view text, float font_size, float width) {
+	std::vector<std::string_view> lines;
+	auto* const                  font = ImGui::GetFont();
+	for (;;) {
+		const auto newline   = text.find('\n');
+		const auto paragraph = text.substr(0, newline);
+		auto       line      = paragraph.substr(0, 0);
+		for (auto start = paragraph.find_first_not_of(" \t\r"); start != std::string_view::npos;) {
+			const auto end  = std::min(paragraph.find_first_of(" \t\r", start), paragraph.size());
+			const auto word = paragraph.substr(start, end - start);
+			const std::string_view candidate(line.empty() ? word.begin() : line.begin(),
+			                                 word.end());
+			// Keep an oversized word intact; the toast's clip rectangle handles overflow.
+			if (!line.empty() && font->CalcTextSizeA(font_size, std::numeric_limits<float>::max(),
+			                                       0.0f, candidate.data(),
+			                                       candidate.data() + candidate.size()).x > width) {
+				lines.push_back(line);
+				line = word;
+			} else {
+				line = candidate;
+			}
+			start = paragraph.find_first_not_of(" \t\r", end);
+		}
+		lines.push_back(line);
+		if (newline == std::string_view::npos) {
+			return lines;
+		}
+		text.remove_prefix(newline + 1);
+	}
+}

 void ClearInputEvents() {
 	std::scoped_lock lock(g_input_mutex);
@@ -417,6 +476,29 @@ void CheckVulkanResult(VkResult result) {

 } // namespace

+void InitializeSplashScreen(const std::filesystem::path& sce_sys) {
+	const auto language = Config::GetConsoleLanguage();
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < g_splash_paths.size(); ++i) {
+		auto& path = g_splash_paths[i];
+		path       = sce_sys / fmt::format("pic{}_{:02}.dds", i + 1, language);
+		if (!Common::File::IsFileExisting(path)) {
+			path = sce_sys / fmt::format("pic{}.dds", i + 1);
+		}
+	}
+	int32_t attribute = 0;
+	Loader::SystemContentParamSfoGetInt("ATTRIBUTE3", &attribute);
+	g_splash_fast = (attribute & 0x1000) != 0;
+	g_splash_hidden_at.store(0, std::memory_order_release);
+	g_splash_active.store(Common::File::IsFileExisting(g_splash_paths[0]) &&
+	                          Common::File::IsFileExisting(g_splash_paths[1]),
+	                      std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+void HideSplashScreen() {
+	Clock::duration::rep expected = 0;
+	g_splash_hidden_at.compare_exchange_strong(expected, Clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
+}
+
 void InitializeSystemOverlayInput(SDL_Window* window) {
 	EXIT_IF(window == nullptr);
 	const Uint32 type = SDL_RegisterEvents(1);
@@ -434,6 +516,7 @@ void InitializeSystemOverlayInput(SDL_Window* window) {
 }

 void ShutdownSystemOverlayInput() {
+	g_splash_active.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
 	CoreIme::SetVisibilityCallback(nullptr);
 	DialogIme::SetVisibilityCallback(nullptr);
 	SystemDialog::SetVisibilityCallback(nullptr);
@@ -467,8 +550,11 @@ SystemOverlayVisualState GetSystemOverlayVisualState() noexcept {
 	const auto core   = CoreIme::GetVisualState();
 	const auto dialog = DialogIme::GetVisualState();
 	const auto system = SystemDialog::GetVisualState();
-	return {core.active || dialog.active || system.active,
-	        core.revision + dialog.revision + system.revision};
+	const bool trophy_active = g_trophy_notification_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+	const bool splash        = g_splash_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+	return {core.active || dialog.active || system.active || trophy_active || splash,
+	        core.revision + dialog.revision + system.revision + (trophy_active ? 1u : 0u) +
+	            (splash ? 2u : 0u)};
 }

 bool ProcessSystemOverlayInput(const SDL_Event& event) {
@@ -599,12 +685,32 @@ bool ProcessSystemOverlayInput(const SDL_Event& event) {
 	}
 }

+void NotifyTrophyUnlocked(std::string_view name, int32_t grade,
+                          std::span<const std::byte> icon_png) {
+	std::scoped_lock lock(g_trophy_notification_mutex);
+	g_trophy_notifications.push_back(
+	    {std::string(name), grade, std::vector<std::byte>(icon_png.begin(), icon_png.end())});
+	g_trophy_notification_active.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
 struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 	explicit Impl(GraphicContext& context): graphics(context) {}

 	~Impl() {
+		SDL_DestroyAudioStream(trophy_sound_stream);
+		SDL_free(trophy_sound_data);
+		if (trophy_sound_initialized) {
+			SDL_QuitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_AUDIO);
+		}
 		ReleaseVulkan();
 		if (imgui_context != nullptr) {
+			ImGui::SetCurrentContext(imgui_context);
+			if (trophy_notification_image) {
+				ImGui::UnregisterUserTexture(trophy_notification_image.get());
+			}
+			for (const auto& texture: retired_trophy_images) {
+				ImGui::UnregisterUserTexture(texture.get());
+			}
 			ImGui::DestroyContext(imgui_context);
 		}
 	}
@@ -631,6 +737,134 @@ struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 		style.ItemSpacing    = {8.0f, 8.0f};
 	}

+	void PlayTrophySound() {
+		if (!trophy_sound_attempted) {
+			trophy_sound_attempted   = true;
+			trophy_sound_initialized = SDL_InitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_AUDIO);
+			if (!trophy_sound_initialized) {
+				LOGF("[Trophy] could not initialize audio: %s\n", SDL_GetError());
+				return;
+			}
+			const char* base_path = SDL_GetBasePath();
+			if (base_path == nullptr) {
+				LOGF("[Trophy] could not locate sound: %s\n", SDL_GetError());
+				return;
+			}
+			const std::string path = std::string(base_path) + "assets/sounds/trophy-unlock.wav";
+			SDL_AudioSpec     spec {};
+			if (!SDL_LoadWAV(path.c_str(), &spec, &trophy_sound_data, &trophy_sound_size)) {
+				LOGF("[Trophy] could not load %s: %s\n", path.c_str(), SDL_GetError());
+				return;
+			}
+			if (trophy_sound_size > static_cast<uint32_t>(std::numeric_limits<int>::max())) {
+				LOGF("[Trophy] sound is too large: %s\n", path.c_str());
+				return;
+			}
+			trophy_sound_stream = SDL_OpenAudioDeviceStream(SDL_AUDIO_DEVICE_DEFAULT_PLAYBACK,
+			                                                &spec, nullptr, nullptr);
+			if (trophy_sound_stream == nullptr) {
+				LOGF("[Trophy] could not open audio stream: %s\n", SDL_GetError());
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+		if (trophy_sound_stream != nullptr &&
+		    (!SDL_PutAudioStreamData(trophy_sound_stream, trophy_sound_data,
+		                             static_cast<int>(trophy_sound_size)) ||
+		     !SDL_ResumeAudioStreamDevice(trophy_sound_stream))) {
+			LOGF("[Trophy] could not play sound: %s\n", SDL_GetError());
+		}
+	}
+
+	std::unique_ptr<ImTextureData> LoadTrophyIcon(std::span<const std::byte> encoded) {
+		if (encoded.empty() ||
+		    encoded.size() > static_cast<std::size_t>(std::numeric_limits<int>::max())) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		const auto* data   = reinterpret_cast<const stbi_uc*>(encoded.data());
+		const int   size   = static_cast<int>(encoded.size());
+		int         width  = 0;
+		int         height = 0;
+		if (!stbi_info_from_memory(data, size, &width, &height, nullptr) || width <= 0 ||
+		    height <= 0 || width > 512 || height > 512) {
+			LOGF("[Trophy] invalid icon or dimensions exceed 512x512\n");
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		auto* pixels = stbi_load_from_memory(data, size, &width, &height, nullptr, 4);
+		if (pixels == nullptr) {
+			LOGF("[Trophy] could not decode trophy icon: %s\n", stbi_failure_reason());
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		auto texture = std::make_unique<ImTextureData>();
+		texture->Create(ImTextureFormat_RGBA32, width, height);
+		std::memcpy(texture->Pixels, pixels,
+		            static_cast<std::size_t>(width) * static_cast<std::size_t>(height) * 4);
+		texture->UseColors = true;
+		stbi_image_free(pixels);
+		ImGui::RegisterUserTexture(texture.get());
+		return texture;
+	}
+
+	void FinishSplash() {
+		g_splash_active.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
+		if (splash_dds[0] || splash_dds[1]) {
+			Common::LockGuard lock(graphics.queue_mutex);
+			RequireVulkanSuccess(graphics.queue.waitIdle(), "retire splash images");
+			splash_dds = {};
+		}
+	}
+
+	void DrawSplash(vk::Extent2D frame_extent) {
+		if (!g_splash_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < g_splash_paths.size(); ++i) {
+			if (splash_dds[i]) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			const auto& path = g_splash_paths[i];
+			auto image = std::make_unique<DdsImage>(graphics);
+			if (!image->Load(path)) {
+				LOGF("[Splash] could not load %s\n", path.string().c_str());
+				FinishSplash();
+				return;
+			}
+			splash_dds[i] = std::move(image);
+		}
+		const auto now = Clock::now();
+		if (splash_born == Clock::time_point {}) {
+			splash_born = now;
+		}
+		const auto  hidden = g_splash_hidden_at.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+		const float fade =
+		    hidden == 0
+		        ? 0.0f
+		        : std::chrono::duration<float>(now.time_since_epoch() - Clock::duration {hidden})
+		                  .count() /
+		              0.3f;
+		const float alpha = 1.0f - std::clamp(fade, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+		if (alpha == 0.0f) {
+			FinishSplash();
+			return;
+		}
+		const float  age  = std::chrono::duration<float>(now - splash_born).count();
+		const float  logo = g_splash_fast ? 1.0f : std::clamp((age - 1.4f) / 2.2f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+		const ImVec2 screen {static_cast<float>(frame_extent.width),
+		                     static_cast<float>(frame_extent.height)};
+		const float  fit = std::min(screen.x / 3840.0f, screen.y / 2160.0f);
+		const ImVec2 size {3840.0f * fit, 2160.0f * fit};
+		const ImVec2 begin {(screen.x - size.x) * 0.5f, (screen.y - size.y) * 0.5f};
+		const ImVec2 end {begin.x + size.x, begin.y + size.y};
+		auto*        draw = ImGui::GetBackgroundDrawList();
+		draw->AddRectFilled({0, 0}, screen, IM_COL32(0, 0, 0, static_cast<int>(255.0f * alpha)));
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < g_splash_paths.size(); ++i) {
+			draw->AddImage(
+			    splash_dds[i]->Texture(), begin, end, {0, 0}, {1, 1},
+			    IM_COL32(255, 255, 255, static_cast<int>(255.0f * alpha * (i == 0 ? 1.0f : logo))));
+		}
+	}
+
 	void EnsureVulkan(vk::Format format, uint32_t image_count) {
 		EnsureContext();
 		if (vulkan_initialized) {
@@ -657,6 +891,11 @@ struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 		info.PipelineInfoMain.PipelineRenderingCreateInfo.colorAttachmentCount    = 1;
 		info.PipelineInfoMain.PipelineRenderingCreateInfo.pColorAttachmentFormats = &color_format;
 		info.CheckVkResultFn = CheckVulkanResult;
+		if (IsHdrSwapchainFormat(format)) {
+			info.CustomShaderFragCreateInfo.sType    = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
+			info.CustomShaderFragCreateInfo.codeSize = sizeof(GPU_IMGUI_HDR_SPV);
+			info.CustomShaderFragCreateInfo.pCode    = GPU_IMGUI_HDR_SPV;
+		}
 		EXIT_IF(!ImGui_ImplVulkan_Init(&info));
 		vulkan_initialized = true;
 	}
@@ -952,9 +1191,132 @@ struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 		}
 	}

+	void DrawTrophyNotification(vk::Extent2D frame_extent, Clock::time_point now) {
+		std::erase_if(retired_trophy_images, [](const auto& texture) {
+			if (texture->Status != ImTextureStatus_Destroyed) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			ImGui::UnregisterUserTexture(texture.get());
+			return true;
+		});
+		const float TOAST_LIFETIME = static_cast<float>(Config::GetTrophyDurationSeconds());
+		if (trophy_notification &&
+		    std::chrono::duration<float>(now - trophy_notification_born).count() >=
+		        TOAST_LIFETIME) {
+			trophy_notification.reset();
+			if (trophy_notification_image) {
+				// Keep the texture registered until the backend retires in-flight frames.
+				trophy_notification_image->WantDestroyNextFrame = true;
+				retired_trophy_images.push_back(std::move(trophy_notification_image));
+			}
+		}
+		if (!trophy_notification) {
+			{
+				std::scoped_lock lock(g_trophy_notification_mutex);
+				if (g_trophy_notifications.empty()) {
+					g_trophy_notification_active.store(!retired_trophy_images.empty(),
+					                                   std::memory_order_release);
+					return;
+				}
+				trophy_notification = std::move(g_trophy_notifications.front());
+				g_trophy_notifications.pop_front();
+			}
+			trophy_notification_born  = now;
+			trophy_notification_image = LoadTrophyIcon(trophy_notification->icon_png);
+			PlayTrophySound();
+		}
+		const float age = std::chrono::duration<float>(now - trophy_notification_born).count();
+		const float screen_scale =
+		    std::clamp(std::min(static_cast<float>(frame_extent.width) / 1920.0f,
+		                        static_cast<float>(frame_extent.height) / 1080.0f),
+		               0.65f, 1.25f);
+		const float width = std::max(
+		    0.0f, std::min(520.0f * screen_scale, static_cast<float>(frame_extent.width) - 32.0f));
+		constexpr std::array GRADE_COLORS {
+		    IM_COL32(161, 225, 245, 255), IM_COL32(255, 207, 82, 255), IM_COL32(211, 220, 232, 255),
+		    IM_COL32(211, 142, 91, 255)};
+		const int   grade        = trophy_notification->grade;
+		const bool  has_grade    = grade > 0 && grade <= static_cast<int>(GRADE_COLORS.size());
+		const float pad          = 10.0f * screen_scale;
+		const float base_height  = 104.0f * screen_scale;
+		const float icon_size    = base_height - 2.0f * pad;
+		const float text_offset  = trophy_notification_image != nullptr
+		                               ? pad + icon_size + 18.0f * screen_scale
+		                               : 20.0f * screen_scale;
+		const float title_offset = text_offset + (has_grade ? 30.0f * screen_scale : 0.0f);
+		const float title_size   = 26.0f * screen_scale;
+		const float line_height  = 30.0f * screen_scale;
+		const float text_padding = 16.0f * screen_scale;
+		const auto  title_lines  = WrapTrophyTitle(trophy_notification->name, title_size,
+		                                           width - title_offset - text_padding);
+		const float block_height =
+		    static_cast<float>(title_lines.size()) * line_height + 28.0f * screen_scale;
+		const float  height   = std::max(base_height, block_height + 2.0f * text_padding);
+		const float  rounding = 14.0f * screen_scale;
+		const float  fade_in  = std::clamp(age / 0.22f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+		const float  fade_out = std::clamp((TOAST_LIFETIME - age) / 0.4f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+		const float  alpha    = std::min(fade_in, fade_out);
+		const float  slide    = (1.0f - fade_in) * (width + 24.0f);
+		const ImVec2 top_left {static_cast<float>(frame_extent.width) - 32.0f - width + slide,
+		                       32.0f};
+		const ImVec2 bottom_right {top_left.x + width, top_left.y + height};
+		auto*        draw = ImGui::GetForegroundDrawList();
+		const auto   fade = [alpha](int r, int g, int b, int a) {
+            return IM_COL32(r, g, b, static_cast<int>(static_cast<float>(a) * alpha));
+		};
+		draw->AddRectFilled({top_left.x + 3.0f, top_left.y + 5.0f},
+		                    {bottom_right.x + 3.0f, bottom_right.y + 5.0f}, fade(0, 0, 0, 90),
+		                    rounding);
+		draw->AddRectFilled(top_left, bottom_right, fade(24, 26, 32, 235), rounding);
+		draw->AddRect(top_left, bottom_right, fade(255, 255, 255, 28), rounding,
+		              ImDrawFlags_RoundCornersAll, 1.0f);
+
+		const float text_left = top_left.x + text_offset;
+		if (trophy_notification_image != nullptr) {
+			const ImVec2 icon_min {top_left.x + pad, top_left.y + (height - icon_size) * 0.5f};
+			const ImVec2 icon_max {icon_min.x + icon_size, icon_min.y + icon_size};
+			draw->AddImageRounded(trophy_notification_image->GetTexRef(), icon_min, icon_max,
+			                      {0, 0}, {1, 1}, fade(255, 255, 255, 255), 8.0f * screen_scale);
+			draw->AddRect(icon_min, icon_max, fade(255, 255, 255, 40), 8.0f * screen_scale,
+			              ImDrawFlags_RoundCornersAll, 1.0f);
+		}
+
+		const float title_y = top_left.y + (height - block_height) * 0.5f;
+		const float title_x = top_left.x + title_offset;
+		if (has_grade) {
+			// Small cup glyph tinted with the trophy grade.
+			const ImU32 cup = ImGui::GetColorU32(GRADE_COLORS[grade - 1], alpha);
+			const float u   = screen_scale;
+			const float cx  = text_left + 9.0f * u;
+			const float cy  = title_y + 15.0f * u;
+			draw->AddRectFilled({cx - 8.0f * u, cy - 11.0f * u}, {cx + 8.0f * u, cy + 2.0f * u},
+			                    cup, 2.0f * u, ImDrawFlags_RoundCornersBottom);
+			draw->AddRect({cx - 11.0f * u, cy - 9.0f * u}, {cx - 6.0f * u, cy - 3.0f * u}, cup,
+			              2.0f * u, ImDrawFlags_RoundCornersLeft, 1.8f * u);
+			draw->AddRect({cx + 6.0f * u, cy - 9.0f * u}, {cx + 11.0f * u, cy - 3.0f * u}, cup,
+			              2.0f * u, ImDrawFlags_RoundCornersRight, 1.8f * u);
+			draw->AddRectFilled({cx - 1.5f * u, cy + 2.0f * u}, {cx + 1.5f * u, cy + 7.0f * u}, cup);
+			draw->AddRectFilled({cx - 5.0f * u, cy + 7.0f * u}, {cx + 5.0f * u, cy + 10.0f * u}, cup,
+			                    1.5f * u);
+		}
+		draw->PushClipRect(top_left, {bottom_right.x - text_padding, bottom_right.y}, true);
+		float line_y = title_y;
+		for (const auto line : title_lines) {
+			draw->AddText(nullptr, title_size, {title_x, line_y}, fade(255, 255, 255, 255),
+			              line.data(), line.data() + line.size());
+			line_y += line_height;
+		}
+		draw->AddText(nullptr, 20.0f * screen_scale, {text_left, line_y + 8.0f * screen_scale},
+		              fade(176, 180, 192, 255), "Trophy earned!");
+		draw->PopClipRect();
+	}
+
 	bool PrepareFrame(vk::Extent2D frame_extent, vk::Format format, uint32_t image_count) {
 		OverlaySnapshot snapshot;
-		if (!GetOverlaySnapshot(&snapshot)) {
+		const bool      has_overlay = GetOverlaySnapshot(&snapshot);
+		const auto now = Clock::now();
+		if (!has_overlay && !g_trophy_notification_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire) &&
+		    !g_splash_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
 			return false;
 		}
 		const auto prepared_session = snapshot.session;
@@ -977,7 +1339,6 @@ struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 		auto& io       = ImGui::GetIO();
 		io.DisplaySize = {static_cast<float>(frame_extent.width),
 		                  static_cast<float>(frame_extent.height)};
-		const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 		io.DeltaTime   = last_frame == std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point {}
 		                     ? 1.0f / 60.0f
 		                     : std::clamp(std::chrono::duration<float>(now - last_frame).count(),
@@ -985,21 +1346,27 @@ struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 		last_frame     = now;
 		ImGui_ImplVulkan_NewFrame();
 		ImGui::NewFrame();
-		if (!GetOverlaySnapshot(&snapshot) || snapshot.session != prepared_session) {
-			ImGui::EndFrame();
-			return false;
-		}
-		if (snapshot.session.kind == OverlayKind::Dialog) {
-			DrawDialog(snapshot.dialog, frame_extent);
-		} else {
-			DrawIme(snapshot.ime, frame_extent);
+		DrawSplash(frame_extent);
+		GetOverlaySnapshot(&snapshot);
+		if (has_overlay && snapshot.session == prepared_session) {
+			if (snapshot.session.kind == OverlayKind::Dialog) {
+				DrawDialog(snapshot.dialog, frame_extent);
+			} else {
+				DrawIme(snapshot.ime, frame_extent);
+			}
 		}
+		DrawTrophyNotification(frame_extent, now);
 		ImGui::Render();
 		extent = frame_extent;
 		return true;
 	}

 	void Record(vk::CommandBuffer command, vk::ImageView target) {
+		for (const auto& image: splash_dds) {
+			if (image) {
+				image->Upload(command);
+			}
+		}
 		vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo color {};
 		color.sType       = vk::StructureType::eRenderingAttachmentInfo;
 		color.imageView   = target;
@@ -1026,6 +1393,7 @@ struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 			return;
 		}
 		ImGui::SetCurrentContext(imgui_context);
+		splash_dds = {};
 		ImGui_ImplVulkan_Shutdown();
 		vulkan_initialized = false;
 	}
@@ -1040,9 +1408,20 @@ struct SystemOverlay::Impl {
 	float                                 button_height      = 42.0f;
 	ImVec2                                panel_offset {};
 	ImVec2                                right_stick {};
-	OverlaySession                        session;
-	vk::Extent2D                          extent {};
-	std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point last_frame;
+	OverlaySession                              session;
+	std::unique_ptr<ImTextureData>              trophy_notification_image;
+	std::optional<TrophyNotification>           trophy_notification;
+	Clock::time_point                           trophy_notification_born;
+	std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ImTextureData>> retired_trophy_images;
+	std::array<std::unique_ptr<DdsImage>, 2>      splash_dds;
+	Clock::time_point                             splash_born;
+	SDL_AudioStream*                            trophy_sound_stream      = nullptr;
+	uint8_t*                                    trophy_sound_data        = nullptr;
+	uint32_t                                    trophy_sound_size        = 0;
+	bool                                        trophy_sound_attempted   = false;
+	bool                                        trophy_sound_initialized = false;
+	vk::Extent2D                                extent {};
+	std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point       last_frame;
 };

 SystemOverlay::SystemOverlay(GraphicContext& graphics): m_impl(std::make_unique<Impl>(graphics)) {}
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
 #include "common/common.h"
 #include "graphics/host_gpu/vulkanCommon.h"

+#include <cstddef>
+#include <filesystem>
 #include <memory>
+#include <span>
+#include <string_view>

 union SDL_Event;
 struct SDL_Window;
@@ -18,10 +22,14 @@ struct SystemOverlayVisualState {
 	uint64_t revision;
 };

+void                     InitializeSplashScreen(const std::filesystem::path& sce_sys);
+void                     HideSplashScreen();
 void                     InitializeSystemOverlayInput(SDL_Window* window);
 void                     ShutdownSystemOverlayInput();
 bool                     ProcessSystemOverlayInput(const SDL_Event& event);
 SystemOverlayVisualState GetSystemOverlayVisualState() noexcept;
+void                     NotifyTrophyUnlocked(std::string_view name, int32_t grade,
+                                              std::span<const std::byte> icon_png);

 class SystemOverlay final {
 public:
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ struct VideoOutOutputStatus {
 	uint64_t flags        = 0;
 	uint64_t reserved[3]  = {};
 };
+static_assert(sizeof(VideoOutOutputStatus) == 0x30); // Also used by VideoOutVrrStatus.

 struct VideoOutOutputOptions {
 	uint32_t internalData[16] = {};
@@ -272,6 +273,7 @@ public:
 	void                     Init(uint32_t width, uint32_t height);
 	FlipQueue&               GetFlipQueue() { return m_flip_queue; }
 	Graphics::RenderContext& Renderer() const noexcept { return m_renderer; }
+	bool                     IsHdrSupported() const noexcept { return m_presenter.IsHdrSupported(); }

 	void VblankBegin();
 	void VblankEnd();
@@ -558,37 +560,23 @@ Graphics::ImageInfo BufferAttributeGroup::ImageInfo(const VideoOutBuffer& buffer
 	if (!Graphics::DecodeVideoOutPixelFormat(attribute.pixel_format, pixel_format)) {
 		EXIT("unsupported video-out pixel format: 0x%016" PRIx64 "\n", attribute.pixel_format);
 	}
-	if (attribute.pixel_format == Graphics::VIDEO_OUT_PIXEL_FORMAT_R10_G10_B10_A2_BT2100_PQ) {
-		static std::atomic_flag warned = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
-		if (!warned.test_and_set(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-			Log::WriteToConsoleAndLog(fmt::format(
-			    "Warning: HDR-to-SDR conversion is not implemented; displaying PQ video-out "
-			    "pixels unchanged (format=0x{:016x}).\n", attribute.pixel_format));
-		}
-	}
-	const auto tile_mode = Graphics::Prospero::TileMode::kRenderTarget;
-	const auto pitch =
-	    Graphics::TileGetTexturePitch(pixel_format.guest_format, attribute.width, tile_mode);
-	Graphics::TileSizeAlign total {};
-	Graphics::TileGetTextureTotalSize(pixel_format.guest_format, attribute.width, attribute.height,
-	                                  1, 1, tile_mode, false, total);
-	if (total.size == 0 || total.align != 65536 ||
-	    (buffer.data_address & (total.align - 1u)) != 0) {
-		EXIT("invalid video-out surface footprint or alignment\n");
-	}
+	const auto          tile_mode = Graphics::Prospero::TileMode::kRenderTarget;
 	Graphics::ImageInfo info {};
-	info.data            = {buffer.data_address, total.size};
+	info.data            = {buffer.data_address, 0};
 	info.pixel_format    = pixel_format.format;
 	info.guest_format    = pixel_format.guest_format;
 	info.type            = Graphics::Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D;
 	info.extent          = {attribute.width, attribute.height, 1};
 	info.resources       = {1, 1};
-	info.pitch           = pitch;
 	info.bytes_per_block = pixel_format.bytes_per_element;
 	info.samples         = 1;
 	info.tile_mode       = tile_mode;
 	info.bgra16          = pixel_format.bgra16;
-	info.mip_layout[0]   = {0, total.size, pitch, attribute.height};
+	info.UpdateSize();
+	if (info.data.size == 0 || info.tiling.block.block_size != 65536 ||
+	    (buffer.data_address & 65535u) != 0) {
+		EXIT("invalid video-out surface footprint or alignment\n");
+	}
 	if (compression != Graphics::VideoOutCompression::Uncompressed) {
 		Graphics::TileSizeAlign dcc_size {};
 		if (!Graphics::TileGetDccSize(attribute.width, attribute.height, 1,
@@ -1077,31 +1065,31 @@ void FlipQueue::Prepare(uint64_t request_id, Graphics::CommandBuffer& buffer) {
 	uint32_t            height  = 0;
 	bool                current = false;
 	bool                premultiplied_alpha = false;
+	bool                hdr                 = false;
 	{
 		Common::LockGuard lock(cfg->mutex);
 		current = cfg->opened && !cfg->closing && cfg->generation == generation;
-		if (current) {
-			if (special) {
-				width  = cfg->width;
-				height = cfg->height;
-			} else {
-				const auto& surface = cfg->buffers[index];
-				if (!surface.Occupied()) {
-					EXIT("cannot prepare flip from an unregistered surface, id=%" PRIu64
-					     " index=%d\n",
-					     request_id, index);
-				}
-				if (surface.group_index >= VIDEO_OUT_BUFFER_ATTRIBUTE_NUM_MAX ||
-				    !cfg->groups[surface.group_index].occupied) {
-					EXIT("video-out surface references an unavailable attribute group, id=%" PRIu64
-					     " index=%d group=%d\n",
-					     request_id, index, surface.group_index);
-				}
-				source_info = cfg->groups[surface.group_index].ImageInfo(surface);
-				premultiplied_alpha =
-				    (cfg->groups[surface.group_index].attribute.option &
-				     VIDEO_OUT_BUFFER_ATTRIBUTE_OPTION_ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED) != 0;
+		if (current && special) {
+			width  = cfg->width;
+			height = cfg->height;
+		} else if (current) {
+			const auto& surface = cfg->buffers[index];
+			if (!surface.Occupied()) {
+				EXIT("cannot prepare flip from an unregistered surface, id=%" PRIu64
+				     " index=%d\n",
+				     request_id, index);
 			}
+			if (surface.group_index >= VIDEO_OUT_BUFFER_ATTRIBUTE_NUM_MAX ||
+			    !cfg->groups[surface.group_index].occupied) {
+				EXIT("video-out surface references an unavailable attribute group, id=%" PRIu64
+				     " index=%d group=%d\n",
+				     request_id, index, surface.group_index);
+			}
+			const auto& group   = cfg->groups[surface.group_index];
+			source_info         = group.ImageInfo(surface);
+			hdr                 = Graphics::IsHdrVideoOutPixelFormat(group.attribute.pixel_format);
+			premultiplied_alpha = (group.attribute.option &
+			                       VIDEO_OUT_BUFFER_ATTRIBUTE_OPTION_ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED) != 0;
 		}
 	}
 	if (!current) {
@@ -1114,12 +1102,18 @@ void FlipQueue::Prepare(uint64_t request_id, Graphics::CommandBuffer& buffer) {
 		}
 		return;
 	}
+	static std::atomic_flag warned = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
+	if (hdr && !m_presenter.IsHdrSupported() && !warned.test_and_set(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+		Log::WriteToConsoleAndLog(
+		    "Warning: HDR output is unavailable; HDR-to-SDR conversion is not implemented, "
+		    "displaying PQ video-out pixels unchanged.\n");
+	}
 	Graphics::Presenter::Frame* frame = nullptr;
 	if (special) {
 		frame = &m_presenter.PrepareBlankFrame(width, height, index == VIDEO_OUT_BUFFER_INDEX_BLACK,
 		                                       &buffer);
 	} else {
-		frame = &m_presenter.PrepareFrame(buffer, source_info);
+		frame = &m_presenter.PrepareFrame(buffer, source_info, hdr);
 	}

 	Common::LockGuard lock(m_mutex);
@@ -1796,11 +1790,14 @@ KYTY_SYSV_ABI int VideoOutGetOutputStatus(int handle, VideoOutOutputStatus* stat

 	int32_t attribute3 = 0;
 	Loader::SystemContentParamSfoGetInt("ATTRIBUTE3", &attribute3);
+	int32_t attribute = 0;
+	const bool hdr_allowed = !Loader::SystemContentParamSfoGetInt("ATTRIBUTE", &attribute) ||
+	                         (attribute & 0x20000000) != 0;
 	ctx->mutex.Lock();
 	// Primary output reports 4K unless param.json Video-out Info enables resolution detection.
 	status->resolution =
 	    ((attribute3 & 4) != 0 && ctx->width < 3840 && ctx->height < 2160 ? 1u : 2u);
-	status->dynamicRange = 1;
+	status->dynamicRange = hdr_allowed && DriverState().IsHdrSupported() ? 2u : 1u;
 	status->refreshRate =
 	    (ctx->output_mode == VIDEO_OUT_OUTPUT_MODE_119_88HZ || Config::GetVblankFrequency() >= 119
 	         ? VIDEO_OUT_REFRESH_RATE_119_88HZ
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ void HostInputToggleMouseToJoystick() {
 	LOGF("Mouse to right stick: enabled (F7 to release)\n");
 }

-bool HostInputWaitEvent(SDL_Event* event) {
+bool HostInputWaitEvent(SDL_Event* event, int max_wait_ms) {
 	int timeout = -1;
 	if (!g_mouse.enabled || SDL_GetKeyboardFocus() != g_mouse_window) {
 		g_mouse.next_poll = 0;
@@ -473,6 +473,7 @@ bool HostInputWaitEvent(SDL_Event* event) {
 		    now_ms < g_cursor_hide_at ? static_cast<int>(g_cursor_hide_at - now_ms) : 0;
 		timeout = timeout < 0 ? cursor_timeout : std::min(timeout, cursor_timeout);
 	}
+	timeout              = timeout < 0 ? max_wait_ms : std::min(timeout, max_wait_ms);
 	const bool has_event = SDL_WaitEventTimeout(event, timeout);

 	if (Config::HideCursorEnabled()) {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ void               HostInputShutdown();
 void               HostInputKey(int key_code, bool down);
 void               HostInputMouseButton(uint8_t mouse_button, bool down);
 void               HostInputToggleMouseToJoystick();
-[[nodiscard]] bool HostInputWaitEvent(SDL_Event* event);
+[[nodiscard]] bool HostInputWaitEvent(SDL_Event* event, int max_wait_ms);

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
+#include <atomic>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
 #include <vector>
@@ -31,6 +32,8 @@ struct Presenter::Frame {
 	vk::ImageView view         = nullptr;
 	uint64_t      present_tick = 0;
 	bool          busy         = false;
+	bool          hdr          = false;
+	bool          blank        = false;

 	void Configure(GraphicContext& graphics, vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format format);
 	void Transit(vk::CommandBuffer command, vk::ImageLayout layout, vk::AccessFlags2 access);
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ public:
 	void                 Create();
 	void                 Recreate(bool surface_lost = false);
 	[[nodiscard]] bool   NeedsResize() const;
-	[[nodiscard]] Status AcquireNextImage();
+	[[nodiscard]] Status AcquireNextImage(CommandScheduler& scheduler);
 	[[nodiscard]] bool   PrepareSystemOverlay();
 	void     RecordPresentCommands(CommandBuffer& command, Presenter::Frame* source,
 	                               const Presenter::Layer& overlay, bool draw_system_overlay);
@@ -274,20 +277,31 @@ public:
 		return static_cast<uint32_t>(m_images.size());
 	}
 	[[nodiscard]] vk::Format Format() const noexcept { return m_format; }
+	[[nodiscard]] bool IsHdrSupported() const noexcept { return m_hdr_supported.load(); }
+	bool SetHdr(bool hdr) {
+		const bool changed = m_hdr_active != (hdr && IsHdrSupported());
+		m_hdr_requested = hdr;
+		return changed;
+	}

 private:
+	vk::SurfaceFormatKHR SelectFormat();
 	void Destroy();
 	void DrawOverlay(vk::CommandBuffer command, const Presenter::Layer& layer);

 	WindowContext&   m_window;
 	vk::SwapchainKHR m_handle = nullptr;
 	vk::Format       m_format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
+	std::atomic_bool m_hdr_supported {false};
+	bool             m_hdr_requested = false;
+	bool             m_hdr_active    = false;
 	vk::Extent2D     m_extent {};
 	// Drawable pixel size observed when this swapchain was created.
 	vk::Extent2D                   m_window_extent {};
 	std::vector<vk::Image>         m_images;
 	std::vector<vk::ImageView>     m_image_views;
 	std::vector<vk::Semaphore>     m_image_acquired;
+	std::vector<uint64_t>          m_image_acquired_ticks;
 	std::vector<vk::Semaphore>     m_render_complete;
 	std::unique_ptr<SystemOverlay> m_system_overlay;
 	vk::DescriptorSetLayout        m_overlay_descriptors = nullptr;
@@ -346,6 +360,40 @@ struct Presenter::Impl {
 	std::atomic<uint64_t> presented_overlay_revision {0};
 };

+vk::SurfaceFormatKHR Swapchain::SelectFormat() {
+	const auto& formats    = m_window.surface_capabilities.formats;
+	auto&       graphics   = m_window.graphic_ctx;
+	const auto  hdr_format = std::ranges::find_if(formats, [&](const auto& candidate) {
+		return candidate.colorSpace == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eHdr10St2084EXT &&
+		       IsHdrSwapchainFormat(candidate.format) &&
+		       static_cast<bool>(
+		           graphics.GetFormatProperties(candidate.format).optimalTilingFeatures &
+		           vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eBlitDst);
+	});
+	m_hdr_supported        = Config::HdrEnabled() && hdr_format != formats.end();
+	m_hdr_active           = m_hdr_requested && IsHdrSupported();
+	if (m_hdr_active) {
+		return *hdr_format;
+	}
+	if (Config::HdrEnabled() && !IsHdrSupported()) {
+		LOGF("HDR10 surface unavailable; using SDR output\n");
+	}
+	if (formats.size() == 1 && formats.front().format == vk::Format::eUndefined) {
+		return {vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm, vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear};
+	}
+	for (const auto& candidate: formats) {
+		if (candidate.colorSpace != vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		switch (candidate.format) {
+			case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm:
+			case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm: return candidate;
+			default: break;
+		}
+	}
+	EXIT("no supported UNORM swapchain format\n");
+}
+
 void Swapchain::Create() {
 	auto& graphics = m_window.graphic_ctx;
 	EXIT_IF(graphics.device == nullptr);
@@ -385,18 +433,7 @@ void Swapchain::Create() {
 	        ? vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque
 	        : vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eInherit;

-	vk::SurfaceFormatKHR format {vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm, vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear};
-	if (surface.formats.size() != 1 || surface.formats.front().format != vk::Format::eUndefined) {
-		const auto it = std::find_if(surface.formats.begin(), surface.formats.end(),
-		                             [](const vk::SurfaceFormatKHR& candidate) {
-			                             return candidate.format == vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm ||
-			                                    candidate.format == vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm;
-		                             });
-		if (it == surface.formats.end()) {
-			EXIT("no supported UNORM swapchain format\n");
-		}
-		format = *it;
-	}
+	const auto format = SelectFormat();
 	m_format                      = format.format;
 	const auto swapchain_features = graphics.GetFormatProperties(m_format).optimalTilingFeatures;
 	if (!static_cast<bool>(swapchain_features & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eBlitDst)) {
@@ -436,6 +473,7 @@ void Swapchain::Create() {
 	RequireVulkanSuccess(graphics.device.createSwapchainKHR(&create_info, nullptr, &m_handle),
 	                     "vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
 	EXIT_IF(m_handle == nullptr);
+	LOGF("Vulkan presentation: %s\n", m_hdr_active ? "HDR10 (PQ)" : "SDR");

 	m_images = EnumerateVulkan<vk::Image>(
 	    "vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR", [&](uint32_t* count, vk::Image* images) {
@@ -464,6 +502,7 @@ void Swapchain::Create() {
 	vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphore_info {};
 	semaphore_info.sType = vk::StructureType::eSemaphoreCreateInfo;
 	m_image_acquired.resize(m_images.size());
+	m_image_acquired_ticks.assign(m_images.size(), 0);
 	m_render_complete.resize(m_images.size());
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < m_images.size(); i++) {
 		RequireVulkanSuccess(
@@ -532,6 +571,7 @@ void Swapchain::Destroy() {
 	m_images.clear();
 	m_image_views.clear();
 	m_image_acquired.clear();
+	m_image_acquired_ticks.clear();
 	m_render_complete.clear();
 }

@@ -557,8 +597,11 @@ bool Swapchain::NeedsResize() const {
 	       m_window_extent.height != m_window.graphic_ctx.screen_height;
 }

-Swapchain::Status Swapchain::AcquireNextImage() {
+Swapchain::Status Swapchain::AcquireNextImage(CommandScheduler& scheduler) {
 	EXIT_IF(m_handle == nullptr || m_frame_index >= m_image_acquired.size());
+	// Repeated frames can wrap the semaphore ring without acquiring a new source frame.
+	// Wait for the submission that consumed this slot before signaling it again.
+	scheduler.Wait(m_image_acquired_ticks[m_frame_index]);
 	m_image_index     = static_cast<uint32_t>(-1);
 	const auto result = m_window.graphic_ctx.device.acquireNextImageKHR(
 	    m_handle, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), m_image_acquired[m_frame_index], nullptr,
@@ -692,9 +735,11 @@ void Swapchain::DrawOverlay(vk::CommandBuffer command, const Presenter::Layer& l
 	write.descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler;
 	write.pImageInfo      = &image;
 	command.pushDescriptorSetKHR(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, m_overlay_layout, 0, 1, &write);
-	const uint32_t premultiplied = layer.premultiplied_alpha;
+	const uint32_t flags = (layer.premultiplied_alpha ? 1u : 0u) |
+	                       (m_hdr_active ? 2u : 0u) | (frame.hdr ? 4u : 0u) |
+	                       (frame.image.format == vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat ? 8u : 0u);
 	command.pushConstants(m_overlay_layout, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment, 0,
-	                      sizeof(premultiplied), &premultiplied);
+	                      sizeof(flags), &flags);
 	command.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, m_overlay_pipeline);
 	vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo attachment {};
 	attachment.imageView   = m_image_views[m_image_index];
@@ -828,7 +873,9 @@ uint64_t Swapchain::Submit(CommandScheduler& scheduler) {
 	SubmitInfo submit;
 	submit.AddWait(m_image_acquired[m_frame_index], 1, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer);
 	submit.AddSignal(m_render_complete[m_image_index]);
-	return scheduler.Submit(submit);
+	const auto tick                       = scheduler.Submit(submit);
+	m_image_acquired_ticks[m_frame_index] = tick;
+	return tick;
 }

 Swapchain::Status Swapchain::Present() {
@@ -868,7 +915,7 @@ Presenter::Presenter(WindowContext& window): m_impl(std::make_unique<Impl>(windo

 Presenter::~Presenter() = default;

-Presenter::Frame& Presenter::PrepareFrame(CommandBuffer& buffer, const ImageInfo& info) {
+Presenter::Frame& Presenter::PrepareFrame(CommandBuffer& buffer, const ImageInfo& info, bool hdr) {
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();
 	EXIT_IF(buffer.IsInvalid());
 	auto frame_format = info.pixel_format;
@@ -878,6 +925,8 @@ Presenter::Frame& Presenter::PrepareFrame(CommandBuffer& buffer, const ImageInfo
 		default: break;
 	}
 	auto* frame = m_impl->frames.Acquire({info.extent.width, info.extent.height}, frame_format);
+	frame->hdr   = hdr;
+	frame->blank = false;
 	Common::LockGuard render_lock(m_impl->renderer.GetMutex());
 	auto&             image = m_impl->ResolveSurface(info);
 	if (image.backing.format == vk::Format::eUndefined) {
@@ -894,6 +943,8 @@ Presenter::Frame& Presenter::PrepareBlankFrame(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();
 	auto              format = m_impl->frames.GetFormat();
 	auto*             frame  = m_impl->frames.Acquire({width, height}, format);
+	frame->hdr   = false;
+	frame->blank = true;
 	Common::LockGuard render_lock(m_impl->renderer.GetMutex());
 	frame->Configure(m_impl->window.graphic_ctx, {width, height}, format);
 	vk::ClearColorValue clear {};
@@ -922,6 +973,10 @@ bool Presenter::IsGuestPaused() const noexcept {
 	return m_impl->window.loop.paused.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
 }

+bool Presenter::IsHdrSupported() const noexcept {
+	return m_impl->swapchain.IsHdrSupported();
+}
+
 bool Presenter::NeedsSystemOverlayRefresh() const noexcept {
 	const auto visual = GetSystemOverlayVisualState();
 	return visual.active ||
@@ -967,12 +1022,16 @@ void Presenter::Impl::Present() {
 	KYTY_PROFILER_FUNCTION();

 	const auto overlay_visual = GetSystemOverlayVisualState();
+	// Keep black/blank flips in the current color space; only real main-bus frames switch it.
+	const auto* main_frame = layers[0].frame;
+	const bool hdr_changed = main_frame != nullptr && !main_frame->blank &&
+	                         swapchain.SetHdr(main_frame->hdr);
 	// Some window systems keep presenting an old swapchain after a resize.
-	if (swapchain.NeedsResize()) {
+	if (hdr_changed || swapchain.NeedsResize()) {
 		RecoverSwapchain(Swapchain::Status::Recreate);
 	}
 	for (uint32_t attempt = 0; attempt < 2; attempt++) {
-		auto status = swapchain.AcquireNextImage();
+		auto status = swapchain.AcquireNextImage(present_scheduler);
 		if (status != Swapchain::Status::Success) {
 			RecoverSwapchain(status);
 			continue;
@@ -998,7 +1057,7 @@ void Presenter::Impl::Present() {
 		}

 		presented_overlay_revision.store(overlay_visual.revision, std::memory_order_release);
-		window.UpdateTitle();
+		window.loop.presented_frames.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 		return;
 	}
 	LOGF("Vulkan presentation retry exhausted; dropping frame\n");
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features WindowContext::RequiredVulkan12Features() noe
 	features.shaderBufferInt64Atomics  = VK_TRUE;
 	features.storageBuffer8BitAccess   = VK_TRUE;
 	features.shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing = VK_TRUE;
+	features.shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing = VK_TRUE;
+	features.shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing = VK_TRUE;
 	return features;
 }

@@ -215,6 +217,7 @@ static void VulkanFindPhysicalDevice(vk::Instance instance, vk::SurfaceKHR surfa

 		vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features features12 {};
 		vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features features11 {};
+		vk::PhysicalDeviceRobustness2FeaturesEXT robustness2 {};
 #if defined(__APPLE__)
 		features12.pNext = &depth_clip_control;
 #else
@@ -222,7 +225,8 @@ static void VulkanFindPhysicalDevice(vk::Instance instance, vk::SurfaceKHR surfa
 		fragment_barycentric.pNext = &depth_clip_control;
 		features12.pNext           = &fragment_barycentric;
 #endif
-		features11.pNext       = features12.pNext;
+		robustness2.pNext      = features12.pNext;
+		features11.pNext       = &robustness2;
 		features12.pNext       = &features11;
 		features13.pNext       = &features12;
 		device_features2.pNext = &features13;
@@ -284,7 +288,14 @@ static void VulkanFindPhysicalDevice(vk::Instance instance, vk::SurfaceKHR surfa
 		check_feature(features12.shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing,
 		              "shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing",
 		              required_features12.shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing);
+		check_feature(features12.shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing,
+		              "shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing",
+		              required_features12.shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing);
+		check_feature(features12.shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing,
+		              "shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing",
+		              required_features12.shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing);
 		check_feature(features13.robustImageAccess, "robustImageAccess");
+		check_feature(robustness2.nullDescriptor, "nullDescriptor");
 		check_feature(features13.dynamicRendering, "dynamicRendering",
 		              required_features13.dynamicRendering);
 		check_feature(features13.synchronization2, "synchronization2",
@@ -446,14 +457,9 @@ static vk::Device VulkanCreateDevice(GraphicContext& graphics,
 	vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features supported_features13 {};
 	supported_features13.pNext = &supported_features12;

-	const auto robustness2_ext_enabled =
-	    HasExtension(device_extensions, VK_EXT_ROBUSTNESS_2_EXTENSION_NAME);
-
 	vk::PhysicalDeviceRobustness2FeaturesEXT supported_robustness2 {};
-	if (robustness2_ext_enabled) {
-		supported_robustness2.pNext = supported_features13.pNext;
-		supported_features13.pNext = &supported_robustness2;
-	}
+	supported_robustness2.pNext = supported_features13.pNext;
+	supported_features13.pNext = &supported_robustness2;

 	const bool mesh_extension = HasExtension(device_extensions, VK_EXT_MESH_SHADER_EXTENSION_NAME);
 	vk::PhysicalDeviceMeshShaderFeaturesEXT supported_mesh {};
@@ -478,6 +484,13 @@ static vk::Device VulkanCreateDevice(GraphicContext& graphics,
 		provoking_vertex.pNext = supported_features2.pNext;
 		supported_features2.pNext = &provoking_vertex;
 	}
+	const bool maintenance8_extension =
+	    HasExtension(device_extensions, VK_KHR_MAINTENANCE_8_EXTENSION_NAME);
+	vk::PhysicalDeviceMaintenance8FeaturesKHR maintenance8 {};
+	if (maintenance8_extension) {
+		maintenance8.pNext = supported_features2.pNext;
+		supported_features2.pNext = &maintenance8;
+	}
 	const bool image_atomic_int64_extension =
 	    HasExtension(device_extensions, VK_EXT_SHADER_IMAGE_ATOMIC_INT64_EXTENSION_NAME);
 	vk::PhysicalDeviceShaderImageAtomicInt64FeaturesEXT image_atomic_int64 {};
@@ -522,6 +535,7 @@ static vk::Device VulkanCreateDevice(GraphicContext& graphics,
 		subgroup_size_control.pNext = &graphics.mesh_shader_properties;
 	}
 	physical_device.getProperties2(&properties2);
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(!(properties11.subgroupSupportedOperations & vk::SubgroupFeatureFlagBits::eVote));

 	graphics.subgroup_size                 = properties11.subgroupSize;
 	graphics.min_subgroup_size             = subgroup_size_control.minSubgroupSize;
@@ -542,6 +556,9 @@ static vk::Device VulkanCreateDevice(GraphicContext& graphics,
 	graphics.attachment_feedback_loop_enabled =
 	    feedback_extensions && feedback_layout.attachmentFeedbackLoopLayout &&
 	    feedback_dynamic.attachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicState;
+	graphics.maintenance8_enabled = maintenance8_extension && maintenance8.maintenance8;
+	LOGF("Vulkan maintenance8 support: %s\n",
+	     graphics.maintenance8_enabled ? "true" : "false");
 	LOGF("Vulkan depth feedback support: %s\n",
 	     graphics.attachment_feedback_loop_enabled ? "true" : "false");
 	if (graphics.mesh_shader_enabled) {
@@ -597,27 +614,19 @@ static vk::Device VulkanCreateDevice(GraphicContext& graphics,
 	fragment_barycentric.fragmentShaderBarycentric = VK_TRUE;
 	robustness2.pNext                              = &fragment_barycentric;
 #endif
-	if (robustness2_ext_enabled) {
-		robustness2.robustBufferAccess2 = supported_robustness2.robustBufferAccess2;
-		robustness2.robustImageAccess2  = supported_robustness2.robustImageAccess2;
-		robustness2.nullDescriptor      = supported_robustness2.nullDescriptor;
-	}
+	robustness2.robustBufferAccess2 = supported_robustness2.robustBufferAccess2;
+	robustness2.robustImageAccess2  = supported_robustness2.robustImageAccess2;
+	robustness2.nullDescriptor      = VK_TRUE;

 	auto features13 = WindowContext::RequiredVulkan13Features();
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-	features13.pNext = robustness2_ext_enabled ? static_cast<void*>(&robustness2)
-	                                           : static_cast<void*>(&features12);
-#else
-	features13.pNext = robustness2_ext_enabled ? static_cast<void*>(&robustness2)
-	                                           : static_cast<void*>(&fragment_barycentric);
-#endif
+	features13.pNext = &robustness2;
 	features13.robustImageAccess   = supported_features13.robustImageAccess;
 	features13.subgroupSizeControl =
 	    graphics.compute_subgroup_size_control_enabled ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;

 	LOGF("Vulkan robustness: robustImageAccess=%s robustImageAccess2=%s\n",
 	     features13.robustImageAccess == VK_TRUE ? "true" : "false",
-	     robustness2_ext_enabled && robustness2.robustImageAccess2 == VK_TRUE ? "true" : "false");
+	     robustness2.robustImageAccess2 == VK_TRUE ? "true" : "false");

 	vk::DeviceCreateInfo create_info {};
 	vk::PhysicalDeviceMeshShaderFeaturesEXT mesh_features {};
@@ -638,6 +647,10 @@ static vk::Device VulkanCreateDevice(GraphicContext& graphics,
 		image_atomic_int64.sparseImageInt64Atomics = VK_FALSE;
 		create_info.pNext = &image_atomic_int64;
 	}
+	if (graphics.maintenance8_enabled) {
+		maintenance8.pNext = const_cast<void*>(create_info.pNext);
+		create_info.pNext = &maintenance8;
+	}
 	create_info.pQueueCreateInfos       = &queue_create_info;
 	create_info.queueCreateInfoCount    = 1;
 	create_info.enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(device_extensions.size());
@@ -671,6 +684,11 @@ static void VulkanGetExtensions(VulkanExtensions& r) {
 	        });

 	r.enable_validation_layers = Config::VulkanValidationEnabled();
+	if (Config::HdrEnabled() &&
+	    HasExtension(r.available_extensions, VK_EXT_SWAPCHAIN_COLOR_SPACE_EXTENSION_NAME) &&
+	    !HasExtension(r.required_extensions, VK_EXT_SWAPCHAIN_COLOR_SPACE_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
+		r.required_extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_SWAPCHAIN_COLOR_SPACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+	}

 	if (HasExtension(r.available_extensions, VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME)) {
 		r.required_extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
@@ -938,7 +956,7 @@ void WindowContext::CreateVulkan() {
 	std::vector<const char*> device_extensions = {
 	    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_EXT_DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL_EXTENSION_NAME,
 	    VK_EXT_IMAGE_VIEW_MIN_LOD_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_KHR_PUSH_DESCRIPTOR_EXTENSION_NAME,
-	    "VK_KHR_maintenance1"};
+	    VK_EXT_ROBUSTNESS_2_EXTENSION_NAME, "VK_KHR_maintenance1"};

 #if defined(__APPLE__)
 	// MoltenVK lacks VK_EXT_depth_clip_enable and VK_EXT_color_write_enable; the renderer
@@ -1001,7 +1019,7 @@ void WindowContext::CreateVulkan() {
 			device_extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_MEMORY_BUDGET_EXTENSION_NAME);
 			graphic_ctx.memory_budget_ext_enabled = true;
 		}
-		for (const auto* extension: {VK_EXT_ROBUSTNESS_2_EXTENSION_NAME,
+		for (const auto* extension: {VK_KHR_MAINTENANCE_8_EXTENSION_NAME,
 		                             VK_EXT_SHADER_IMAGE_ATOMIC_INT64_EXTENSION_NAME,
 		                             VK_EXT_PROVOKING_VERTEX_EXTENSION_NAME,
 		                             VK_EXT_MESH_SHADER_EXTENSION_NAME,
@@ -326,6 +326,19 @@ static void GameEventController([[maybe_unused]] const EventController& f) {
 		const auto button = ControllerButtonToPadButton(f.button);
 		if (button != 0) {
 			Controller::SetButton(f.id, button, f.down);
+		} else if (f.button == SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_BACK) {
+			// Pads without a touchpad (Switch, Xbox, ...) have no way to click it, which
+			// blocks games that require it. Use their Back/Select button as a centered click.
+			auto* pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(f.id);
+			if (pad != nullptr && SDL_GetNumGamepadTouchpads(pad) == 0) {
+				if (f.down) {
+					Controller::SetTouchPad(f.id, 0, true, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+				}
+				Controller::SetButton(f.id, Controller::PAD_BUTTON_TOUCH_PAD, f.down);
+				if (f.up) {
+					Controller::SetTouchPad(f.id, 0, false, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}

@@ -722,6 +735,10 @@ void WindowContext::Run() {
 	loop.need_exit = false;
 	loop.paused.store(false, std::memory_order_release);

+	constexpr uint64_t title_interval_ms = 1000;
+	auto               title_time        = SDL_GetTicks();
+	auto               title_frames      = loop.presented_frames.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+
 	while (!loop.need_exit) {
 		if (loop.paused.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
 			if (!timer.IsPaused()) {
@@ -731,7 +748,20 @@ void WindowContext::Run() {
 			timer.Resume();
 		}

-		if (!HostInputWaitEvent(&loop.event)) {
+		// Refresh the title on the main thread without making presentation wait for it.
+		const auto now     = SDL_GetTicks();
+		const auto elapsed = now - title_time;
+		if (elapsed >= title_interval_ms) {
+			const auto frames = loop.presented_frames.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+			if (frames != 0) {
+				UpdateTitle(frames, static_cast<double>(frames - title_frames) * 1000.0 /
+				                        static_cast<double>(elapsed));
+			}
+			title_time   = now;
+			title_frames = frames;
+		}
+		const auto wait_ms = static_cast<int>(title_interval_ms - (now - title_time));
+		if (!HostInputWaitEvent(&loop.event, wait_ms)) {
 			continue;
 		}
 		ProcessEvent(timer.GetTimeS());
@@ -913,7 +943,7 @@ void WindowContext::UpdateIcon() {
 	}
 }

-void WindowContext::UpdateTitle() {
+void WindowContext::UpdateTitle(uint64_t frame_num, double current_fps) {
 	static char title[128];
 	static char title_id[12];
 	static char app_ver[12];
@@ -923,10 +953,6 @@ void WindowContext::UpdateTitle() {
 	static bool has_app_ver =
 	    Loader::SystemContentParamSfoGetString("APP_VER", app_ver, sizeof(app_ver));
 	static const std::string processor_name = Common::GetSystemInfo().ProcessorName;
-	static uint64_t fps_start   = Common::Timer::QueryPerformanceCounter();
-	static uint64_t frame_num   = 0;
-	static uint64_t fps_frames  = 0;
-	static double   current_fps = 0.0;

 #if KYTY_BUILD == KYTY_BUILD_DEBUG
 	static constexpr auto build_type = "Debug";
@@ -936,17 +962,6 @@ void WindowContext::UpdateTitle() {
 	static constexpr auto build_type = "Unknown";
 #endif

-	const auto now       = Common::Timer::QueryPerformanceCounter();
-	const auto frequency = Common::Timer::QueryPerformanceFrequency();
-	frame_num++;
-	fps_frames++;
-	if (now - fps_start >= frequency) {
-		current_fps = static_cast<double>(fps_frames) * static_cast<double>(frequency) /
-		              static_cast<double>(now - fps_start);
-		fps_start   = now;
-		fps_frames  = 0;
-	}
-
 	const auto* device_name = graphic_ctx.GetPhysicalDeviceProperties().deviceName.data();
 	auto text = fmt::format(
 	    "[{} | {}] {}{}{}{}{}{}[{}] [{}], frame: {}, fps: {:.0f}", KYTY_BUILD_LABEL, build_type,
@@ -954,16 +969,7 @@ void WindowContext::UpdateTitle() {
 	    (has_title_id ? ", " : ""), (has_app_ver ? app_ver : ""), (has_app_ver ? " " : ""),
 	    device_name, processor_name, frame_num, current_fps);

-	struct TitleUpdate {
-		SDL_Window*  window;
-		std::string* text;
-	} update {window, &text};
-	EXIT_IF(!SDL_RunOnMainThread(
-	    [](void* data) {
-		    auto& title = *static_cast<TitleUpdate*>(data);
-		    SDL_SetWindowTitle(title.window, title.text->c_str());
-	    },
-	    &update, true));
+	SDL_SetWindowTitle(window, text.c_str());
 }

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ struct WindowLoopState {
 	SDL_Event        event {};
 	bool             need_exit = false;
 	std::atomic_bool paused    = false;
+	std::atomic<uint64_t> presented_frames {0};
 };

 struct WindowContext {
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ struct WindowContext {
 	void                                                    RecreateSurface();
 	void                                                    RefreshSurfaceCapabilities();
 	void                                                    UpdateIcon();
-	void                                                    UpdateTitle();
+	void UpdateTitle(uint64_t frame_num, double current_fps);
 	void                                                    Resize(int width, int height);
 	void ProcessWindowEvent(const SDL_WindowEvent& event);
 	void ProcessDisplayEvent(const SDL_DisplayEvent& event);
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/frontend/cfg/ShaderCFG.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/frontend/decode/ShaderDecoder.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/frontend/translate/Translate.h"
+#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/frontend/translate/Translator.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ShaderIR.h"
-#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/BindingLayout.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ConstantPropagation.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/DeadCodeElimination.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ReadLaneElimination.h"
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <functional>
 #include <map>
 #include <span>
 #include <utility>
@@ -467,6 +468,7 @@ Decoder::Program DecodeFusedProgram(std::span<const uint32_t> front, std::span<c
 	Decoder::DecodeInstruction(joined_code, front_words - 1u, result.instructions.back());
 	Decoder::Program back_program;
 	Decoder::DecodeProgram(back, back_program);
+	result.has_swap_pc |= back_program.has_swap_pc;
 	const auto back_pc = front_words * sizeof(uint32_t);
 	for (auto& inst: back_program.instructions) {
 		// A back-stage PC-relative data reference requires its guest code address.
@@ -479,11 +481,227 @@ Decoder::Program DecodeFusedProgram(std::span<const uint32_t> front, std::span<c
 	return result;
 }

+void PrepareCallTarget(ShaderSource& source, const CompileOptions& options) {
+	using namespace IR;
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < source.decoded.instructions.size(); ++i) {
+		if (source.decoded.instructions[i].opcode != Decoder::Opcode::S_SWAPPC_B64) continue;
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(source.call.has_value() || options.stage != ShaderType::Compute);
+		source.call = ShaderSource::Call {.instruction = i};
+	}
+	EXIT_IF(options.input_info.compute == nullptr);
+	const auto& call = source.decoded.instructions[source.call->instruction];
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(call.src0.kind != Decoder::OperandKind::Sgpr ||
+	                     call.dst.kind != Decoder::OperandKind::Sgpr ||
+	                     call.src0.reg != call.dst.reg || call.dst.reg >= 105u);
+	const auto graph = CFG::BuildGraph(source.decoded);
+	Program query;
+	query.stage = options.stage;
+	query.user_data_base = options.user_data_base;
+	query.user_data_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(options.user_data.size());
+	query.wave_size = options.wave_size;
+	auto& block = *query.block_storage.emplace_back(std::make_unique<Block>());
+	query.blocks.push_back(&block);
+	struct Producer { bool ready = false; std::map<uint32_t, Value> values; };
+	std::map<uint32_t, Producer> producers;
+	std::function<Value(uint32_t, uint32_t)> Register;
+	std::function<Value(uint32_t, Value)> Resolve = [&](uint32_t before, Value value) -> Value {
+		value = value.Resolve();
+		auto* inst = value.TryInstruction();
+		if (inst == nullptr) return value;
+		uint32_t code = UINT32_MAX;
+		switch (inst->GetOpcode()) {
+			case ValueOpcode::GetScalarRegister: code = static_cast<uint32_t>(inst->Arg(0).ScalarRegister()); break;
+			case ValueOpcode::GetVccLo: code = 106u; break;
+			case ValueOpcode::GetVccHi: code = 107u; break;
+			default: break;
+		}
+		if (code != UINT32_MAX) {
+			const auto result = Register(before, code);
+			inst->ReplaceUsesWith(result);
+			return result;
+		}
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < inst->NumArgs(); ++i) inst->SetArg(i, Resolve(before, inst->Arg(i)));
+		return value;
+	};
+	Register = [&](uint32_t before, uint32_t code) -> Value {
+		const auto index = CFG::FindScalarDefinition(source.decoded, graph, before, code);
+		if (index == UINT32_MAX) {
+			EXIT_IF(code < query.user_data_base || code - query.user_data_base >= query.user_data_count);
+			return IREmitter(&block).GetUserData(static_cast<ScalarReg>(code));
+		}
+		auto [entry, inserted] = producers.try_emplace(index);
+		auto& producer = entry->second;
+		if (inserted) {
+			Block translated;
+			Frontend::Translator translator(query, &translated, 1u,
+			    (options.input_info.compute->float_mode & 0x10u) == 0u,
+			    !options.input_info.compute->async_compute);
+			translator.TranslateInstruction(source.decoded.instructions[index]);
+			for (const auto& inst: translated) {
+				uint32_t destination = UINT32_MAX;
+				Value value;
+				switch (inst.GetOpcode()) {
+					case ValueOpcode::SetScalarRegister:
+						destination = static_cast<uint32_t>(inst.Arg(0).ScalarRegister()); value = inst.Arg(1); break;
+					case ValueOpcode::SetVccLo: destination = 106u; value = inst.Arg(0); break;
+					case ValueOpcode::SetVccHi: destination = 107u; value = inst.Arg(0); break;
+					default: break;
+				}
+				if (destination != UINT32_MAX) producer.values.insert_or_assign(destination, value);
+			}
+			for (auto& [destination, value]: producer.values) value = Resolve(index, value);
+			for (auto& inst: translated) inst.SetParent(&block);
+			block.Instructions().splice(block.end(), translated.Instructions());
+			producer.ready = true;
+		}
+		EXIT_IF(!producer.ready || !producer.values.contains(code));
+		return producer.values.at(code).Resolve();
+	};
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 2u; ++i) {
+		const auto value = Register(source.call->instruction, call.src0.reg + i);
+		EXIT_IF(!ValidateRuntimeValue(query, value, RuntimeValueType::Integer));
+		auto& root = query.value_storage.emplace_back(ValueOpcode::ReferenceU32);
+		root.SetArg(0, value);
+		source.call->target[i] = Value(&root);
+	}
+	RewriteToSsa(query.blocks);
+	ConstantPropagationPass(query.blocks, query.wave_size);
+	RemoveIdentities(query);
+	EliminateDeadCode(query.blocks);
+	for (auto& value: source.call->target) value = value.Instruction()->Arg(0).Resolve();
+	query.value_storage.clear();
+	for (auto& inst: block) {
+		inst.SetParent(nullptr);
+		if (inst.GetOpcode() == ValueOpcode::LoadAddressU32 || inst.GetOpcode() == ValueOpcode::ReadConstBuffer)
+			inst.SetFlags(SrtReadFlags {.index = inst.Flags<MemoryFlags>().index});
+	}
+	query.value_storage.splice(query.value_storage.end(), block.Instructions());
+	source.call_targets = std::move(static_cast<ResourcePlan&>(query));
+}
+
 } // namespace

+ShaderSource PrepareShaderSource(std::span<const uint32_t> code, const CompileOptions& options) {
+	EXIT_IF(code.empty());
+	ShaderSource source;
+	if (!options.back_code.empty()) {
+		source.decoded = DecodeFusedProgram(code, options.back_code, source.code);
+	} else if (options.stage == ShaderType::Local) {
+		source.decoded = Decoder::DecodeFrontProgram(code);
+		auto& handoff = source.decoded.instructions.back();
+		handoff.opcode = Decoder::Opcode::S_ENDPGM;
+		handoff.src_count = 0;
+	} else {
+		Decoder::DecodeProgram(code, source.decoded);
+	}
+	if (source.decoded.has_swap_pc) {
+		PrepareCallTarget(source, options);
+		source.code.assign(code.begin(), code.end());
+		source.decoded.code = source.code;
+	}
+	return source;
+}
+
+const Decoder::Program& RefreshShaderSource(ShaderSource& source, const IR::SrtRuntime& runtime) {
+	auto& reads = source.reads;
+	reads.clear();
+	IR::SrtReadCapture capture(runtime, reads);
+	const auto clean = IR::CleanRuntime(capture.ObservedRuntime());
+	IR::SrtWalker walker(source.call_targets, clean);
+	uint32_t low = 0, high = 0;
+	const auto& call = source.decoded.instructions[source.call->instruction];
+	if (!walker.Evaluate(source.call->target[0], low) || !walker.Evaluate(source.call->target[1], high))
+		EXIT("shader call at pc 0x%08x has an unavailable scalar target", call.pc);
+	// SWAPPC reads the old aliased pair and ignores the target's low two bits.
+	const auto address = ((uint64_t {high} << 32u) | low) & ~uint64_t {3};
+	EXIT_IF(address == 0u);
+	const auto query_reads = reads.size();
+	if (source.linked) {
+		auto& linked = *source.linked;
+		const auto function = std::span(linked.code).subspan(source.code.size());
+		if (clean.read_memory(clean.userdata, address, linked.observed_function) &&
+		    std::ranges::equal(function, linked.observed_function)) {
+			return linked.decoded;
+		}
+		reads.resize(query_reads);
+	}
+	ShaderSource::Linked linked {.code = source.code,
+	                             .decoded = source.decoded};
+	const auto& last = source.decoded.instructions.back();
+	EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(last.opcode != Decoder::Opcode::S_ENDPGM);
+	// Keep the caller's data/footer bytes at their native offsets. The leaf's virtual CFG
+	// PCs follow decoded instructions; its physical code is independently read and owned.
+	const auto function_pc = last.pc + last.word_count * sizeof(uint32_t);
+	for (uint32_t index = 0;;) {
+		// The observed queue helper is a scalar leaf. Scalar encodings need at most one literal.
+		EXIT_IF(index >= 64u || address > UINT64_MAX - (uint64_t {index} + 2u) * sizeof(uint32_t));
+		std::array<uint32_t, 2> words {};
+		if (!clean.read_memory(clean.userdata, address + uint64_t {index} * sizeof(uint32_t),
+		                       std::span(words).first(1)))
+			EXIT("shader call at pc 0x%08x cannot read leaf code", call.pc);
+		const auto family = Decoder::GetInstructionFamily(words[0]);
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(family != Decoder::Family::SOP1 && family != Decoder::Family::SOP2 &&
+		                     family != Decoder::Family::SOPC && family != Decoder::Family::SOPK &&
+		                     family != Decoder::Family::SOPP);
+		Decoder::Instruction inst;
+		Decoder::DecodeInstruction(words, 0u, inst);
+		if (inst.word_count == 2u) {
+			if (!clean.read_memory(clean.userdata, address + uint64_t {index + 1u} * sizeof(uint32_t),
+			                       std::span(words).last(1)))
+				EXIT("shader call at pc 0x%08x cannot read leaf literal", call.pc);
+			inst = {};
+			Decoder::DecodeInstruction(words, 0u, inst);
+		}
+		inst.pc = index * sizeof(uint32_t);
+		if (Decoder::IsDirectBranch(inst.opcode)) inst.branch_target += inst.pc;
+		linked.code.insert(linked.code.end(), inst.raw, inst.raw + inst.word_count);
+		index += inst.word_count;
+		EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(inst.opcode == Decoder::Opcode::S_SWAPPC_B64 ||
+		                     inst.opcode == Decoder::Opcode::S_GETPC_B64 ||
+		                     inst.opcode == Decoder::Opcode::S_ENDPGM);
+		EXIT_IF(CFG::MayWriteScalarRegister(inst, call.dst.reg) || CFG::MayWriteScalarRegister(inst, call.dst.reg + 1u));
+		const bool returns = inst.opcode == Decoder::Opcode::S_SETPC_B64;
+		if (returns) {
+			EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(inst.src0.kind != Decoder::OperandKind::Sgpr || inst.src0.reg != call.dst.reg);
+			inst.opcode = Decoder::Opcode::S_BRANCH;
+			inst.branch_target = call.pc + call.word_count * sizeof(uint32_t);
+		} else if (Decoder::IsDirectBranch(inst.opcode)) {
+			EXIT_IF(inst.branch_target > UINT32_MAX - function_pc);
+			inst.branch_target += function_pc;
+		}
+		inst.pc += function_pc;
+		linked.decoded.instructions.push_back(std::move(inst));
+		if (returns) break;
+	}
+	const auto function_end = linked.decoded.instructions.back().pc +
+	                          linked.decoded.instructions.back().word_count * sizeof(uint32_t);
+	for (size_t i = source.decoded.instructions.size(); i + 1u < linked.decoded.instructions.size(); ++i) {
+		const auto& inst = linked.decoded.instructions[i];
+		if (Decoder::IsDirectBranch(inst.opcode))
+			EXIT_IF(inst.branch_target < function_pc || inst.branch_target >= function_end);
+	}
+	reads.resize(query_reads);
+	reads.emplace_back(address, (linked.code.size() - source.code.size()) * sizeof(uint32_t));
+	linked.decoded.instructions[source.call->instruction].branch_target = function_pc;
+	linked.decoded.code = linked.code;
+	linked.observed_function.resize(linked.code.size() - source.code.size());
+	source.linked = std::move(linked);
+	++source.revision;
+	return source.linked->decoded;
+}
+
 TranslateResult TranslateProgram(std::span<const uint32_t> code, const CompileOptions& options) {
-	if (code.empty()) {
-		EXIT("shader recompiler input is empty\n");
+	auto source = PrepareShaderSource(code, options);
+	return TranslateProgram(source.decoded, options);
+}
+
+TranslateResult TranslateProgram(const Decoder::Program& decoded, const CompileOptions& options) {
+	EXIT_IF(decoded.instructions.empty());
+	if (decoded.has_swap_pc) {
+		for (const auto& inst: decoded.instructions) {
+			if (inst.opcode == Decoder::Opcode::S_SWAPPC_B64 && inst.branch_target == UINT32_MAX)
+				EXIT("shader call at pc 0x%08x must be linked before translation", inst.pc);
+		}
 	}
 	if (options.stage != ShaderType::Compute && options.stage != ShaderType::Vertex &&
 	    options.stage != ShaderType::Pixel && options.stage != ShaderType::Mesh &&
@@ -494,34 +712,11 @@ TranslateResult TranslateProgram(std::span<const uint32_t> code, const CompileOp
 	}

 	const auto compile_begin = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-	const auto phase_ms      = [&compile_begin]() {
+	const auto phase_ms = [&compile_begin]() {
 		return static_cast<uint64_t>(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-		                                 std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - compile_begin)
-		                                 .count());
+		    std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - compile_begin).count());
 	};

-	LOGF("%s phase begin: stage=%s hash=0x%016" PRIx64 " code_words=%" PRIu64 " decode\n",
-	     GetDumpLabel(options), StageName(options.stage), options.shader_hash,
-	     static_cast<uint64_t>(code.size()));
-
-	Decoder::Program decoded;
-	std::vector<uint32_t> joined_code;
-	if (!options.back_code.empty()) {
-		decoded = DecodeFusedProgram(code, options.back_code, joined_code);
-	} else if (options.stage == ShaderType::Local) {
-		decoded = Decoder::DecodeFrontProgram(code);
-		// The separately compiled hull half runs in the next Vulkan stage.
-		auto& handoff     = decoded.instructions.back();
-		handoff.opcode    = Decoder::Opcode::S_ENDPGM;
-		handoff.src_count = 0;
-	} else {
-		Decoder::DecodeProgram(code, decoded);
-	}
-	LOGF("%s phase end: stage=%s hash=0x%016" PRIx64 " decode instructions=%" PRIu64
-	     " elapsed_ms=%" PRIu64 "\n",
-	     GetDumpLabel(options), StageName(options.stage), options.shader_hash,
-	     static_cast<uint64_t>(decoded.instructions.size()), phase_ms());
-
 	std::string decoded_dump;
 	if (options.dump_ir) {
 		decoded_dump = Decoder::ProgramToString(decoded);
@@ -594,18 +789,24 @@ TranslateResult TranslateProgram(std::span<const uint32_t> code, const CompileOp
 	     GetDumpLabel(options), StageName(options.stage), options.shader_hash,
 	     static_cast<uint64_t>(ir.blocks.size()), phase_ms());
 	IR::RewriteToSsa(ir.blocks);
-	IR::ConstantPropagationPass(ir.blocks, ir.wave_size);
-	IR::ResolveControlFlowIdentities(ir);
-	IR::RemoveIdentities(ir.blocks);
-	IR::EliminateDeadCode(ir.blocks);
-	const auto read_lane_stats = IR::EliminateReadLane(ir, ir.wave_size);
-	if (read_lane_stats.rewritten_reads != 0) {
-		LOGF("%s read-lane elimination: reads=%" PRIu32 "\n", GetDumpLabel(options),
-		     read_lane_stats.rewritten_reads);
+	const auto simplify = [&ir] {
 		IR::ConstantPropagationPass(ir.blocks, ir.wave_size);
-		IR::ResolveControlFlowIdentities(ir);
-		IR::RemoveIdentities(ir.blocks);
+		IR::RemoveIdentities(ir);
 		IR::EliminateDeadCode(ir.blocks);
+	};
+	simplify();
+	const auto read_lane_stats = IR::EliminateReadLane(ir, ir.wave_size);
+	if (read_lane_stats.rewritten_reads != 0 || read_lane_stats.rewritten_reductions != 0) {
+		LOGF("%s read-lane elimination: reads=%" PRIu32 " reductions=%" PRIu32 "\n",
+		     GetDumpLabel(options), read_lane_stats.rewritten_reads, read_lane_stats.rewritten_reductions);
+	}
+	// Cleanup also exposes profitable folds by removing dead predicate consumers.
+	simplify();
+	if (decoded.has_swap_pc) {
+		// Leaf returns are resolved CFG edges; native PC values must not escape into GPU data.
+		for (const auto* block: ir.blocks)
+			for (const auto& inst: *block)
+				EXIT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(inst.GetOpcode() == IR::ValueOpcode::GetShaderBase);
 	}
 	LowerTessellationMemory(ir, options);
 	std::string cfg_dump;
@@ -616,7 +817,7 @@ TranslateResult TranslateProgram(std::span<const uint32_t> code, const CompileOp
 			     MakeIrDump(cfg_dump, ir).c_str());
 		}
 	}
-	IR::TrackResources(ir, decoded, native_cfg);
+	IR::TrackResources(ir, decoded, native_cfg, options.input_info);
 	TranslateResult result;
 	result.program = std::move(ir);
 	if (options.dump_ir) {
@@ -657,7 +858,11 @@ CompileResult CompileProgram(TranslateResult translated, const CompileOptions& o
 				const auto resource = inst.Flags<uint32_t>();
 				first = resource < ir.info.images.size() &&
 				                ir.info.images[resource].indirect_root == resource ? 1u : 0u;
-			} else if (op != IR::ValueOpcode::GetSamplerResource) {
+			} else if (op == IR::ValueOpcode::GetSamplerResource) {
+				const auto resource = inst.Flags<uint32_t>();
+				first = resource < ir.info.samplers.size() &&
+				                !ir.info.samplers[resource].indirect_resources.empty() ? 1u : 0u;
+			} else {
 				continue;
 			}
 			for (size_t index = first; index < inst.NumArgs(); index++) {
@@ -666,22 +871,22 @@ CompileResult CompileProgram(TranslateResult translated, const CompileOptions& o
 		}
 	}
 	ir.value_storage.clear();
-	IR::RemoveIdentities(ir.blocks);
+	IR::RemoveIdentities(ir);
 	IR::EliminateDeadCode(ir.blocks);

 	IR::CollectShaderInfo(ir, options.input_info);
-	IR::AllocateBindings(ir, push_data_start_dword);
 	std::string ir_dump;
 	if (options.dump_ir) {
 		ir_dump = MakeIrDump(translated.cfg_dump, ir);
 		if (options.early_dump) {
-			LOGF("%s native IR and bindings (early):\n%s", GetDumpLabel(options), ir_dump.c_str());
+			LOGF("%s native IR (early):\n%s", GetDumpLabel(options), ir_dump.c_str());
 		}
 	}

 	LOGF("%s phase begin: stage=%s hash=0x%016" PRIx64 " SPIR-V EmitProgram\n",
 	     GetDumpLabel(options), StageName(ir.stage), ir.shader_hash);
-	auto spirv = Spirv::EmitProgram(ir, options.input_info);
+	auto spirv = Spirv::EmitProgram(ir, options.input_info, push_data_start_dword,
+	                                options.maintenance8_enabled, options.emit_debug_info);
 	LOGF("%s phase end: stage=%s hash=0x%016" PRIx64 " SPIR-V EmitProgram words=%" PRIu64
 	     " elapsed_ms=%" PRIu64 "\n",
 	     GetDumpLabel(options), StageName(ir.stage), ir.shader_hash,
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 #include "common/common.h"
 #include "common/stringUtils.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceMaterialization.h"
+#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/frontend/decode/ShaderDecoder.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/shader.h"

+#include <array>
+#include <optional>
 #include <span>
 #include <vector>

@@ -18,6 +21,8 @@ struct CompileOptions {
 	uint64_t                    shader_hash     = 0;
 	bool                        dump_ir                    = true;
 	bool                        early_dump                 = false;
+	bool                        emit_debug_info            = false;
+	bool                        maintenance8_enabled       = false;
 	const char*                 dump_label                 = nullptr;
 	std::span<const uint32_t>   user_data;
 	std::span<const uint32_t>   back_code;
@@ -37,6 +42,32 @@ struct CompileResult {
 	IR::Program            program;
 };

+// Decoded source and typed scalar call queries are retained once per cache source.
+struct ShaderSource {
+	struct Call {
+		uint32_t instruction;
+		std::array<IR::Value, 2> target;
+	};
+	struct Linked {
+		std::vector<uint32_t> code;
+		Decoder::Program decoded;
+		std::vector<uint32_t> observed_function;
+	};
+	std::vector<uint32_t> code;
+	Decoder::Program decoded;
+	IR::ResourcePlan call_targets;
+	std::optional<Call> call;
+	std::optional<Linked> linked;
+	uint64_t revision = 0;
+	std::vector<std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t>> reads;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] ShaderSource PrepareShaderSource(std::span<const uint32_t> code,
+	                                           const CompileOptions& options);
+const Decoder::Program& RefreshShaderSource(ShaderSource& source, const IR::SrtRuntime& runtime);
+[[nodiscard]] TranslateResult TranslateProgram(const Decoder::Program& decoded,
+	                                           const CompileOptions& options);
+
 [[nodiscard]] TranslateResult TranslateProgram(std::span<const uint32_t> code,
                                               const CompileOptions& options);
 [[nodiscard]] CompileResult CompileProgram(TranslateResult translated,
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ void LowerTessellationMemory(IR::Program& program, const CompileOptions& options
 		}
 	}
 	ConstantPropagationPass(program.blocks, program.wave_size);
-	RemoveIdentities(program.blocks);
+	RemoveIdentities(program);
 	EliminateDeadCode(program.blocks);
 	LOGF("%s tessellation lowering: reads=%u writes=%u factors=%u\n",
 	     options.stage == ShaderType::Local                 ? "LS"
@@ -160,6 +160,14 @@ void Builder::AddEntryPoint(spv::ExecutionModel execution_model, uint32_t entry_
 	AppendInstruction(m_entry_points, spv::OpEntryPoint, operands);
 }

+uint32_t Builder::AddString(const char* text) {
+	const auto id = AllocateId();
+	std::vector<uint32_t> operands = {id};
+	AppendString(operands, text);
+	AppendInstruction(m_debug, spv::OpString, operands);
+	return id;
+}
+
 void Builder::AddName(uint32_t target, const char* name) {
 	std::vector<uint32_t> operands = {target};
 	AppendString(operands, name);
@@ -171,10 +179,12 @@ void Builder::AddFunction(std::span<const uint32_t> words) {
 }

 DeferredPhi Builder::AddDeferredPhi(uint32_t type, uint32_t result, size_t incoming_count) {
-	std::vector<uint32_t> words {spv::OpPhi, type, result};
-	words.resize(words.size() + incoming_count * 2u);
 	const DeferredPhi phi {m_functions.size()};
-	AddFunction(words);
+	const auto word_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(3u + incoming_count * 2u);
+	m_functions.push_back((word_count << spv::WordCountShift) | spv::OpPhi);
+	m_functions.push_back(type);
+	m_functions.push_back(result);
+	m_functions.resize(m_functions.size() + incoming_count * 2u);
 	m_unpatched_phi_incomings += incoming_count;
 	return phi;
 }
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ public:
 		AppendInstruction(m_execution_modes, spv::OpExecutionMode, entry_point, mode, operands...);
 	}

+	uint32_t AddString(const char* text);
 	void AddName(uint32_t target, const char* name);
 	template <typename... Args>
 	void AddAnnotation(spv::Op opcode, const Args&... operands) {
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/backend/spirv/spirvEmitterInternal.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ShaderIR.h"
-#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/BindingLayout.h"

 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
+#include <cstdio>

 namespace Libs::Graphics::ShaderRecompiler::Spirv {

@@ -18,90 +18,15 @@ namespace {
 	std::abort();
 }

-void ValidateNativeProgram(const IR::Program& program) {
-	using Kind                                             = IR::DescriptorBindingKind;
-	constexpr auto                               KindCount = static_cast<size_t>(Kind::Count);
-	std::array<std::vector<uint32_t>, KindCount> expected;
-	std::array<bool, KindCount>                  present {};
-	const auto                                   Dense = [](size_t size) {
-		std::vector<uint32_t> values(size);
-		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
-			values[i] = i;
-		}
-		return values;
+void ValidateNativeProgram(const IR::Program& program, bool lds_storage) {
+	std::vector<bool> live_buffers(program.info.buffers.size());
+	bool uses_lds = false;
+	bool uses_gds = false;
+	const auto uses_mapping = [](const auto& resource) {
+		return resource.indirect_root != UINT32_MAX;
 	};
-	auto Expect = [&](Kind kind, std::vector<uint32_t> resources = {}) {
-		const auto index = static_cast<size_t>(kind);
-		present[index]   = true;
-		expected[index]  = std::move(resources);
-	};
-	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < program.info.images.size(); i++) {
-		const auto kind = IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(program.info.images[i]);
-		if (!kind.has_value()) {
-			Fail(program, "native shader plan has an invalid image class");
-		}
-		present[static_cast<size_t>(*kind)] = true;
-		const auto dynamic = program.info.images[i].mip_mode == IR::ImageMipMode::Dynamic;
-		const auto count   = dynamic ? program.info.images[i].mip_count : 1u;
-		if (count == 0u || (!dynamic && program.info.images[i].mip_count != 1u)) {
-			Fail(program, "native shader plan has an invalid image mip descriptor count");
-		}
-		expected[static_cast<size_t>(*kind)].insert(expected[static_cast<size_t>(*kind)].end(),
-		                                            count, i);
-	}
-	if (!program.info.samplers.empty()) {
-		Expect(Kind::Samplers, Dense(program.info.samplers.size()));
-	}
-	auto& buffers = expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::Buffers)];
-	const bool uses_gds = IR::CollectMemoryResources(program, buffers);
-	present[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::Buffers)] = !buffers.empty();
-	if (uses_gds) {
-		Expect(Kind::Gds);
-	}
-	if (program.info.uses_dma) {
-		Expect(Kind::BdaPagetable);
-		Expect(Kind::FaultBuffer);
-	}
-	if (IR::UsesFlattenedSrt(program)) {
-		Expect(Kind::FlattenedSrt);
-	}
-	if (program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords() != 0 && !program.bindings.UsesPushData()) {
-		Expect(Kind::ShaderData);
-	}
-
-	std::array<bool, KindCount> seen {};
-	for (const auto& binding: program.bindings.descriptors) {
-		const auto kind = static_cast<size_t>(binding.kind);
-		if (kind >= KindCount || seen[kind] || !present[kind] ||
-		    binding.resources != expected[kind]) {
-			Fail(program, "native descriptor groups do not match shader topology");
-		}
-		seen[kind] = true;
-	}
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < KindCount; i++) {
-		if (present[i] != seen[i]) {
-			Fail(program, "native shader plan is missing a required descriptor group");
-		}
-	}
-	const auto has_shader_data_storage = present[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::ShaderData)];
-	const auto shader_data_dwords = program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords();
-	const auto user_data_dwords = program.bindings.user_data_registers.size();
-	const bool has_dispatch_threads = program.bindings.dispatch_thread_dword != IR::PushData::NoStart;
-	if ((program.bindings.UsesPushData() &&
-	     !IR::PushData::CanFit(program.bindings.push_data_start_dword, shader_data_dwords)) ||
-	    (has_dispatch_threads && (program.stage != ShaderType::Compute ||
-	                              program.bindings.dispatch_thread_dword != user_data_dwords)) ||
-	    program.bindings.memory_offset_dword != user_data_dwords + (has_dispatch_threads ? 3u : 0u) ||
-	    program.bindings.memory_offset_count != buffers.size() ||
-	    has_shader_data_storage != (shader_data_dwords != 0 && !program.bindings.UsesPushData()) ||
-	    !std::is_sorted(program.bindings.user_data_registers.begin(),
-	                    program.bindings.user_data_registers.end()) ||
-	    std::adjacent_find(program.bindings.user_data_registers.begin(),
-	                       program.bindings.user_data_registers.end()) !=
-	        program.bindings.user_data_registers.end()) {
-		Fail(program, "native shader-data layout is inconsistent");
-	}
-
+	bool uses_flattened_srt = std::ranges::any_of(program.info.buffers, uses_mapping) ||
+	                          std::ranges::any_of(program.info.images, uses_mapping);
 	const auto planning_only_handle = [&](const IR::Inst& handle) {
 		return !handle.Uses().empty() &&
 		       std::ranges::all_of(handle.Uses(), [&](const IR::Use& use) {
@@ -138,6 +63,39 @@ void ValidateNativeProgram(const IR::Program& program) {
 	};
 	for (const auto* block: program.blocks) {
 		for (const auto& inst: *block) {
+			const auto op = inst.GetOpcode();
+			uses_flattened_srt |= op == IR::ValueOpcode::ReadConst;
+			if (IR::BufferAccessOf(op) != IR::BufferAccess::None ||
+			    IR::SharedAccessOf(op) != IR::SharedAccess::None ||
+			    IR::AddressOpcodeInfoOf(op).access != IR::AddressAccess::None) {
+				const auto index = inst.Flags<IR::MemoryFlags>().index;
+				if (index >= program.memory_info.size()) {
+					Fail(program, "typed shader contains invalid memory metadata");
+				}
+				const auto& memory = program.memory_info[index];
+				if (!memory.planning_only) {
+					uses_lds |= memory.kind == IR::ResourceKind::FlatLocal;
+					if (IR::SharedAccessOf(op) != IR::SharedAccess::None) {
+						if (memory.kind != IR::ResourceKind::Lds && memory.kind != IR::ResourceKind::Gds) {
+							Fail(program, "typed shader contains invalid shared-memory metadata");
+						}
+						uses_gds |= memory.kind == IR::ResourceKind::Gds;
+						uses_lds |= memory.kind == IR::ResourceKind::Lds;
+					} else if (memory.kind == IR::ResourceKind::Buffer ||
+					           memory.kind == IR::ResourceKind::ScalarBuffer) {
+						if (memory.resource >= program.info.buffers.size()) {
+							Fail(program, "typed shader contains an invalid buffer resource");
+						}
+						live_buffers[memory.resource] = true;
+						for (const auto child: program.info.buffers[memory.resource].indirect_resources) {
+							if (child >= program.info.buffers.size()) {
+								Fail(program, "typed shader contains an invalid indirect buffer resource");
+							}
+							live_buffers[child] = true;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
 			const auto dense = inst.Flags<uint32_t>();
 			switch (inst.GetOpcode()) {
 				case IR::ValueOpcode::GetBufferResource:
@@ -148,6 +106,11 @@ void ValidateNativeProgram(const IR::Program& program) {
 						Fail(program, "typed buffer handle has an invalid dense resource");
 					}
 					break;
+				case IR::ValueOpcode::GetBufferResourceIndex:
+					if (dense >= program.info.buffers.size()) {
+						Fail(program, "typed buffer selector has an invalid dense resource");
+					}
+					break;
 				case IR::ValueOpcode::GetAddressResource:
 					if (planning_only_handle(inst)) {
 						break;
@@ -183,155 +146,66 @@ void ValidateNativeProgram(const IR::Program& program) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	using Kind = IR::DescriptorBindingKind;
+	std::array<uint32_t, static_cast<size_t>(Kind::Count)> expected {};
+	auto& buffer_count = expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::Buffers)];
+	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < program.info.buffers.size(); ++index) {
+		const auto slot = live_buffers[index] ? buffer_count++ : UINT32_MAX;
+		if (program.info.buffers[index].live != live_buffers[index] ||
+		    program.info.buffers[index].descriptor_index != slot) {
+			Fail(program, "native buffer descriptor index does not match shader topology");
+		}
+	}
+	for (const auto& image: program.info.images) {
+		const auto kind = IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(image);
+		if (!kind.has_value()) {
+			Fail(program, "native shader plan has an invalid image class");
+		}
+		if (image.mip_count == 0u ||
+		    (image.mip_mode != IR::ImageMipMode::Dynamic && image.mip_count != 1u)) {
+			Fail(program, "native shader plan has an invalid image mip descriptor count");
+		}
+		auto& count = expected[static_cast<size_t>(*kind)];
+		if (image.descriptor_index != count) {
+			Fail(program, "native image descriptor index does not match shader topology");
+		}
+		count += image.mip_count;
+	}
+	expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::Samplers)] = static_cast<uint32_t>(program.info.samplers.size());
+	expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::Gds)] = uses_gds;
+	expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::SharedMemory)] = uses_lds && lds_storage;
+	expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::BdaPagetable)] = program.info.uses_dma;
+	expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::FaultBuffer)] = program.info.uses_dma;
+	expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::FlattenedSrt)] = uses_flattened_srt;
+	expected[static_cast<size_t>(Kind::ShaderData)] =
+	    program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords() != 0 && !program.bindings.UsesPushData();
+	uint64_t descriptor_mask = 0;
+	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < expected.size(); ++index) {
+		if (expected[index] != 0) descriptor_mask |= uint64_t{1} << index;
+	}
+	if (program.bindings.descriptor_counts != expected ||
+	    program.bindings.descriptor_mask != descriptor_mask) {
+		Fail(program, "native descriptor counts do not match shader topology");
+	}
+	const auto shader_data_dwords = program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords();
+	const auto& registers = program.info.user_data_registers;
+	const bool has_dispatch_threads = program.bindings.dispatch_thread_dword != IR::PushData::NoStart;
+	if ((program.bindings.UsesPushData() &&
+	     !IR::PushData::CanFit(program.bindings.push_data_start_dword, shader_data_dwords)) ||
+	    (has_dispatch_threads && (program.stage != ShaderType::Compute ||
+	                              program.bindings.dispatch_thread_dword != registers.size())) ||
+	    program.bindings.memory_offset_dword != registers.size() + (has_dispatch_threads ? 3u : 0u) ||
+	    !std::is_sorted(registers.begin(), registers.end()) ||
+	    std::adjacent_find(registers.begin(), registers.end()) != registers.end()) {
+		Fail(program, "native shader-data layout is inconsistent");
+	}
 }

 } // namespace

-Emitter::SpirvRequirements Emitter::AnalyzeProgramRequirements(const IR::Program& program) {
-	SpirvRequirements requirements {};
-	for (const auto* block: program.blocks) {
-		for (const auto& inst: *block) {
-			requirements.float64 |= inst.GetType() == IR::Type::F64;
-			if (IR::BufferAccessOf(inst.GetOpcode()) == IR::BufferAccess::Atomic &&
-			    inst.GetType() == IR::Type::U64) {
-				requirements.buffer_int64_atomics = true;
-			}
-			const auto address_access = IR::AddressOpcodeInfoOf(inst.GetOpcode()).access;
-			if (address_access != IR::AddressAccess::None) {
-				const auto memory_index = inst.Flags<IR::MemoryFlags>().index;
-				if (memory_index >= program.memory_info.size()) {
-					Fail(program, "address operation has invalid memory metadata");
-				}
-				const auto kind = program.memory_info[memory_index].kind;
-				if (kind == IR::ResourceKind::Scratch || kind == IR::ResourceKind::FlatLocal) {
-					if (program.scratch_dwords == 0) {
-						Fail(program, "scratch operation has no per-thread storage");
-					}
-					requirements.function_scratch = true;
-					if (kind == IR::ResourceKind::FlatLocal && program.stage != ShaderType::Compute &&
-					    program.stage != ShaderType::Mesh) {
-						requirements.function_lds = true;
-					}
-				} else if (address_access == IR::AddressAccess::Write) {
-					Fail(program, "writable FLAT/GLOBAL addresses require GPU ownership tracking");
-				}
-			}
-			if (IR::BufferAccessOf(inst.GetOpcode()) != IR::BufferAccess::None) {
-				const auto memory_index = inst.Flags<IR::MemoryFlags>().index;
-				if (memory_index >= program.memory_info.size()) {
-					Fail(program, "buffer operation has invalid memory metadata");
-				}
-				const auto& memory = program.memory_info[memory_index];
-				if (memory.kind == IR::ResourceKind::IndirectBuffer &&
-				    inst.GetOpcode() != IR::ValueOpcode::ReadConstBuffer) {
-					requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id = true;
-				}
-				if (memory.kind == IR::ResourceKind::Buffer) {
-					requirements.coherent_buffers |= memory.coherent;
-					if (memory.resource >= program.info.buffers.size()) {
-						Fail(program, "buffer operation has invalid resource metadata");
-					}
-					const auto bits = StorageBufferElementBits(program, memory);
-					requirements.buffer_u8 |= bits == 8u;
-					requirements.buffer_u16 |= bits == 16u;
-					if ((program.info.buffers[memory.resource].packed_stride & (1u << 20u)) != 0u) {
-						if (program.stage != ShaderType::Compute) {
-							Fail(program, "buffer ADD_TID is only valid for compute shaders");
-						}
-						requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id = true;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			const auto shared_access = IR::SharedAccessOf(inst.GetOpcode());
-			if (shared_access != IR::SharedAccess::None) {
-				const auto index = inst.Flags<IR::MemoryFlags>().index;
-				if (index >= program.memory_info.size()) {
-					Fail(program, "shared operation has invalid memory metadata");
-				}
-				const auto kind = program.memory_info[index].kind;
-				if (kind != IR::ResourceKind::Lds && kind != IR::ResourceKind::Gds) {
-					Fail(program, "shared operation has invalid resource kind");
-				}
-				if (shared_access == IR::SharedAccess::Atomic &&
-				    IR::SharedComponentCount(inst.GetOpcode()) == 2u) {
-					if (kind != IR::ResourceKind::Lds || program.stage != ShaderType::Compute) {
-						Fail(program, "64-bit shared atomics require compute LDS");
-					}
-					requirements.shared_int64_atomics = true;
-				}
-				if (program.stage != ShaderType::Compute && program.stage != ShaderType::Mesh &&
-				    kind == IR::ResourceKind::Lds) {
-					requirements.function_lds = true;
-				}
-				if (shared_access == IR::SharedAccess::Append ||
-				    shared_access == IR::SharedAccess::Consume) {
-					requirements.subgroup_ballot              = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_shuffle             = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id = true;
-				}
-			}
-			switch (inst.GetOpcode()) {
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::StoreCompletion: requirements.subgroup_barrier = true; break;
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::BvhIntersect: requirements.bvh = true; break;
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::Ballot: requirements.subgroup_ballot = true; break;
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::DppMoveU32:
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::ReadFirstLane:
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::ReadLane: {
-					requirements.subgroup_ballot  = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_shuffle = true;
-					if (inst.GetOpcode() == IR::ValueOpcode::DppMoveU32) {
-						requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id = true;
-					}
-					break;
-				}
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::DppUpdateU32:
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::WriteLane: {
-					requirements.subgroup_ballot              = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id = true;
-					break;
-				}
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::Permlane16U32: {
-					requirements.subgroup_ballot              = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_shuffle             = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id = true;
-					break;
-				}
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::SwizzleU32:
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::PermuteU32:
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::BpermuteU32: {
-					requirements.subgroup_ballot              = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_shuffle             = true;
-					requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id = true;
-					break;
-				}
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::LaneId:
-					requirements.subgroup_local_invocation_id |=
-					    program.stage != ShaderType::TessellationControl;
-					break;
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::ImageQueryLod: requirements.compute_derivatives = true; break;
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::ImageGatherRaw:
-					requirements.image_gather_extended = true;
-					break;
-				case IR::ValueOpcode::SetAttribute: {
-					const auto index = inst.Flags<IR::ExportFlags>().index;
-					if (index >= program.export_info.size()) {
-						Fail(program, "attribute export has invalid metadata");
-					}
-					if (program.stage == ShaderType::Pixel &&
-					    program.export_info[index].vm) {
-						requirements.pixel_valid_mask = true;
-					}
-					break;
-				}
-				default: break;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return requirements;
-}
-
-std::vector<uint32_t> EmitProgram(const IR::Program& program,
-                                  ShaderStageInputInfo input_info) {
+std::vector<uint32_t> EmitProgram(IR::Program& program, ShaderStageInputInfo input_info,
+                                  uint32_t push_data_start_dword, bool maintenance8_enabled,
+                                  bool emit_debug_info) {
 	using namespace Emitter;

 	if (program.stage != ShaderType::Compute && program.stage != ShaderType::Vertex &&
@@ -341,18 +215,26 @@ std::vector<uint32_t> EmitProgram(const IR::Program& program,
 		Fail(program, "binary SPIR-V emitter received an unsupported shader stage");
 	}
 	if (!program.srt_plan_complete || !program.resource_tracking_complete ||
-	    !program.shader_info_complete || !program.binding_layout_complete) {
+	    !program.shader_info_complete) {
 		Fail(program, "SPIR-V emitter requires a fully planned native shader program");
 	}
-	ValidateNativeProgram(program);
 	IR::ValidateProgram(program, true);
-	EmitterState state(program, input_info);
+	program.bindings = {.push_data_start_dword = push_data_start_dword};
+	EmitterState state(program, input_info, maintenance8_enabled);
+	if (emit_debug_info) {
+		char name[64];
+		std::snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "rdna2-%016" PRIx64 "-block-byte-pc-plus-one",
+		              program.shader_hash);
+		state.debug_source = state.builder.AddString(name);
+	}
 	const auto* workgroup = ShaderWorkgroupInput(program.stage, input_info);
 	state.lane_count =
 	    workgroup != nullptr && program.wave_size == 64u && workgroup->host_subgroup_size == 32u
 	        ? 2u
 	        : 1u;
 	DefineModule(state);
+	ValidateNativeProgram(program, program.stage == ShaderType::Compute &&
+	                                   input_info.compute != nullptr && input_info.compute->lds_storage);
 	EmitProgram(state);
 	state.builder.AddEntryPoint(ExecutionModelForStage(state.program.stage), state.main_func,
 	                            "main", state.interface_variables);
@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@

 namespace Libs::Graphics::ShaderRecompiler::Spirv {

-std::vector<uint32_t> EmitProgram(const IR::Program& program,
-                                  ShaderStageInputInfo input_info);
+// Resets and writes backend IDs and descriptor indices; do not emit the same program concurrently.
+std::vector<uint32_t> EmitProgram(IR::Program& program, ShaderStageInputInfo input_info,
+                                  uint32_t push_data_start_dword = 0,
+                                  bool maintenance8_enabled = false,
+                                  bool emit_debug_info = false);

 } // namespace Libs::Graphics::ShaderRecompiler::Spirv

@@ -17,28 +17,26 @@ Pair ExtractPair(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value) {
 	return result;
 }

-uint32_t MakePair(EmitterState& state, uint32_t low, uint32_t high) {
-	const auto result = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU64(state), result, low, high);
-	return result;
-}
+uint32_t EmitMinMaxF64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool max_value) {
+	const auto bits_type = TypeU32Vector(state, 2);
+	const auto lhs_bits = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, bits_type, lhs);
+	const auto rhs_bits = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, bits_type, rhs);
+	const auto ordered = Binary(state, max_value ? spv::OpFOrdGreaterThan : spv::OpFOrdLessThan,
+	                            TypeBool(state), lhs, rhs);
+	auto result = Select(state, TypeF64(state), ordered, lhs, rhs);

-uint32_t CompareEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs_value, uint32_t rhs_value,
-                        bool not_equal) {
-	const auto compare = Binary(state, not_equal ? spv::OpINotEqual : spv::OpIEqual,
-	                            TypeBoolVector(state, 2), lhs_value, rhs_value);
-	return Unary(state, not_equal ? spv::OpAny : spv::OpAll, TypeBool(state), compare);
-}
+	// Equal values have identical bits except signed zero: min chooses -0, max chooses +0.
+	const auto equal = Binary(state, spv::OpFOrdEqual, TypeBool(state), lhs, rhs);
+	const auto equal_bits = Binary(state, max_value ? spv::OpBitwiseAnd : spv::OpBitwiseOr,
+	                               bits_type, lhs_bits, rhs_bits);
+	result = Select(state, TypeF64(state), equal,
+	                Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeF64(state), equal_bits), result);

-uint32_t CompareOrdered64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs_value, uint32_t rhs_value,
-                          spv::Op high_compare, spv::Op low_compare) {
-	const auto lhs         = ExtractPair(state, lhs_value);
-	const auto rhs         = ExtractPair(state, rhs_value);
-	const auto high_equal  = Binary(state, spv::OpIEqual, TypeBool(state), lhs.high, rhs.high);
-	const auto high_result = Binary(state, high_compare, TypeBool(state), lhs.high, rhs.high);
-	const auto low_result  = Binary(state, low_compare, TypeBool(state), lhs.low, rhs.low);
-	const auto low_path = Binary(state, spv::OpLogicalAnd, TypeBool(state), high_equal, low_result);
-	return Binary(state, spv::OpLogicalOr, TypeBool(state), high_result, low_path);
+	// Non-IEEE mode selects the other operand for NaN, including rhs when both are NaN.
+	result = Select(state, TypeF64(state), Unary(state, spv::OpIsNan, TypeBool(state), rhs),
+	                lhs, result);
+	return Select(state, TypeF64(state), Unary(state, spv::OpIsNan, TypeBool(state), lhs),
+	              rhs, result);
 }

 uint32_t EmitMulHigh(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool signed_value) {
@@ -58,113 +56,14 @@ uint32_t EmitMulHigh(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool signe
 	return signed_value ? Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32(state), high) : high;
 }

-uint32_t EmitShift64(EmitterState& state, spv::Op opcode, uint32_t value, uint32_t shift) {
-	const auto pair       = ExtractPair(state, value);
-	const auto amount     = EmitAndConstant(state, shift, 63u);
-	const auto word_shift = EmitAndConstant(state, amount, 31u);
-	const auto at_least_32 =
-	    Binary(state, spv::OpUGreaterThanEqual, TypeBool(state), amount, ConstantU32(state, 32));
-	const auto nonzero =
-	    Binary(state, spv::OpINotEqual, TypeBool(state), amount, ConstantU32(state, 0));
-	const auto carry_count = EmitAndConstant(
-	    state, Binary(state, spv::OpISub, TypeU32(state), ConstantU32(state, 32), word_shift), 31u);
-	if (opcode == spv::OpShiftLeftLogical) {
-		const auto low = Binary(state, opcode, TypeU32(state), pair.low, word_shift);
-		const auto carry =
-		    Select(state, TypeU32(state), nonzero,
-		           Binary(state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU32(state), pair.low, carry_count),
-		           ConstantU32(state, 0));
-		const auto high =
-		    Binary(state, spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(state),
-		           Binary(state, opcode, TypeU32(state), pair.high, word_shift), carry);
-		return MakePair(state,
-		                Select(state, TypeU32(state), at_least_32, ConstantU32(state, 0), low),
-		                Select(state, TypeU32(state), at_least_32, low, high));
-	}
-	const auto high = Binary(state, opcode, TypeU32(state), pair.high, word_shift);
-	const auto carry =
-	    Select(state, TypeU32(state), nonzero,
-	           Binary(state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, TypeU32(state), pair.high, carry_count),
-	           ConstantU32(state, 0));
-	const auto low = Binary(
-	    state, spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(state),
-	    Binary(state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU32(state), pair.low, word_shift), carry);
-	const auto fill = opcode == spv::OpShiftRightArithmetic
-	                      ? Binary(state, opcode, TypeU32(state), pair.high, ConstantU32(state, 31))
-	                      : ConstantU32(state, 0);
-	return MakePair(state, Select(state, TypeU32(state), at_least_32, high, low),
-	                Select(state, TypeU32(state), at_least_32, fill, high));
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitConstantShift64(EmitterState& state, spv::Op opcode, uint32_t value, uint32_t shift) {
-	shift &= 63u;
-	if (shift == 0u) {
-		return value;
-	}
-	const auto pair = ExtractPair(state, value);
-	if (opcode == spv::OpShiftLeftLogical) {
-		if (shift < 32u) {
-			const auto low  = Binary(state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, TypeU32(state), pair.low,
-			                         ConstantU32(state, shift));
-			const auto high = Binary(state, spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(state),
-			                         Binary(state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, TypeU32(state),
-			                                pair.high, ConstantU32(state, shift)),
-			                         Binary(state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU32(state),
-			                                pair.low, ConstantU32(state, 32u - shift)));
-			return MakePair(state, low, high);
-		}
-		return MakePair(state, ConstantU32(state, 0),
-		                shift == 32u ? pair.low
-		                             : Binary(state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, TypeU32(state),
-		                                      pair.low, ConstantU32(state, shift - 32u)));
-	}
-	if (shift < 32u) {
-		const auto low = Binary(state, spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(state),
-		                        Binary(state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU32(state), pair.low,
-		                               ConstantU32(state, shift)),
-		                        Binary(state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, TypeU32(state), pair.high,
-		                               ConstantU32(state, 32u - shift)));
-		const auto high =
-		    Binary(state, opcode, TypeU32(state), pair.high, ConstantU32(state, shift));
-		return MakePair(state, low, high);
-	}
-	const auto high = opcode == spv::OpShiftRightArithmetic
-	                      ? Binary(state, spv::OpShiftRightArithmetic, TypeU32(state), pair.high,
-	                               ConstantU32(state, 31u))
-	                      : ConstantU32(state, 0);
-	const auto low  = shift == 32u ? pair.high
-	                               : Binary(state, opcode, TypeU32(state), pair.high,
-	                                        ConstantU32(state, shift - 32u));
-	return MakePair(state, low, high);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitMinMax3(EmitterState& state, uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c, bool signed_value,
-                     bool max_value) {
-	const auto ab = signed_value ? EmitMinMaxI32Value(state, a, b, max_value)
-	                             : EmitMinMaxU32Value(state, a, b, max_value);
-	return signed_value ? EmitMinMaxI32Value(state, ab, c, max_value)
-	                    : EmitMinMaxU32Value(state, ab, c, max_value);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitMed3(EmitterState& state, uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c, bool signed_value) {
-	const auto minimum = EmitMinMax3(state, a, b, c, signed_value, false);
-	const auto maximum = EmitMinMax3(state, a, b, c, signed_value, true);
-	const auto ab      = Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), a, b);
-	const auto abc     = Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), ab, c);
-	return Binary(state, spv::OpISub, TypeU32(state),
-	              Binary(state, spv::OpISub, TypeU32(state), abc, minimum), maximum);
-}
-
 uint32_t EmitFMinMax3(EmitterState& state, uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c, bool max_value) {
 	return EmitMinMaxF32Value(state, EmitMinMaxF32Value(state, a, b, max_value), c, max_value);
 }

 uint32_t EmitExt(EmitterState& state, uint32_t type, uint32_t opcode,
                 std::initializer_list<uint32_t> args) {
-	const auto            result = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	std::vector<uint32_t> words {spv::OpExtInst, type, result, GlslStd450(state), opcode};
-	words.insert(words.end(), args.begin(), args.end());
-	state.builder.AddFunction(words);
+	const auto result = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpExtInst, type, result, GlslStd450(state), opcode, args);
 	return result;
 }

@@ -201,6 +100,28 @@ uint32_t EmitF32ToU32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t src, bool signed_value) {
 }

 } // namespace
+
+uint32_t EmitFPFma32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c) {
+	const auto result = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Fma, IR::Type::F32>(state, a, b, c);
+	state.builder.AddAnnotation(spv::OpDecorate, result, spv::DecorationNoContraction);
+	return result;
+}
+
+uint32_t EmitFPMad32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c) {
+	// Explicit denormal checks typically drop 3DMiniGolf menu FPS from 28-29 to 21-24
+	// on NVIDIA RTX 5080 Laptop GPU, so leave them disabled for this experiment.
+	// a = EmitFlushF32DenormToSignedZero(state, a);
+	// b = EmitFlushF32DenormToSignedZero(state, b);
+	// c = EmitFlushF32DenormToSignedZero(state, c);
+	const auto product = EmitFPMul32(state, a, b);
+	state.builder.AddAnnotation(spv::OpDecorate, product, spv::DecorationNoContraction);
+	// const auto sum = EmitFPAdd32(state, EmitFlushF32DenormToSignedZero(state, product), c);
+	const auto sum = EmitFPAdd32(state, product, c);
+	state.builder.AddAnnotation(spv::OpDecorate, sum, spv::DecorationNoContraction);
+	// return EmitFlushF32DenormToSignedZero(state, sum);
+	return sum;
+}
+
 uint32_t EmitFPMedTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c) {
 	const auto min_ab   = EmitMinMaxF32Value(state, a, b, false);
 	const auto min3     = EmitMinMaxF32Value(state, min_ab, c, false);
@@ -215,57 +136,15 @@ uint32_t EmitFPMedTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c)
 }

 uint32_t EmitFindUMsb64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value) {
-	const auto pair   = ExtractPair(state, value);
-	const auto high_i = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto low_i  = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpExtInst, TypeI32(state), high_i, GlslStd450(state),
-	                          GLSLstd450FindUMsb, pair.high);
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpExtInst, TypeI32(state), low_i, GlslStd450(state),
-	                          GLSLstd450FindUMsb, pair.low);
-	const auto high = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32(state), high_i);
-	const auto low  = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32(state), low_i);
-	const auto high_nonzero =
-	    Binary(state, spv::OpINotEqual, TypeBool(state), pair.high, ConstantU32(state, 0));
-	return Select(state, TypeU32(state), high_nonzero,
-	              Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), high, ConstantU32(state, 32)), low);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitIMul64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs_value, uint32_t rhs_value) {
-	const auto lhs   = ExtractPair(state, lhs_value);
-	const auto rhs   = ExtractPair(state, rhs_value);
-	const auto low   = Binary(state, spv::OpIMul, TypeU32(state), lhs.low, rhs.low);
-	const auto high0 = EmitMulHigh(state, lhs.low, rhs.low, false);
-	const auto high1 = Binary(state, spv::OpIMul, TypeU32(state), lhs.low, rhs.high);
-	const auto high2 = Binary(state, spv::OpIMul, TypeU32(state), lhs.high, rhs.low);
-	return MakePair(state, low,
-	                Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state),
-	                       Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), high0, high1), high2));
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitISub64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs_value, uint32_t rhs_value) {
-	const auto lhs    = ExtractPair(state, lhs_value);
-	const auto rhs    = ExtractPair(state, rhs_value);
-	const auto low    = Binary(state, spv::OpISub, TypeU32(state), lhs.low, rhs.low);
-	const auto borrow = Binary(state, spv::OpULessThan, TypeBool(state), lhs.low, rhs.low);
-	const auto borrow_u32 =
-	    Select(state, TypeU32(state), borrow, ConstantU32(state, 1), ConstantU32(state, 0));
-	const auto high0 = Binary(state, spv::OpISub, TypeU32(state), lhs.high, rhs.high);
-	const auto high  = Binary(state, spv::OpISub, TypeU32(state), high0, borrow_u32);
-	return MakePair(state, low, high);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitIAdd64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs_value, uint32_t rhs_value) {
-	const auto lhs      = ExtractPair(state, lhs_value);
-	const auto rhs      = ExtractPair(state, rhs_value);
-	const auto low_pair = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto low      = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto carry    = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpIAddCarry, TypeU32Pair(state), low_pair, lhs.low, rhs.low);
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(state), low, low_pair, 0);
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(state), carry, low_pair, 1);
-	const auto high0 = Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), lhs.high, rhs.high);
-	const auto high  = Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), high0, carry);
-	return MakePair(state, low, high);
+	// GLSL FindUMsb is restricted to 32-bit components.
+	const auto unpacked = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32Vector(state, 2), value);
+	const auto pair =
+	    ExtractPair(state, EmitExt(state, TypeU32Vector(state, 2), GLSLstd450FindUMsb, {unpacked}));
+	const auto high_found =
+	    Binary(state, spv::OpINotEqual, TypeBool(state), pair.high, ConstantU32(state, UINT32_MAX));
+	return Select(state, TypeU32(state), high_found,
+	              Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), pair.high, ConstantU32(state, 32)),
+	              pair.low);
 }

 uint32_t EmitConvertU16U32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
@@ -294,7 +173,7 @@ uint32_t EmitConvertU32F32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
 uint32_t EmitConvertF32F64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
 	const auto converted = Unary(state, spv::OpFConvert, TypeF32(state), arg0);
 	const auto source    = EmitNative<spv::OpCompositeExtract, IR::Type::U32>(
-	    state, Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU64(state), arg0), 1u);
+	    state, Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32Vector(state, 2), arg0), 1u);
 	const auto exponent = EmitAndConstant(state, source, 0x7ff00000u);
 	const auto overflow =
 	    Binary(state, spv::OpLogicalAnd, TypeBool(state),
@@ -312,7 +191,21 @@ uint32_t EmitConvertF64F32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
 	                                                  EmitFlushF32DenormToSignedZero(state, arg0));
 }

+uint32_t EmitCompositeConstructU64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1) {
+	arg1 = arg1.Resolve();
+	return arg1.IsImmediate() && arg1.U32() == 0u
+	           ? Unary(ctx.state, spv::OpUConvert, TypeU64(ctx.state), arg0)
+	           : PackU64(ctx.state, arg0, ctx.Def(arg1));
+}
+
 uint32_t EmitCompositeExtractU64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1) {
+	const auto value = arg1.U32() == 0u ? arg0
+	                                    : Binary(state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU64(state),
+	                                             arg0, ConstantU32(state, 32));
+	return Unary(state, spv::OpUConvert, TypeU32(state), value);
+}
+
+uint32_t EmitCompositeExtractU32x2(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1) {
 	return EmitNative<spv::OpCompositeExtract, IR::Type::U32>(state, arg0, arg1.U32());
 }

@@ -336,128 +229,38 @@ uint32_t EmitUMulHi(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
 	return EmitMulHigh(state, arg0, arg1, false);
 }

-uint32_t EmitIAbs32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
-	const auto value = arg0;
-	const auto neg   = Unary(state, spv::OpSNegate, TypeU32(state), value);
-	const auto negative =
-	    Binary(state, spv::OpSLessThan, TypeBool(state), value, ConstantU32(state, 0));
-	return Select(state, TypeU32(state), negative, neg, value);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitShiftLeftLogical64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1) {
-	auto& state = ctx.state;
-	return arg1.Resolve().IsImmediate()
-	           ? EmitConstantShift64(state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, arg0, arg1.Resolve().U32())
-	           : EmitShift64(state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, arg0, ctx.Def(arg1));
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitShiftRightLogical64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1) {
-	auto& state = ctx.state;
-	return arg1.Resolve().IsImmediate()
-	           ? EmitConstantShift64(state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, arg0, arg1.Resolve().U32())
-	           : EmitShift64(state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, arg0, ctx.Def(arg1));
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitShiftRightArithmetic64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1) {
-	auto& state = ctx.state;
-	return arg1.Resolve().IsImmediate()
-	           ? EmitConstantShift64(state, spv::OpShiftRightArithmetic, arg0, arg1.Resolve().U32())
-	           : EmitShift64(state, spv::OpShiftRightArithmetic, arg0, ctx.Def(arg1));
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitBitwiseAnd64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return Binary(state, spv::OpBitwiseAnd, TypeU64(state), arg0, arg1);
-}
-
 uint32_t EmitBitCount64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
-	const auto pair = ExtractPair(state, Unary(state, spv::OpBitCount, TypeU64(state), arg0));
+	// Vulkan bit-count operands remain 32-bit, including when counting a U64.
+	const auto unpacked = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32Vector(state, 2), arg0);
+	const auto pair =
+	    ExtractPair(state, Unary(state, spv::OpBitCount, TypeU32Vector(state, 2), unpacked));
 	return Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), pair.low, pair.high);
 }

-uint32_t EmitFindILsb32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
-	const auto value = EmitExt(state, TypeI32(state), GLSLstd450FindILsb, {arg0});
-	return Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32(state), value);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitFindUMsb32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
-	const auto value = EmitExt(state, TypeI32(state), GLSLstd450FindUMsb, {arg0});
-	return Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32(state), value);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitSMin32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return EmitMinMaxI32Value(state, arg0, arg1, false);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitSMax32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return EmitMinMaxI32Value(state, arg0, arg1, true);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitUMin32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return EmitMinMaxU32Value(state, arg0, arg1, false);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitUMax32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return EmitMinMaxU32Value(state, arg0, arg1, true);
-}
-
 uint32_t EmitSMinTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2) {
-	return EmitMinMax3(state, arg0, arg1, arg2, true, false);
+	return EmitSMin32(state, arg0, EmitSMin32(state, arg1, arg2));
 }

 uint32_t EmitSMaxTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2) {
-	return EmitMinMax3(state, arg0, arg1, arg2, true, true);
+	return EmitSMax32(state, arg0, EmitSMax32(state, arg1, arg2));
 }

 uint32_t EmitUMinTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2) {
-	return EmitMinMax3(state, arg0, arg1, arg2, false, false);
+	return EmitUMin32(state, arg0, EmitUMin32(state, arg1, arg2));
 }

 uint32_t EmitUMaxTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2) {
-	return EmitMinMax3(state, arg0, arg1, arg2, false, true);
+	return EmitUMax32(state, arg0, EmitUMax32(state, arg1, arg2));
 }

 uint32_t EmitSMedTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2) {
-	return EmitMed3(state, arg0, arg1, arg2, true);
+	const auto high_min = EmitSMin32(state, EmitSMax32(state, arg0, arg1), arg2);
+	return EmitSMax32(state, EmitSMin32(state, arg0, arg1), high_min);
 }

 uint32_t EmitUMedTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2) {
-	return EmitMed3(state, arg0, arg1, arg2, false);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitIEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareEqual64(state, arg0, arg1, false);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitINotEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareEqual64(state, arg0, arg1, true);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitULessThan64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareOrdered64(state, arg0, arg1, spv::OpULessThan, spv::OpULessThan);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitSLessThan64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareOrdered64(state, arg0, arg1, spv::OpSLessThan, spv::OpULessThan);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitUGreaterThan64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareOrdered64(state, arg0, arg1, spv::OpUGreaterThan, spv::OpUGreaterThan);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitSLessThanEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareOrdered64(state, arg0, arg1, spv::OpSLessThan, spv::OpULessThanEqual);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitULessThanEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareOrdered64(state, arg0, arg1, spv::OpULessThan, spv::OpULessThanEqual);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitUGreaterThanEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
-	return CompareOrdered64(state, arg0, arg1, spv::OpUGreaterThan, spv::OpUGreaterThanEqual);
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitFPIsNan32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
-	return EmitNative<spv::OpFUnordNotEqual, IR::Type::U1>(state, arg0, arg0);
+	const auto high_min = EmitUMin32(state, EmitUMax32(state, arg0, arg1), arg2);
+	return EmitUMax32(state, EmitUMin32(state, arg0, arg1), high_min);
 }

 uint32_t EmitFPMin32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
@@ -468,6 +271,14 @@ uint32_t EmitFPMax32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
 	return EmitMinMaxF32Value(state, arg0, arg1, true);
 }

+uint32_t EmitFPMin64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
+	return EmitMinMaxF64(state, arg0, arg1, false);
+}
+
+uint32_t EmitFPMax64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1) {
+	return EmitMinMaxF64(state, arg0, arg1, true);
+}
+
 uint32_t EmitFPMinTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2) {
 	return EmitFMinMax3(state, arg0, arg1, arg2, false);
 }
@@ -82,35 +82,12 @@ uint32_t EmitF32ToF16RtzBits(EmitterState& state, uint32_t f32) {
 	return EmitAndConstant(state, EmitSelectValueU32(state, exp_eq_255, special, finite2), 0xffffu);
 }

-uint32_t EmitMinMaxU32Value(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool max_value) {
-	const auto cond = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto ret  = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(max_value ? spv::OpUGreaterThan : spv::OpULessThan, TypeBool(state),
-	                          cond, lhs, rhs);
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelect, TypeU32(state), ret, cond, lhs, rhs);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-uint32_t EmitMinMaxI32Value(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool max_value) {
-	const auto cond = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto ret  = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(max_value ? spv::OpSGreaterThan : spv::OpSLessThan, TypeBool(state),
-	                          cond, lhs, rhs);
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelect, TypeU32(state), ret, cond, lhs, rhs);
-	return ret;
-}
-
 F32Class EmitClassifyF32Bits(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits) {
 	F32Class cls;
-	cls.bits                 = bits;
-	const auto abs_bits      = EmitAndConstant(state, cls.bits, 0x7fffffffu);
-	const auto exponent_bits = EmitAndConstant(state, abs_bits, 0x7f800000u);
-	const auto mantissa_bits = EmitAndConstant(state, abs_bits, 0x007fffffu);
-	const auto exponent_max =
-	    EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpIEqual, exponent_bits, 0x7f800000u);
-	const auto mantissa_nonzero = EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpINotEqual, mantissa_bits, 0);
-	cls.nan  = EmitLogicalAndBool(state, exponent_max, mantissa_nonzero);
-	cls.zero                    = EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpIEqual, abs_bits, 0);
+	cls.bits            = bits;
+	const auto abs_bits = EmitAndConstant(state, cls.bits, 0x7fffffffu);
+	cls.nan  = EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpUGreaterThan, abs_bits, 0x7f800000u);
+	cls.zero = EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpIEqual, abs_bits, 0);
 	return cls;
 }

@@ -125,20 +102,23 @@ uint32_t EmitClassMaskBitMatch(EmitterState& state, uint32_t mask, uint32_t bit,
 	return EmitLogicalAndBool(state, selected, class_match);
 }

-uint32_t EmitClassMaskF32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value, uint32_t mask) {
-	const auto bits          = EmitBitcastF32ToU32(state, value);
-	const auto sign_bits     = EmitAndConstant(state, bits, 0x80000000u);
-	const auto abs_bits      = EmitAndConstant(state, bits, 0x7fffffffu);
-	const auto exponent_bits = EmitAndConstant(state, abs_bits, 0x7f800000u);
-	const auto mantissa_bits = EmitAndConstant(state, abs_bits, 0x007fffffu);
-	const auto quiet_bits    = EmitAndConstant(state, mantissa_bits, 0x00400000u);
+static uint32_t EmitClassMaskBits(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits, uint32_t mask, bool half) {
+	const uint32_t sign_mask     = half ? 0x8000u : 0x80000000u;
+	const uint32_t exponent_mask = half ? 0x7c00u : 0x7f800000u;
+	const uint32_t mantissa_mask = half ? 0x03ffu : 0x007fffffu;
+	const uint32_t quiet_mask    = half ? 0x0200u : 0x00400000u;
+	const auto     sign_bits     = EmitAndConstant(state, bits, sign_mask);
+	const auto     abs_bits      = EmitAndConstant(state, bits, sign_mask - 1u);
+	const auto     exponent_bits = EmitAndConstant(state, abs_bits, exponent_mask);
+	const auto     mantissa_bits = EmitAndConstant(state, abs_bits, mantissa_mask);
+	const auto     quiet_bits    = EmitAndConstant(state, mantissa_bits, quiet_mask);

 	const auto sign             = EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpINotEqual, sign_bits, 0);
 	const auto positive         = EmitLogicalNotBool(state, sign);
 	const auto exponent_zero    = EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpIEqual, exponent_bits, 0);
 	const auto exponent_nonzero = EmitLogicalNotBool(state, exponent_zero);
 	const auto exponent_inf =
-	    EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpIEqual, exponent_bits, 0x7f800000u);
+	    EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpIEqual, exponent_bits, exponent_mask);
 	const auto finite_exponent  = EmitLogicalNotBool(state, exponent_inf);
 	const auto mantissa_zero    = EmitCompareU32Constant(state, spv::OpIEqual, mantissa_bits, 0);
 	const auto mantissa_nonzero = EmitLogicalNotBool(state, mantissa_zero);
@@ -178,6 +158,14 @@ uint32_t EmitClassMaskF32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value, uint32_t mask) {
 	    EmitClassMaskBitMatch(state, mask, 9, EmitLogicalAndBool(state, inf, positive)));
 }

+uint32_t EmitClassMaskF32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value, uint32_t mask) {
+	return EmitClassMaskBits(state, EmitBitcastF32ToU32(state, value), mask, false);
+}
+
+uint32_t EmitClassMaskF16(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits, uint32_t mask) {
+	return EmitClassMaskBits(state, bits, mask, true);
+}
+
 uint32_t EmitMinMaxF32Value(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool max_value) {
 	const auto lhs_class = EmitClassifyF32(state, lhs);
 	const auto rhs_class = EmitClassifyF32(state, rhs);
@@ -59,21 +59,6 @@ uint32_t          ConstantU32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value);
 	std::abort();
 }

-uint32_t ResourceForDescriptor(const EmitterState& state, IR::DescriptorBindingKind kind,
-                               uint32_t resource) {
-	const auto* descriptor = IR::FindBinding(state.program.bindings, kind);
-	if (descriptor == nullptr) {
-		ExitDescriptorBindingFailure(state, kind, resource, "descriptor group was not allocated");
-	}
-	const auto found =
-	    std::find(descriptor->resources.begin(), descriptor->resources.end(), resource);
-	if (found == descriptor->resources.end()) {
-		ExitDescriptorBindingFailure(state, kind, resource,
-		                             "resource is absent from descriptor group");
-	}
-	return static_cast<uint32_t>(found - descriptor->resources.begin());
-}
-
 uint32_t DescriptorElementPointer(EmitterState& state, uint32_t result_ptr_type,
                                  uint32_t variable_id, uint32_t array_index,
                                  IR::DescriptorBindingKind kind, uint32_t resource,
@@ -136,8 +121,8 @@ uint32_t ImageType(EmitterState& state, const IR::ImageResource& image) {
 		EXIT("invalid image resource class");
 	}
 	const auto& info = ImageDimensionInfoFor(image.dimension);
-	const auto scalar_type = image.atomic64 ? TypeScalarU64(state)
-	                                        : ImageScalarType(state, image.numeric_class);
+	const auto  scalar_type =
+	    image.atomic64 ? TypeU64(state) : ImageScalarType(state, image.numeric_class);
 	return state.builder.Type(spv::OpTypeImage, scalar_type,
 	                          info.spirv_dimension, image.depth_compare ? 1u : 0u, info.arrayed,
 	                          info.multisampled, sampled, format);
@@ -152,43 +137,62 @@ uint32_t ImageViewSizeType(EmitterState& state, ImageDimension dimension) {
 	}
 }

+namespace {
+void DecorateNonUniformDescriptor(EmitterState& state, uint32_t id, spv::Capability capability) {
+	state.builder.RequireExtension("SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing");
+	state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderNonUniform);
+	state.builder.RequireCapability(capability);
+	state.builder.AddAnnotation(spv::OpDecorate, id, spv::DecorationNonUniform);
+}
+} // namespace
+
 uint32_t LoadImageDescriptor(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t mip,
                             uint32_t array_index) {
 	const auto pointer = ImageDescriptorPointer(state, resource, mip, array_index);
 	const auto image = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLoad, ImageType(state, state.program.info.images.at(resource)),
+	const auto kind = *IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(state.program.info.images[resource]);
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLoad, state.images[IR::ImageBindingIndex(kind)].type,
 	                          image, pointer);
+	if (array_index != 0u) {
+		DecorateNonUniformDescriptor(state, image,
+		    IR::ImageBindingResourceClass(kind) == IR::ImageResourceClass::Storage
+		        ? spv::CapabilityStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing
+		        : spv::CapabilitySampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing);
+	}
 	return image;
 }

-uint32_t LoadSamplerDescriptor(EmitterState& state, uint32_t sampler) {
-	const auto array_index =
-	    ResourceForDescriptor(state, IR::DescriptorBindingKind::Samplers, sampler);
-	const auto sampler_type = state.builder.Type(spv::OpTypeSampler);
-	const auto pointer_type =
-	    state.builder.Type(spv::OpTypePointer, spv::StorageClassUniformConstant, sampler_type);
+uint32_t LoadSamplerDescriptor(EmitterState& state, uint32_t sampler, uint32_t array_index) {
+	if (sampler >= state.program.info.samplers.size()) {
+		ExitDescriptorBindingFailure(state, IR::DescriptorBindingKind::Samplers, sampler,
+		                             "sampler resource index is out of range");
+	}
 	const auto pointer = DescriptorElementPointer(
-	    state, pointer_type, state.sampler_variable, ConstantU32(state, array_index),
+	    state, state.sampler_pointer_type, state.sampler_variable,
+	    array_index == 0u ? ConstantU32(state, sampler) : array_index,
 	    IR::DescriptorBindingKind::Samplers, sampler, "sampler descriptor array was not emitted");
 	const auto sampler_id = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLoad, sampler_type, sampler_id, pointer);
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLoad, state.sampler_type, sampler_id, pointer);
+	if (array_index != 0u)
+		DecorateNonUniformDescriptor(state, sampler_id, spv::CapabilitySampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing);
 	return sampler_id;
 }

 uint32_t MakeSampledImage(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t sampler_id, uint32_t mip,
-                          uint32_t array_index) {
+                          uint32_t array_index, bool sampler_dynamic) {
 	const auto& image_resource = state.program.info.images.at(resource);
 	EXIT_IF(image_resource.resource_class != IR::ImageResourceClass::Sampled);
 	const auto  image          = LoadImageDescriptor(state, resource, mip, array_index);
 	const auto  sampled_image = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto  sampled_type =
-	    state.builder.Type(spv::OpTypeSampledImage, ImageType(state, image_resource));
+	const auto kind = *IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(image_resource);
+	auto& sampled_type = state.images[IR::ImageBindingIndex(kind)].sampled_type;
+	if (sampled_type == 0) {
+		sampled_type = state.builder.Type(
+		    spv::OpTypeSampledImage, state.images[IR::ImageBindingIndex(kind)].type);
+	}
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSampledImage, sampled_type, sampled_image, image, sampler_id);
-	if (array_index != 0u) {
-		state.builder.RequireExtension("SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing");
-		state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderNonUniform);
-		state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilitySampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing);
-		state.builder.AddAnnotation(spv::OpDecorate, sampled_image, spv::DecorationNonUniform);
+	if (array_index != 0u || sampler_dynamic) {
+		DecorateNonUniformDescriptor(state, sampled_image, spv::CapabilitySampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing);
 	}
 	return sampled_image;
 }
@@ -200,24 +204,23 @@ uint32_t ImageDescriptorPointer(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t
 	const auto kind = IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(image);
 	EXIT_IF(!kind.has_value());
 	if (array_index == 0u) {
-		array_index = ConstantU32(state, ResourceForDescriptor(state, *kind, resource) + mip);
+		array_index = ConstantU32(state, image.descriptor_index + mip);
 	}
-	const auto pointer_type = state.builder.Type(
-	    spv::OpTypePointer, spv::StorageClassUniformConstant, ImageType(state, image));
-	const auto variable = state.image_variables[IR::ImageBindingIndex(*kind)];
-	return DescriptorElementPointer(state, pointer_type, variable, array_index, *kind, resource,
+	const auto& definition = state.images[IR::ImageBindingIndex(*kind)];
+	return DescriptorElementPointer(state, definition.pointer_type, definition.variable,
+	                                array_index, *kind, resource,
 	                                "image descriptor array was not emitted");
 }

 void EmitStorageImageWrite(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t mip_lod, uint32_t coord,
-                           uint32_t texel) {
+                           uint32_t texel, uint32_t array_index) {
 	const auto& image = state.program.info.images.at(resource);
 	EXIT_IF(image.resource_class != IR::ImageResourceClass::Storage);
 	if (!image.atomic) {
 		state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageImageWriteWithoutFormat);
 	}
 	const auto EmitWrite = [&](uint32_t mip) {
-		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpImageWrite, LoadImageDescriptor(state, resource, mip),
+		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpImageWrite, LoadImageDescriptor(state, resource, mip, array_index),
 		                          coord, texel);
 	};
 	if (image.mip_mode != IR::ImageMipMode::Dynamic) {
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ uint32_t Vector(EmitterState& s, uint32_t type, std::span<const uint32_t> compon

 uint32_t NodeWord(EmitterState& s, uint32_t block, uint32_t word) {
 	const auto offset = Binary(s, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, TypeU32(s), word, ConstantU32(s, 2));
-	const auto address = Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, TypeScalarU64(s), block,
-	                            Unary(s, spv::OpUConvert, TypeScalarU64(s), offset));
+	const auto address =
+	    Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU64(s), block, Unary(s, spv::OpUConvert, TypeU64(s), offset));
 	const auto pointer = Unary(s, spv::OpConvertUToPtr, TypePhysicalU32Pointer(s), address);
 	const auto result = s.builder.AllocateId();
 	s.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLoad, TypeU32(s), result, pointer, spv::MemoryAccessAlignedMask, 4u);
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ uint32_t Boxes(EmitterState& s, uint32_t first, uint32_t second, uint32_t half,
 } // namespace

 void DefineBvhIntersect(EmitterState& s) {
-	if (!s.requirements.bvh) return;
-	const auto u = TypeU32(s), f = TypeF32(s), b = TypeBool(s), wide = TypeScalarU64(s);
+	if (!s.program.info.bvh) return;
+	const auto u = TypeU32(s), f = TypeF32(s), b = TypeBool(s), wide = TypeU64(s);
 	const auto vec4 = TypeU32Vector(s, 4), vec3 = TypeF32Vector(s, 3);
 	const auto signature = s.builder.Type(spv::OpTypeFunction, vec4, vec4, wide, f, vec3, vec3, vec3);
 	s.bvh_intersect_function = s.builder.AllocateId();
@@ -260,22 +260,24 @@ void DefineBvhIntersect(EmitterState& s) {
 	const auto bary = Binary(s, spv::OpINotEqual, b, and_bits(words[3], 0x01000000), ConstantU32(s, 0));
 	const auto sort = Binary(s, spv::OpINotEqual, b, and_bits(words[1], 0x80000000), ConstantU32(s, 0));
 	const auto grow = and_bits(shr(words[1], 23), 0xff);
-	const auto base = Binary(s, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, wide,
-	    DeviceAddressFromWords(s, words[0], and_bits(words[1], 0xff)), ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 8));
-	const auto index = Binary(s, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, wide, node, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 3));
+	const auto base  = Binary(s, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, wide,
+	                          PackU64(s, words[0], and_bits(words[1], 0xff)), ConstantU32(s, 8));
+	const auto index = Binary(s, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, wide, node, ConstantU32(s, 3));
 	const auto last_index = Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, wide, index,
-	    Select(s, wide, full, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 1), ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 0)));
+	                               Select(s, wide, full, ConstantU64(s, 1), ConstantU64(s, 0)));
 	const auto address = Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, wide, base,
-	    Binary(s, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, wide, index, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 6)));
-	const auto last_address = Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, wide, base,
-	    Binary(s, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, wide, last_index, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 6)));
+	                            Binary(s, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, wide, index, ConstantU32(s, 6)));
+	const auto last_address =
+	    Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, wide, base,
+	           Binary(s, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, wide, last_index, ConstantU32(s, 6)));
 	auto valid = Binary(s, spv::OpIEqual, b, shr(words[3], 28), ConstantU32(s, 8));
 	const auto require = [&](uint32_t condition) {
 		valid = Binary(s, spv::OpLogicalAnd, b, valid, condition);
 	};
 	require(Binary(s, spv::OpULessThanEqual, b, kind, ConstantU32(s, 5)));
-	require(Binary(s, spv::OpULessThanEqual, b, last_index, DeviceAddressFromWords(s, words[2], and_bits(words[3], 0x3ff))));
-	require(Binary(s, spv::OpULessThan, b, last_address, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, uint64_t{1} << 48)));
+	require(Binary(s, spv::OpULessThanEqual, b, last_index,
+	               PackU64(s, words[2], and_bits(words[3], 0x3ff))));
+	require(Binary(s, spv::OpULessThan, b, last_address, ConstantU64(s, uint64_t {1} << 48)));
 	require(Unary(s, spv::OpLogicalNot, b, Unary(s, spv::OpIsNan, b, extent)));
 	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
 		for (const auto value: {origin[i], direction[i], inverse[i]})
@@ -292,13 +294,13 @@ void DefineBvhIntersect(EmitterState& s) {
 	const auto invalid = Vector(s, vec4, invalid_words);
 	const auto result = EmitValueOrDefaultIfCondition(s, valid, vec4, invalid, [&] {
 		const auto first = GetBdaPointer(s, address);
-		const auto second = EmitValueOrDefaultIfCondition(s, full, wide, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 0), [&] {
-			return GetBdaPointer(s, Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, wide, address, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 64)));
+		const auto second  = EmitValueOrDefaultIfCondition(s, full, wide, ConstantU64(s, 0), [&] {
+			return GetBdaPointer(s, Binary(s, spv::OpIAdd, wide, address, ConstantU64(s, 64)));
 		});
-		const auto present = Binary(s, spv::OpLogicalAnd, b,
-		    Binary(s, spv::OpINotEqual, b, first, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 0)),
+		const auto present = Binary(
+		    s, spv::OpLogicalAnd, b, Binary(s, spv::OpINotEqual, b, first, ConstantU64(s, 0)),
 		    Binary(s, spv::OpLogicalOr, b, Unary(s, spv::OpLogicalNot, b, full),
-		        Binary(s, spv::OpINotEqual, b, second, ConstantDeviceAddress(s, 0))));
+		           Binary(s, spv::OpINotEqual, b, second, ConstantU64(s, 0))));
 		return EmitValueOrDefaultIfCondition(s, present, vec4, invalid, [&] {
 			const auto tri_label = s.builder.AllocateId(), box_label = s.builder.AllocateId();
 			const auto merge = s.builder.AllocateId();
@@ -336,9 +338,8 @@ uint32_t EmitBvhIntersect(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 		return Vector(s, TypeF32Vector(s, 3), values);
 	};
 	const auto descriptor = ctx.Arg(inst, 0);
-	const auto node = node_words == 2u
-	                      ? DeviceAddressFromWords(s, ctx.Arg(*ray, 0), ctx.Arg(*ray, 1))
-	                      : Unary(s, spv::OpUConvert, TypeScalarU64(s), ctx.Arg(*ray, 0));
+	const auto node   = node_words == 2u ? PackU64(s, ctx.Arg(*ray, 0), ctx.Arg(*ray, 1))
+	                                     : Unary(s, spv::OpUConvert, TypeU64(s), ctx.Arg(*ray, 0));
 	const auto extent = Unary(s, spv::OpBitcast, TypeF32(s), ctx.Arg(*ray, node_words));
 	const auto origin = vector(node_words + 1u), direction = vector(node_words + 4u),
 	           inverse = vector(node_words + 7u);
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace {

 bool UserDataDwordIndex(const EmitterState& state, IR::ScalarReg reg, uint32_t& dword_index) {
 	const auto register_index = IR::RegIndex(reg);
-	const auto& registers = state.program.bindings.user_data_registers;
+	const auto& registers = state.program.info.user_data_registers;
 	const auto  found     = std::lower_bound(registers.begin(), registers.end(), register_index);
 	if (found == registers.end() || *found != register_index) {
 		return false;
@@ -42,8 +42,9 @@ uint32_t EmitBuiltinU32(EmitterState& state, IR::StageInputKind kind, uint32_t c
 		                  EmitBinaryU32(state, spv::OpIMul, group, ConstantU32(state, size)));
 	}
 	const bool centroid = kind == IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordSmoothCentroid;
+	const bool sample = kind == IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordSmoothSample;
 	const auto variable = InputVariableForKind(
-	    state, centroid ? IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordSmooth : kind);
+	    state, centroid || sample ? IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordSmooth : kind);
 	if (variable == 0) {
 		return ConstantU32(state, 0);
 	}
@@ -76,15 +77,24 @@ uint32_t EmitBuiltinU32(EmitterState& state, IR::StageInputKind kind, uint32_t c
 		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32(state), bits, value);
 		return bits;
 	}
-	if (centroid || kind == IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordSmooth ||
+	if (centroid || sample || kind == IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordSmooth ||
 	    kind == IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordNoPerspective) {
 		const auto value   = state.builder.AllocateId();
 		const auto bits    = state.builder.AllocateId();
-		if (centroid) {
+		if (centroid || sample) {
 			const auto coordinates = state.builder.AllocateId();
 			state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilityInterpolationFunction);
-			state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpExtInst, TypeF32Vector(state, 3), coordinates,
-			                          GlslStd450(state), GLSLstd450InterpolateAtCentroid, variable);
+			if (sample) {
+				const auto sample_id = state.builder.AllocateId();
+				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLoad, TypeI32(state), sample_id,
+				                          InputVariableForKind(state, IR::StageInputKind::SampleId));
+				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpExtInst, TypeF32Vector(state, 3), coordinates,
+				                          GlslStd450(state), GLSLstd450InterpolateAtSample,
+				                          variable, sample_id);
+			} else {
+				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpExtInst, TypeF32Vector(state, 3), coordinates,
+				                          GlslStd450(state), GLSLstd450InterpolateAtCentroid, variable);
+			}
 			state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeF32(state), value,
 			                          coordinates, component + 1u);
 		} else {
@@ -167,6 +177,13 @@ uint32_t EmitAttribute(EmitterState& state, uint32_t attr, uint32_t chan) {
 		return value;
 	};
 	if (input->per_vertex) {
+		if (PixelParameterIsFlat(state, attr)) {
+			const auto value = load_per_vertex(
+			    state.input_info.pixel->parameter_mode == ShaderPixelParameterMode::LastVertex ? 2u : 0u);
+			const auto bits  = state.builder.AllocateId();
+			state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32(state), bits, value);
+			return bits;
+		}
 		const auto barycentric_kind = state.input_info.pixel->ps_no_perspective
 		                                  ? IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordNoPerspective
 		                                  : IR::StageInputKind::BaryCoordSmooth;
@@ -221,8 +238,12 @@ uint32_t EmitInterpolationParameter(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t attr, uint32
 		return value;
 	};

-	const auto selected_vertex = (mode + 1u) % 3u;
-	uint32_t   value           = load_vertex(selected_vertex);
+	uint32_t selected_vertex = (mode + 1u) % 3u;
+	if (mode == 2u && PixelParameterIsFlat(state, attr)) {
+		selected_vertex =
+		    state.input_info.pixel->parameter_mode == ShaderPixelParameterMode::LastVertex ? 2u : 0u;
+	}
+	uint32_t value = load_vertex(selected_vertex);
 	if (!PixelParameterIsCustom(state, attr) && mode < 2u) {
 		const auto delta = state.builder.AllocateId();
 		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpFSub, TypeF32(state), delta, value, load_vertex(0));
@@ -252,8 +273,12 @@ uint32_t ExportVector(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t data, const IR::ExportInfo
                      bool uint_output) {
 	auto& state = ctx.state;
 	if (exp.compr && !uint_output) {
-		const auto unpack =
-		    MrtOutputMode(state, exp) == 5u ? GLSLstd450UnpackUnorm2x16 : GLSLstd450UnpackHalf2x16;
+		auto unpack = GLSLstd450UnpackHalf2x16;
+		switch (MrtOutputMode(state, exp)) {
+			case 5: unpack = GLSLstd450UnpackUnorm2x16; break;
+			case 6: unpack = GLSLstd450UnpackSnorm2x16; break;
+			default: break;
+		}
 		uint32_t f32[4] = {ConstantF32(state, 0), ConstantF32(state, 0), ConstantF32(state, 0),
 		                   ConstantF32(state, 0x3f800000u)};
 		for (uint32_t pair = 0; pair < 2u; pair++) {
@@ -279,50 +304,46 @@ uint32_t ExportVector(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t data, const IR::ExportInfo
 		                          f32[0], f32[1], f32[2], f32[3]);
 		return vector;
 	}
-	uint32_t raw[4] = {
-	    ConstantU32(state, 0),
-	    ConstantU32(state, 0),
-	    ConstantU32(state, 0),
-	    ConstantU32(state, uint_output ? 1u : 0x3f800000u),
-	};
-	if (exp.compr) {
-		for (uint32_t pair = 0; pair < 2u; pair++) {
-			if ((exp.en & (3u << (pair * 2u))) == 0u) {
-				continue;
-			}
-			const auto packed = ExportRawComponent(ctx, data, pair);
-			for (uint32_t lane = 0; lane < 2u; lane++) {
-				const auto component = pair * 2u + lane;
-				if (((exp.en >> component) & 1u) == 0u) {
+	if (exp.compr || exp.en != 0xfu) {
+		uint32_t raw[4] = {
+		    ConstantU32(state, 0),
+		    ConstantU32(state, 0),
+		    ConstantU32(state, 0),
+		    ConstantU32(state, uint_output ? 1u : 0x3f800000u),
+		};
+		if (exp.compr) {
+			for (uint32_t pair = 0; pair < 2u; pair++) {
+				if ((exp.en & (3u << (pair * 2u))) == 0u) {
 					continue;
 				}
-				raw[component] = state.builder.AllocateId();
-				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitFieldUExtract, TypeU32(state), raw[component],
-				                          packed, ConstantU32(state, lane * 16u),
-				                          ConstantU32(state, 16));
+				const auto packed = ExportRawComponent(ctx, data, pair);
+				for (uint32_t lane = 0; lane < 2u; lane++) {
+					const auto component = pair * 2u + lane;
+					if (((exp.en >> component) & 1u) == 0u) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					raw[component] = state.builder.AllocateId();
+					state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitFieldUExtract, TypeU32(state), raw[component],
+					                          packed, ConstantU32(state, lane * 16u),
+					                          ConstantU32(state, 16));
+				}
 			}
-		}
-	} else {
-		for (uint32_t component = 0; component < 4u; component++) {
-			if (((exp.en >> component) & 1u) != 0u) {
-				raw[component] = ExportRawComponent(ctx, data, component);
+		} else {
+			for (uint32_t component = 0; component < 4u; component++) {
+				if (((exp.en >> component) & 1u) != 0u) {
+					raw[component] = ExportRawComponent(ctx, data, component);
+				}
 			}
 		}
+		data = state.builder.AllocateId();
+		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(state, 4), data,
+		                          raw[0], raw[1], raw[2], raw[3]);
 	}
 	if (uint_output) {
-		const auto vector = state.builder.AllocateId();
-		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(state, 4), vector,
-		                          raw[0], raw[1], raw[2], raw[3]);
-		return vector;
-	}
-	uint32_t f32[4] {};
-	for (uint32_t component = 0; component < 4u; component++) {
-		f32[component] = state.builder.AllocateId();
-		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitcast, TypeF32(state), f32[component], raw[component]);
+		return data;
 	}
 	const auto vector = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeF32Vector(state, 4), vector, f32[0],
-	                          f32[1], f32[2], f32[3]);
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitcast, TypeF32Vector(state, 4), vector, data);
 	return vector;
 }

@@ -430,16 +451,16 @@ uint32_t EmitWqmU64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value) {
 	const auto quad_bits   = state.builder.AllocateId();
 	const auto result      = state.builder.AllocateId();
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU64(state), shifted_one, value,
-	                          ConstantU64(state, 0x0000000100000001ull));
+	                          ConstantU32(state, 1));
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU64(state), merged_one, value, shifted_one);
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU64(state), shifted_two, merged_one,
-	                          ConstantU64(state, 0x0000000200000002ull));
+	                          ConstantU32(state, 2));
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU64(state), merged_two, merged_one,
 	                          shifted_two);
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitwiseAnd, TypeU64(state), quad_bits, merged_two,
 	                          ConstantU64(state, 0x1111111111111111ull));
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpIMul, TypeU64(state), result, quad_bits,
-	                          ConstantU64(state, 0x0000000f0000000full));
+	                          ConstantU64(state, 15));
 	return result;
 }

@@ -447,7 +468,7 @@ void EmitSetAttribute(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 	auto&       state = ctx.state;
 	const auto& exp   = ctx.Export(inst);
 	const auto  exec  = ctx.Arg(inst, 1);
-	if (state.program.stage == ShaderType::Pixel && exp.vm && state.requirements.pixel_valid_mask &&
+	if (state.program.stage == ShaderType::Pixel && exp.vm && state.program.info.pixel_valid_mask &&
 	    state.pixel_valid_mask_variable != 0) {
 		const auto value = state.builder.AllocateId();
 		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelect, TypeU32(state), value, exec, ConstantU32(state, 1),
@@ -459,7 +480,7 @@ void EmitSetAttribute(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 	}
 	// Skip dormant color exports after their valid mask; MRT1 is reserved for logical alpha.
 	if (state.program.stage == ShaderType::Pixel && exp.kind == IR::ExportTargetKind::Mrt &&
-	    exp.index != 0 && state.input_info.pixel->alpha_blend_source_remap) {
+	    exp.index != 0 && state.input_info.pixel->alpha_blend_source != ShaderAlphaBlendSource::None) {
 		return;
 	}
 	EmitIfCondition(state, exec, [&]() {
@@ -503,14 +524,36 @@ void EmitSetAttribute(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 		const auto vector_type = uint_output ? TypeU32Vector(state, 4) : TypeF32Vector(state, 4);
 		auto       value       = ExportVector(ctx, data, exp, uint_output);
 		if (state.program.stage == ShaderType::Pixel && exp.kind == IR::ExportTargetKind::Mrt &&
-		    exp.index == 0 && !uint_output && state.input_info.pixel->alpha_blend_source_remap) {
+		    exp.index == 0 && !uint_output &&
+		    state.input_info.pixel->alpha_blend_source != ShaderAlphaBlendSource::None) {
 			// Broadcast logical alpha before swizzling the primary output.
 			const auto blend_output =
 			    OutputVariableForExport(state, {.kind = IR::ExportTargetKind::Mrt, .index = 1});
 			if (blend_output != 0) {
-				const auto alpha = state.builder.AllocateId();
+				auto alpha = state.builder.AllocateId();
 				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpVectorShuffle, vector_type, alpha, value, value,
 				                          3u, 3u, 3u, 3u);
+				uint32_t alpha_factor = 0;
+				switch (state.input_info.pixel->alpha_blend_source) {
+					case ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlphaOne:
+						alpha_factor = ConstantF32Value(state, 1.0f);
+						break;
+					case ShaderAlphaBlendSource::SourceAlphaZero:
+						alpha_factor = ConstantF32Value(state, 0.0f);
+						break;
+					default: break;
+				}
+				if (alpha_factor != 0) {
+					const auto mapping = state.input_info.pixel->target_export_mapping[0];
+					for (uint32_t component = 0; component < 4; component++) {
+						if (mapping.Map(component) != 3u) continue;
+						const auto factors = state.builder.AllocateId();
+						state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeInsert, vector_type, factors,
+						                          alpha_factor, alpha, component);
+						alpha = factors;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
 				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpStore, blend_output, alpha);
 			}
 		}
@@ -524,6 +567,28 @@ void EmitSetAttribute(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 				                          mapping.Map(3));
 				value = mapped;
 			}
+			if ((state.input_info.pixel->target_packed_unorm_mask & (1u << exp.index)) != 0u) {
+				if (exp.compr || MrtOutputMode(state, exp) != 9u ||
+				    (mapping.ApplyMask(exp.en) & 7u) != 7u) {
+					EXIT("unsupported packed UNorm EXP: export=%u mode=%u en=0x%x compr=%u\n",
+					     exp.index, MrtOutputMode(state, exp), exp.en, static_cast<uint32_t>(exp.compr));
+				}
+				const auto info = Format::GetFormatInfo(Prospero::BufferFormat::k11_11_10UNorm);
+				const auto rounding = (state.input_info.pixel->target_round_mode & (1u << exp.index)) != 0
+				                          ? UnormRounding::Truncate : UnormRounding::HalfUp;
+				const auto raw = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32Vector(state, 4), value);
+				auto packed = ConstantU32(state, 0);
+				for (uint32_t component = 0; component < info.component_count; component++) {
+					const auto encoded = EncodePackedColorComponent(
+					    state, info, component, ExportRawComponent(ctx, raw, component), 32u, rounding);
+					packed = component == 0u ? encoded
+					    : Binary(state, spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(state), packed, encoded);
+				}
+				value = state.builder.AllocateId();
+				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(state, 4), value,
+				                          packed, ConstantU32(state, 0), ConstantU32(state, 0),
+				                          ConstantU32(state, 0));
+			}
 		}
 		if (exp.kind == IR::ExportTargetKind::Position &&
 		    state.input_info.vertex->clip_space.enabled) {
@@ -594,9 +659,11 @@ void EmitBarrier(EmitterState& state) {
 		return;
 	}
 	const auto memory_scope = tessellation ? spv::ScopeInvocation : spv::ScopeWorkgroup;
-	const auto semantics    = tessellation ? spv::MemorySemanticsMaskNone
-	                                       : spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask |
-	                                             spv::MemorySemanticsWorkgroupMemoryMask;
+	const auto memory = state.lds_storage_class == spv::StorageClassStorageBuffer
+	                        ? spv::MemorySemanticsUniformMemoryMask
+	                        : spv::MemorySemanticsWorkgroupMemoryMask;
+	const auto semantics = tessellation ? spv::MemorySemanticsMaskNone
+	                                    : spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask | memory;
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpControlBarrier, ConstantU32(state, spv::ScopeWorkgroup),
 	                          ConstantU32(state, memory_scope), ConstantU32(state, semantics));
 }
@@ -609,17 +676,11 @@ uint32_t EmitLaneId(EmitterState& state) {

 uint32_t EmitMeshDrawParameter(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 	auto&      state  = ctx.state;
-	const auto result = state.builder.AllocateId();
 	const auto index  = inst.Arg(0).U32();
 	if (state.program.stage != ShaderType::Mesh || index >= IR::PushData::MeshDrawDwordCount) {
 		ctx.Fail(inst, "invalid mesh draw parameter");
 	}
-	const auto pointer = state.builder.AllocateId();
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpAccessChain, TypePushConstantElementPointer(state), pointer,
-	                          state.push_constant_variable, ConstantU32(state, 0),
-	                          ConstantU32(state, index));
-	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLoad, TypeU32(state), result, pointer);
-	return result;
+	return EmitPushDataLoad(state, ConstantU32(state, index));
 }

 uint32_t EmitGetUserData(EmitterState& state, IR::ScalarReg reg) {
@@ -675,25 +736,22 @@ uint32_t EmitDppUpdateU32(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 }

 uint32_t EmitConditionRef(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
-	if (ctx.other_half == nullptr) return ctx.Arg(inst, 0);
-	// A native scalar branch makes one decision for both emulated wave halves.
-	if (ctx.half != 0) return ctx.other_half->Def(IR::Value(&inst));
+	// Scalar branches include lanes disabled by EXEC, which the branch body may restore.
+	if (ctx.other_half != nullptr && ctx.half != 0) return ctx.other_half->Result(inst);
 	const auto kind = inst.Flags<CFG::BranchCondition>();
 	if (kind == CFG::BranchCondition::ScalarInstruction) return ctx.Arg(inst, 0);
-	const auto ballot = ctx.Ballot(inst.Arg(0));
-	const auto low = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto high = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto combined = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state), low, ballot, 0);
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state), high, ballot, 1);
 	const bool zero = kind == CFG::BranchCondition::ExecZero ||
 	                  kind == CFG::BranchCondition::VccZero || kind == CFG::BranchCondition::SccZero;
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(zero ? spv::OpBitwiseAnd : spv::OpBitwiseOr,
-	                              TypeU32(ctx.state), combined, low, high);
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(zero ? spv::OpIEqual : spv::OpINotEqual,
-	                              TypeBool(ctx.state), result, combined,
-	                              ConstantU32(ctx.state, zero ? ~0u : 0u));
+	// Zero-kind predicates are already inverted by translation.
+	auto predicate = ctx.Arg(inst, 0);
+	if (ctx.other_half != nullptr) {
+		predicate = Binary(ctx.state, zero ? spv::OpLogicalAnd : spv::OpLogicalOr,
+		                   TypeBool(ctx.state), predicate, ctx.HalfArg(inst, 0, 1));
+	}
+	const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
+	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(zero ? spv::OpGroupNonUniformAll : spv::OpGroupNonUniformAny,
+	                              TypeBool(ctx.state), result,
+	                              ConstantU32(ctx.state, spv::ScopeSubgroup), predicate);
 	return result;
 }

@@ -711,6 +769,18 @@ uint32_t EmitReadLane(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 	return ctx.Shuffle(inst, 0, ctx.Arg(inst, 1));
 }

+uint32_t EmitSubgroupUMinU32(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
+	auto& state = ctx.state;
+	auto value = ctx.Arg(inst, 0);
+	if (ctx.other_half != nullptr) {
+		value = EmitUMin32(state, ctx.HalfArg(inst, 0, 0), ctx.HalfArg(inst, 0, 1));
+	}
+	const auto result = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpGroupNonUniformUMin, TypeU32(state), result,
+	                          ConstantU32(state, spv::ScopeSubgroup), spv::GroupOperationReduce, value);
+	return result;
+}
+
 uint32_t EmitWriteLane(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 	auto&      state = ctx.state;
 	const auto hit   = state.builder.AllocateId();
@@ -115,6 +115,16 @@ DppTargetLane EmitDppTargetLane(EmitterState& state, const IR::DppMoveFlags& fla
 	if (control == 0x141u) {
 		return EmitDppMirrorTargetLane(state, subid, true);
 	}
+	// row_share:N reads lane N of the caller's row of 16.
+	if (control >= 0x150u && control <= 0x15fu) {
+		const auto row    = state.builder.AllocateId();
+		const auto target = state.builder.AllocateId();
+		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitwiseAnd, TypeU32(state), row, subid,
+		                          ConstantU32(state, 0xfffffff0u));
+		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(state), target, row,
+		                          ConstantU32(state, control & 0xfu));
+		return {target, ConstantBool(state, true)};
+	}
 	if (control >= 0x160u && control <= 0x16fu) {
 		const auto target = state.builder.AllocateId();
 		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitwiseXor, TypeU32(state), target, subid,
@@ -220,6 +220,10 @@ uint32_t ResultVector(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t value,
                      Prospero::TextureNumericClass numeric_class, bool dref,
                      const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, bool gather = false) {
 	auto value_class = numeric_class;
+	const auto conversion = ctx.state.program.info.images[mem.resource].conversion_format;
+	if (conversion != Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid) {
+		value_class = Prospero::SampledTextureNumericClass(conversion);
+	}
 	if (dref) {
 		value_class = Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float;
 	}
@@ -269,20 +273,13 @@ uint32_t ResultVector(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t value,
 		                              result, packed[0], packed[1], packed[2], packed[3]);
 		return result;
 	}
-	uint32_t component[4] {};
-	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < 4u; index++) {
-		if (dref) {
-			component[index] = index == 0u ? FloatBits(ctx, value) : ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0);
-			continue;
-		}
-		const auto scalar = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(
-		    spv::OpCompositeExtract, ImageScalarType(ctx.state, value_class), scalar, value, index);
-		component[index] = SampledComponentBits(ctx, scalar, value_class);
-	}
+	if (!dref)
+		return value_class == Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Uint
+		           ? value : Unary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4), value);
 	const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
+	const auto zero = ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0);
 	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4), result,
-	                              component[0], component[1], component[2], component[3]);
+	                              FloatBits(ctx, value), zero, zero, zero);
 	return result;
 }

@@ -323,25 +320,26 @@ uint32_t QueryDimensions(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem,
 	return vector;
 }

-uint32_t PackedOffset(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, const IR::Inst& address,
-                      const ImageSampleLayout& layout, ImageDimension dimension) {
+uint32_t PackedOffset(ValueEmitContext& ctx, IR::Value value, ImageDimension dimension,
+                      uint32_t& mask) {
 	const auto components = ImageDimensionInfoFor(dimension).spatial_components;
-	const auto zero       = ConstantI32(ctx.state, 0);
-	if (layout.offset == NoImageComponent || mem.image_address_components <= layout.offset) {
-		if (components == 1u) return zero;
-		const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-		if (components == 3u) {
-			ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeI32Vector(ctx.state, 3),
-			                              result, zero, zero, zero);
-		} else {
-			ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeI32Vector(ctx.state, 2),
-			                              result, zero, zero);
+	uint32_t values[3] {};
+	if (value.IsImmediate()) {
+		// RDNA2 packs signed six-bit texel offsets into the low bits of each byte.
+		for (uint32_t index = 0; index < components; index++) {
+			const auto bits = (value.U32() >> (index * 8u)) & 0x3fu;
+			values[index] = ConstantI32(ctx.state, static_cast<int32_t>(bits ^ 0x20u) - 0x20);
 		}
-		return result;
+		mask |= spv::ImageOperandsConstOffsetMask;
+		return components == 1u
+		           ? values[0]
+		           : ctx.state.builder.Constant(spv::OpConstantComposite,
+		                                        TypeI32Vector(ctx.state, components),
+		                                        std::span(values).first(components));
 	}
-	const auto packed    = Unary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeI32(ctx.state),
-	                             AddressU32(ctx, mem, address, layout.offset));
-	uint32_t   values[3] = {zero, zero, zero};
+	ctx.state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilityImageGatherExtended);
+	mask |= spv::ImageOperandsOffsetMask;
+	const auto packed = Unary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeI32(ctx.state), ctx.Def(value));
 	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < components; index++) {
 		values[index] = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
 		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitFieldSExtract, TypeI32(ctx.state), values[index],
@@ -350,13 +348,8 @@ uint32_t PackedOffset(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, const IR
 	}
 	if (components == 1u) return values[0];
 	const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	if (components == 3u) {
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeI32Vector(ctx.state, 3),
-		                              result, values[0], values[1], values[2]);
-	} else {
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeI32Vector(ctx.state, 2),
-		                              result, values[0], values[1]);
-	}
+	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeI32Vector(ctx.state, components),
+	                              result, std::span(values).first(components));
 	return result;
 }

@@ -388,31 +381,65 @@ uint32_t InverseSwizzle(uint32_t swizzle, uint32_t component) {

 Format::BufferFormatInfo ImageConversionFormat(const EmitterState&   state,
                                               const IR::MemoryInfo& mem) {
-	const auto format = state.program.info.images[mem.resource].conversion_format;
+	const auto& image = state.program.info.images[mem.resource];
+	const auto format = image.conversion_format;
 	if (format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid) return {};
 	const auto info = Format::GetFormatInfo(format);
-	EXIT_IF(Prospero::SampledTextureNumericClass(format) != Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Uint ||
-	        Prospero::RemapTextureFormat(format) == format ||
-	        info.type != Format::ComponentType::Uint || !info.packed_bitfield ||
-	        info.byte_size != sizeof(uint32_t) || info.component_count == 0u ||
+	const bool raw_signed = IR::RawSignedStorageFormat(image, format) != Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid;
+	EXIT_IF((Prospero::RemapTextureFormat(format) == format && !raw_signed) || info.component_count == 0u ||
 	        info.component_count > 4u);
+	EXIT_IF(!raw_signed && info.type != Format::ComponentType::Uscaled &&
+	        ((info.type != Format::ComponentType::Uint &&
+	          info.type != Format::ComponentType::Unorm) || !info.packed_bitfield ||
+	         info.byte_size != sizeof(uint32_t)));
 	return info;
 }

+uint32_t ExtractPackedImageComponent(EmitterState& state, const Format::BufferFormatInfo& info,
+                                     uint32_t packed, uint32_t type, uint32_t component) {
+	const auto result = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitFieldUExtract, type, result, packed,
+	                          ConstantU32(state, info.component_bit_offset[component]),
+	                          ConstantU32(state, info.component_bits[component]));
+	return result;
+}
+
+uint32_t ImageGatherSource(const EmitterState& state, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem) {
+	const auto component = ImageGatherComponent(mem.dmask);
+	const auto info      = ImageConversionFormat(state, mem);
+	if (info.format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid) return component;
+	if (info.packed_bitfield) return 0u;
+	const auto selector =
+	    (state.program.info.images[mem.resource].shader_swizzle >> (component * 3u)) & 7u;
+	return selector >= 4u ? (selector - 4u) % info.component_count : 0u;
+}
+
 uint32_t UnpackImageTexel(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uint32_t texel) {
 	const auto info = ImageConversionFormat(ctx.state, mem);
 	if (info.format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid) return texel;

-	const auto packed = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state), packed, texel, 0u);
-	uint32_t components[4] = {ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0), ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0),
-	                          ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0), ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0)};
+	const auto numeric_class = ctx.state.program.info.images[mem.resource].numeric_class;
+	const auto scalar_type   = ImageScalarType(ctx.state, numeric_class);
+	uint32_t   packed        = 0;
+	if (info.packed_bitfield) {
+		packed = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
+		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, scalar_type, packed, texel, 0u);
+	}
+	uint32_t components[4] {};
 	for (uint32_t component = 0; component < info.component_count; component++) {
-		components[component] = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitFieldUExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state),
-		                              components[component], packed,
-		                              ConstantU32(ctx.state, info.component_bit_offset[component]),
-		                              ConstantU32(ctx.state, info.component_bits[component]));
+		if (info.packed_bitfield) {
+			components[component] =
+			    ExtractPackedImageComponent(ctx.state, info, packed, scalar_type, component);
+			components[component] =
+			    NormalizeFormatComponent(ctx.state, info, component, components[component]);
+		} else {
+			components[component] = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
+			ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, scalar_type,
+			                              components[component], texel, component);
+			// UNorm backing preserves the guest's filtering; scaling precedes swizzle constants.
+			components[component] = Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpFMul, scalar_type, components[component],
+			                               ConstantF32Value(ctx.state, 255.0f));
+		}
 	}
 	for (uint32_t component = info.component_count; component < 4u; component++) {
 		components[component] = components[component % info.component_count];
@@ -423,17 +450,22 @@ uint32_t UnpackImageTexel(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uint
 	for (uint32_t component = 0; component < 4u; component++) {
 		const auto selector = (swizzle >> (component * 3u)) & 7u;
 		if (selector == 1u) {
-			selected[component] = ConstantU32(ctx.state, 1u);
+			selected[component] = info.packed_bitfield
+			    ? ConstantU32(ctx.state, Format::FormattedConstantBits(info, Format::FormattedSourceKind::One))
+			    : ConstantF32Value(ctx.state, 1.0f);
 		} else if (selector >= 4u) {
 			selected[component] = components[selector - 4u];
 		} else {
-			selected[component] = ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0u);
+			selected[component] = info.packed_bitfield ? ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0u)
+			                                          : ZeroF32(ctx.state);
 		}
 	}
 	const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4), result,
-	                              selected[0], selected[1], selected[2], selected[3]);
-	return result;
+	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct,
+	                              ImageVectorType(ctx.state, numeric_class, 4), result, selected[0],
+	                              selected[1], selected[2], selected[3]);
+	return info.type == Format::ComponentType::Unorm
+	           ? Unary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeF32Vector(ctx.state, 4), result) : result;
 }

 uint32_t UnpackImageGather(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uint32_t gathered) {
@@ -443,27 +475,94 @@ uint32_t UnpackImageGather(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uin
 	const auto component = ImageGatherComponent(mem.dmask);
 	const auto selector =
 	    (ctx.state.program.info.images[mem.resource].shader_swizzle >> (component * 3u)) & 7u;
+	const auto numeric_class = ctx.state.program.info.images[mem.resource].numeric_class;
+	const auto vector_type   = ImageVectorType(ctx.state, numeric_class, 4);
 	if (selector < 4u) {
-		const auto value = ConstantU32(ctx.state, selector == 1u ? 1u : 0u);
-		return ctx.state.builder.Constant(spv::OpConstantComposite, TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4),
-		                                  value, value, value, value);
+		uint32_t value;
+		switch (info.type) {
+			case Format::ComponentType::Uscaled:
+				value = ConstantF32Value(ctx.state, selector == 1u ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
+				break;
+			default: value = ConstantU32(ctx.state, selector == 1u ? 1u : 0u); break;
+		}
+		return ctx.state.builder.Constant(spv::OpConstantComposite, vector_type, value, value,
+		                                  value, value);
+	}
+	if (!info.packed_bitfield) {
+		const auto scale  = ConstantF32Value(ctx.state, 255.0f);
+		const auto scales = ctx.state.builder.Constant(spv::OpConstantComposite, vector_type,
+		                                                scale, scale, scale, scale);
+		return Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpFMul, vector_type, gathered, scales);
 	}

-	uint32_t values[4] {};
-	for (uint32_t lane = 0; lane < 4u; lane++) {
-		const auto packed = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state), packed, gathered,
-		                              lane);
-		values[lane]        = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-		const auto physical = (selector - 4u) % info.component_count;
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBitFieldUExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state), values[lane],
-		                              packed,
-		                              ConstantU32(ctx.state, info.component_bit_offset[physical]),
-		                              ConstantU32(ctx.state, info.component_bits[physical]));
+	return ExtractPackedImageComponent(ctx.state, info, gathered, TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4),
+	                                   (selector - 4u) % info.component_count);
+}
+
+uint32_t SamplePackedUnormLz(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uint32_t coord) {
+	auto& state = ctx.state;
+	const auto& image = state.program.info.images[mem.resource];
+	const auto info = ImageConversionFormat(state, mem);
+	const auto sampled = MakeSampledImage(state, mem.resource,
+	                                     LoadSamplerDescriptor(state, mem.sampler));
+	const auto gathered = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpImageGather, TypeU32Vector(state, 4), gathered, sampled,
+	                          coord, ConstantU32(state, 0u));
+	state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilityImageQuery);
+	const auto size = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpImageQuerySizeLod, TypeU32Vector(state, 2), size,
+	                          LoadImageDescriptor(state, mem.resource), ConstantU32(state, 0u));
+	const auto size_f32 = Unary(state, spv::OpConvertUToF, TypeF32Vector(state, 2), size);
+	const auto half = ConstantF32Value(state, 0.5f);
+	const auto halves = state.builder.Constant(spv::OpConstantComposite,
+	                                           TypeF32Vector(state, 2), half, half);
+	const auto fractions = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(
+	    spv::OpExtInst, TypeF32Vector(state, 2), fractions, GlslStd450(state), GLSLstd450Fract,
+	    Binary(state, spv::OpFSub, TypeF32Vector(state, 2),
+	           Binary(state, spv::OpFMul, TypeF32Vector(state, 2), coord, size_f32), halves));
+	uint32_t fraction[2];
+	uint32_t complement[2];
+	for (uint32_t axis = 0; axis < 2u; axis++) {
+		fraction[axis] = state.builder.AllocateId();
+		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeF32(state), fraction[axis],
+		                          fractions, axis);
+		complement[axis] = Binary(state, spv::OpFSub, TypeF32(state),
+		                          ConstantF32Value(state, 1.0f), fraction[axis]);
 	}
-	const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4), result,
-	                              values[0], values[1], values[2], values[3]);
+	// Gather order is (x0, y1), (x1, y1), (x1, y0), (x0, y0).
+	const auto weights = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(
+	    spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeF32Vector(state, 4), weights,
+	    Binary(state, spv::OpFMul, TypeF32(state), complement[0], fraction[1]),
+	    Binary(state, spv::OpFMul, TypeF32(state), fraction[0], fraction[1]),
+	    Binary(state, spv::OpFMul, TypeF32(state), fraction[0], complement[1]),
+	    Binary(state, spv::OpFMul, TypeF32(state), complement[0], complement[1]));
+	uint32_t decoded[4] {};
+	uint32_t selected[4] {ZeroF32(state), ZeroF32(state), ZeroF32(state), ZeroF32(state)};
+	for (uint32_t component = 0; component < 4u; component++) {
+		if ((mem.dmask & (1u << component)) == 0u) continue;
+		const auto selector = (image.shader_swizzle >> (component * 3u)) & 7u;
+		if (selector == 1u) {
+			selected[component] = ConstantF32Value(state, 1.0f);
+		} else if (selector >= 4u) {
+			const auto physical = (selector - 4u) % info.component_count;
+			if (decoded[physical] == 0u) {
+				const auto texels = Unary(
+				    state, spv::OpConvertUToF, TypeF32Vector(state, 4),
+				    ExtractPackedImageComponent(state, info, gathered,
+				                                TypeU32Vector(state, 4), physical));
+				decoded[physical] = Binary(
+				    state, spv::OpFMul, TypeF32(state),
+				    Binary(state, spv::OpDot, TypeF32(state), texels, weights),
+				    ConstantF32Value(state, 1.0f / ((1u << info.component_bits[physical]) - 1u)));
+			}
+			selected[component] = decoded[physical];
+		}
+	}
+	const auto result = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeF32Vector(state, 4), result,
+	                          selected[0], selected[1], selected[2], selected[3]);
 	return result;
 }

@@ -488,10 +587,7 @@ uint32_t EmitOneDimensionalGatherLz(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo&
 	                                     LoadSamplerDescriptor(state, mem.sampler));
 	const auto vector_type = ImageVectorType(state, numeric_class, 4);
 	const auto scalar_type = ImageScalarType(state, numeric_class);
-	const auto component =
-	    ImageConversionFormat(state, mem).format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid
-	        ? ImageGatherComponent(mem.dmask)
-	        : 0u;
+	const auto component = ImageGatherSource(state, mem);
 	uint32_t values[2] {};
 	for (uint32_t index = 0; index < 2u; index++) {
 		const auto sample_coord =
@@ -512,46 +608,23 @@ uint32_t EmitOneDimensionalGatherLz(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo&
 	return result;
 }

-uint32_t PackImageTexel(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uint32_t texel) {
-	const auto info = ImageConversionFormat(ctx.state, mem);
-	if (info.format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid) return texel;
-
-	auto packed = ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0u);
-	for (uint32_t component = 0; component < info.component_count; component++) {
-		const auto value = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state), value, texel,
-		                              component);
-		const auto maximum =
-		    ConstantU32(ctx.state, info.component_bits[component] == 32u
-		                               ? UINT32_MAX
-		                               : (1u << info.component_bits[component]) - 1u);
-		const auto within =
-		    Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpULessThan, TypeBool(ctx.state), value, maximum);
-		const auto clamped = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-		ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelect, TypeU32(ctx.state), clamped, within, value,
-		                              maximum);
-		const auto shifted =
-		    info.component_bit_offset[component] == 0u
-		        ? clamped
-		        : Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpShiftLeftLogical, TypeU32(ctx.state), clamped,
-		                 ConstantU32(ctx.state, info.component_bit_offset[component]));
-		packed = Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(ctx.state), packed, shifted);
-	}
-	const auto zero   = ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0u);
-	const auto result = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
-	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4), result,
-	                              packed, zero, zero, zero);
-	return result;
-}
-
 uint32_t StoreTexel(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uint32_t data, bool integer) {
 	const auto swizzle = ctx.state.program.info.images[mem.resource].shader_swizzle;
-	uint32_t   values[4] {};
+	const auto info = ImageConversionFormat(ctx.state, mem);
+	const bool converted = info.format != Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid;
+	const bool packed = info.packed_bitfield;
+	EXIT_IF(converted && info.type != Format::ComponentType::Sint &&
+	        (!packed || (info.type != Format::ComponentType::Uint &&
+	                     info.type != Format::ComponentType::Unorm)));
+	const auto zero = ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0);
+	uint32_t values[4] {zero, zero, zero, zero};
+	auto packed_value = zero;
 	const auto dmask = mem.dmask != 0u ? mem.dmask : 1u;
-	for (uint32_t component = 0; component < 4u; component++) {
+	for (uint32_t component = 0; component < (converted ? info.component_count : 4u); component++) {
 		const auto source = InverseSwizzle(swizzle, component);
-		uint32_t   raw    = ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0);
-		if (source < 4u && ((dmask >> source) & 1u) != 0u) {
+		const bool selected = source < 4u && ((dmask >> source) & 1u) != 0u;
+		uint32_t raw = zero;
+		if (selected) {
 			const auto packed_index = DmaskComponentIndex(dmask, source);
 			raw                     = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
 			ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeExtract, TypeU32(ctx.state), raw, data,
@@ -561,21 +634,209 @@ uint32_t StoreTexel(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem, uint32_t d
 					raw = Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpShiftRightLogical, TypeU32(ctx.state), raw,
 					             ConstantU32(ctx.state, 16u));
 				}
-				raw = Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitwiseAnd, TypeU32(ctx.state), raw,
-				             ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0xffffu));
+				if (!packed) {
+					raw = Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitwiseAnd, TypeU32(ctx.state), raw,
+					             ConstantU32(ctx.state, 0xffffu));
+				}
 			}
 		}
+		if (converted) {
+			if (!selected) continue;
+			if (!packed) {
+				values[component] =
+				    EncodeFormattedStoreComponent(ctx.state, info, component, raw, mem.data_bits);
+				continue;
+			}
+			const auto value =
+			    EncodePackedColorComponent(ctx.state, info, component, raw, mem.data_bits);
+			packed_value = packed_value == zero ? value
+			    : Binary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitwiseOr, TypeU32(ctx.state), packed_value, value);
+			continue;
+		}
 		values[component] = integer ? raw
 		                    : mem.data_bits == 16u
 		                        ? EmitF16BitsToF32(ctx.state, raw)
 		                        : Unary(ctx.state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeF32(ctx.state), raw);
 	}
+	if (packed) values[0] = packed_value;
 	const auto texel = ctx.state.builder.AllocateId();
 	ctx.state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct,
 	                              integer ? TypeU32Vector(ctx.state, 4)
 	                                      : TypeF32Vector(ctx.state, 4),
 	                              texel, values[0], values[1], values[2], values[3]);
-	return PackImageTexel(ctx, mem, texel);
+	return texel;
+}
+
+template <typename Emit>
+auto EmitImageAccess(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst, uint32_t result_type,
+                     const Emit& emit) {
+	auto& state = ctx.state;
+	const auto& mem = ctx.Memory(inst);
+	const auto& image = state.program.info.images.at(mem.resource);
+	if (image.indirect_root != mem.resource) return emit(mem.resource, 0u);
+	const auto* handle = inst.Arg(0).ResolveInstruction();
+	const auto* source = image.source < state.program.descriptor_sources.size()
+	                         ? &state.program.descriptor_sources[image.source]
+	                         : nullptr;
+	if (handle == nullptr || source == nullptr || !source->indirect_descriptor.has_value() ||
+	    handle->NumArgs() == 0u) {
+		ctx.Fail(inst, "has invalid indirect image key provenance");
+	}
+	const auto key = ctx.Def(handle->Arg(0));
+	if (state.flattened_srt_variable == 0 ||
+	    image.indirect_resources.size() < 2u) {
+		ctx.Fail(inst, "has no indirect image runtime mapping");
+	}
+	const auto selected = EmitIndirectResourceIndex(
+	    state, key, image.indirect_mapping_offset, image.indirect_search_iterations, 0u);
+	struct ImageRun {
+		uint32_t first;
+		uint32_t count;
+		uint32_t resource;
+		uint32_t slot_bias;
+	};
+	std::vector<ImageRun> runs;
+	for (uint32_t ordinal = 0; ordinal < image.indirect_resources.size(); ++ordinal) {
+		const auto resource = image.indirect_resources[ordinal];
+		const auto& candidate = state.program.info.images[resource];
+		const auto kind = *IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(candidate);
+		if (!runs.empty()) {
+			auto& run = runs.back();
+			const auto& first = state.program.info.images[run.resource];
+			const auto next_slot = run.slot_bias + ordinal;
+			if (candidate.dimension == first.dimension && candidate.cube == first.cube &&
+			    IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(first) == kind &&
+			    (inst.GetOpcode() != IR::ValueOpcode::ImageWrite ||
+			     candidate.shader_swizzle == first.shader_swizzle) &&
+			    candidate.mip_count == 1u && first.mip_count == 1u &&
+			    (ordinal == 1u || candidate.descriptor_index == next_slot)) {
+				// Native roots precede appended children; only the root may have a slot gap.
+				if (ordinal == 1u)
+					run.slot_bias = candidate.descriptor_index - ordinal;
+				++run.count;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		runs.push_back({ordinal, 1u, resource,
+		                candidate.descriptor_index - ordinal});
+	}
+	const auto EmitRun = [&](uint32_t index) {
+		const auto& run = runs[index];
+		if (run.count == 1u) return emit(run.resource, 0u);
+		auto slot = Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), selected,
+		                   ConstantU32(state, run.slot_bias));
+		if (run.first == 0u) {
+			const auto root_slot = image.descriptor_index;
+			if (root_slot != run.slot_bias) {
+				const auto is_root = Binary(state, spv::OpIEqual, TypeBool(state), selected,
+				                            ConstantU32(state, 0u));
+				const auto root_or_child = state.builder.AllocateId();
+				state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelect, TypeU32(state), root_or_child,
+				                          is_root, ConstantU32(state, root_slot), slot);
+				slot = root_or_child;
+			}
+		}
+		return emit(run.resource, slot);
+	};
+	auto run_index = ConstantU32(state, 0u);
+	for (uint32_t index = 1; index < runs.size(); ++index) {
+		const auto at_or_after = Binary(state, spv::OpUGreaterThanEqual, TypeBool(state),
+		                               selected, ConstantU32(state, runs[index].first));
+		const auto next = state.builder.AllocateId();
+		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelect, TypeU32(state), next, at_or_after,
+		                          ConstantU32(state, index), run_index);
+		run_index = next;
+	}
+	return runs.size() == 1u
+	           ? EmitRun(0u)
+	           : EmitIndexSwitch(state, run_index, static_cast<uint32_t>(runs.size()),
+	                             result_type, EmitRun);
+}
+
+template <typename Emit>
+uint32_t EmitImageResult(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst, const Emit& emit) {
+	auto& state = ctx.state;
+	const auto& mem = ctx.Memory(inst);
+	const auto& image = state.program.info.images[mem.resource];
+	const bool gather = inst.GetOpcode() == IR::ValueOpcode::ImageGatherRaw;
+	const bool dref = HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagCompare);
+	const bool scalar = dref && !gather;
+	const bool mixed = std::ranges::any_of(image.indirect_resources, [&](uint32_t resource) {
+		return state.program.info.images[resource].numeric_class != image.numeric_class;
+	});
+	const auto native_type = [&](uint32_t resource) {
+		return scalar ? TypeF32(state) : ImageVectorType(
+		    state, dref ? Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float
+		                : state.program.info.images[resource].numeric_class, 4);
+	};
+	const auto result_bits = [&](uint32_t resource, uint32_t value) {
+		auto candidate_mem = mem;
+		candidate_mem.resource = resource;
+		if (!scalar) {
+			value = gather ? UnpackImageGather(ctx, candidate_mem, value)
+			               : UnpackImageTexel(ctx, candidate_mem, value);
+		}
+		return ResultVector(ctx, value,
+		                    dref ? Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float
+		                         : state.program.info.images[resource].numeric_class,
+		                    scalar, candidate_mem, gather);
+	};
+	// RDNA returns register bits. Convert per typed run only when the join mixes
+	// numeric classes; homogeneous accesses keep their single conversion after it.
+	const auto value = EmitImageAccess(
+	    ctx, inst, mixed ? TypeU32Vector(state, 4) : native_type(mem.resource),
+	    [&](uint32_t resource, uint32_t array_index) {
+		    const auto native = emit(resource, array_index, native_type(resource));
+		    return mixed ? result_bits(resource, native) : native;
+	    });
+	return mixed ? value : result_bits(mem.resource, value);
+}
+
+struct ImageSampler {
+	uint32_t id = 0;
+	bool dynamic = false;
+};
+
+std::array<ImageSampler, 2> LoadImageSamplers(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
+	auto& state = ctx.state;
+	const auto& mem = ctx.Memory(inst);
+	const auto& samplers = state.program.info.samplers;
+	const auto& root = samplers.at(mem.sampler);
+	std::array<ImageSampler, 2> result {};
+	const auto load = [&](const IR::ImageResource& image) {
+		const bool integer = image.numeric_class != Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float;
+		auto& sampler = result[integer];
+		if (sampler.id != 0u) return;
+		uint32_t index = mem.sampler;
+		if (root.integer_border != integer) {
+			const auto found = std::ranges::find_if(samplers, [&](const auto& candidate) {
+				return candidate.snapshot_index == root.snapshot_index &&
+				       candidate.integer_border == integer;
+			});
+			if (found == samplers.end()) ctx.Fail(inst, "has no typed sampler variant");
+			index = static_cast<uint32_t>(found - samplers.begin());
+		}
+		uint32_t array_index = 0;
+		const auto& candidates = samplers[index].indirect_resources;
+		if (!candidates.empty()) {
+			const auto* handle = inst.Arg(1).ResolveInstruction();
+			if (handle == nullptr || handle->GetOpcode() != IR::ValueOpcode::GetSamplerResource)
+				ctx.Fail(inst, "has invalid finite sampler key provenance");
+			auto selected = ctx.Def(handle->Arg(0));
+			if (samplers[index].indirect_root != IR::SamplerResource::NoIndirectSampler)
+				selected = EmitIndirectResourceIndex(state, selected,
+				    samplers[index].indirect_mapping_offset,
+				    samplers[index].indirect_search_iterations, 0u);
+			array_index = EmitIndexSwitch(
+			    state, selected, static_cast<uint32_t>(candidates.size()),
+			    TypeU32(state), [&](uint32_t ordinal) { return ConstantU32(state, candidates[ordinal]); });
+		}
+		sampler = {LoadSamplerDescriptor(state, index, array_index), array_index != 0u};
+	};
+	const auto& image = state.program.info.images[mem.resource];
+	load(image);
+	for (const auto candidate: image.indirect_resources) load(state.program.info.images[candidate]);
+	return result;
 }

 } // namespace
@@ -594,6 +855,22 @@ void EmitImage(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 		ctx.Define(inst, QueryDimensions(ctx, mem, *address));
 		return;
 	}
+	if (image_info.needs_sampler &&
+	    image.conversion_format == Prospero::BufferFormat::k11_11_10UNorm) {
+		if (op != IR::ValueOpcode::ImageSampleRaw ||
+		    image.dimension != ImageDimension::Dim2D ||
+		    mem.image_dimension != ImageDimension::Dim2D || mem.data_bits != 32u ||
+		    mem.image_sample_flags != Decoder::ImageSampleFlagLevelZero ||
+		    image.indirect_root != IR::ImageResource::NoIndirectImage ||
+		    !state.program.info.samplers.at(mem.sampler).indirect_resources.empty()) {
+			ctx.Fail(inst, "packed UNorm sampling requires a direct 2D sample_lz");
+			return;
+		}
+		const auto coord = CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, Layout(mem).coord, 2u);
+		ctx.Define(inst, ResultVector(ctx, SamplePackedUnormLz(ctx, mem, coord),
+		                              Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float, false, mem));
+		return;
+	}
 	if (op == IR::ValueOpcode::ImageQueryLod) {
 		state.builder.RequireCapability(spv::CapabilityImageQuery);
 		const auto dimension = image.dimension;
@@ -619,45 +896,49 @@ void EmitImage(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 		return;
 	}
 	if (op == IR::ValueOpcode::ImageRead) {
-		const auto  dimension      = image.dimension;
-		const auto& dimension_info = ImageDimensionInfoFor(dimension);
-		const auto  numeric_class  = image.numeric_class;
-		const auto  condition      = ctx.Arg(inst, 2);
+		const auto condition = ctx.Arg(inst, 2);
 		ctx.Define(
 		    inst,
 		    EmitValueOrDefaultIfCondition(
 		        state, condition, TypeU32Vector(state, 4), ConstantU32CompositeZero(state, 4),
 		        [&]() {
-			        const auto descriptor = LoadImageDescriptor(state, mem.resource);
-			        const auto color      = state.builder.AllocateId();
-			        const auto coord      = CoordU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension);
-			        if (dimension_info.multisampled != 0u) {
-				        state.builder.AddFunction(
-				            spv::OpImageFetch, ImageVectorType(state, numeric_class, 4), color,
-				            descriptor, coord, spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask,
-				            AddressU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension_info.coordinate_components));
-			        } else {
-				        state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpImageFetch,
-				                                  ImageVectorType(state, numeric_class, 4), color,
-				                                  descriptor, coord, spv::ImageOperandsLodMask,
-				                                  LodU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension));
-			        }
-			        return ResultVector(ctx, UnpackImageTexel(ctx, mem, color), numeric_class,
-			                            false, mem);
+			        return EmitImageResult(
+			            ctx, inst, [&](uint32_t resource, uint32_t array_index, uint32_t result_type) {
+				        const auto& candidate = state.program.info.images[resource];
+				        const auto dimension = candidate.dimension;
+				        const auto& dimension_info = ImageDimensionInfoFor(dimension);
+				        const auto descriptor = LoadImageDescriptor(state, resource, 0u, array_index);
+				        const auto fetched = state.builder.AllocateId();
+				        const auto coord = CoordU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension);
+				        if (dimension_info.multisampled != 0u) {
+					        state.builder.AddFunction(
+					            spv::OpImageFetch, result_type, fetched,
+					            descriptor, coord, spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask,
+					            AddressU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension_info.coordinate_components));
+				        } else {
+					        state.builder.AddFunction(
+					            spv::OpImageFetch, result_type, fetched,
+					            descriptor, coord, spv::ImageOperandsLodMask,
+					            LodU32(ctx, mem, *address, mem.image_dimension));
+				        }
+				        return fetched;
+			            });
 		        }));
 		return;
 	}
 	if (op == IR::ValueOpcode::ImageWrite) {
-		const bool uint_image = image.numeric_class == Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Uint;
-		const auto dimension  = image.dimension;
 		EmitIfCondition(state, ctx.Arg(inst, 3), [&]() {
-			const auto mip_lod =
-			    state.program.info.images[mem.resource].mip_mode == IR::ImageMipMode::Dynamic
-			        ? LodU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension)
-			        : 0u;
-			const auto coord = CoordU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension);
-			const auto texel = StoreTexel(ctx, mem, ctx.Arg(inst, 2), uint_image);
-			EmitStorageImageWrite(state, mem.resource, mip_lod, coord, texel);
+			EmitImageAccess(ctx, inst, 0u, [&](uint32_t resource, uint32_t array_index) {
+				const auto& candidate = state.program.info.images[resource];
+				auto selected = mem;
+				selected.resource = resource;
+				const auto mip_lod = candidate.mip_mode == IR::ImageMipMode::Dynamic
+				    ? LodU32(ctx, mem, *address, mem.image_dimension) : 0u;
+				const auto coord = CoordU32(ctx, mem, *address, candidate.dimension);
+				const auto texel = StoreTexel(ctx, selected, ctx.Arg(inst, 2),
+				    candidate.numeric_class == Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Uint);
+				EmitStorageImageWrite(state, resource, mip_lod, coord, texel, array_index);
+			});
 		});
 		return;
 	}
@@ -667,21 +948,28 @@ void EmitImage(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 		const auto  layout         = Layout(mem);
 		const auto  numeric_class  = image.numeric_class;
 		const bool  dref           = HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagCompare);
+		IR::Value offset_value;
+		if (layout.offset != NoImageComponent) {
+			const auto value = address->Arg(layout.offset).Resolve();
+			offset_value = IR::ResolveActiveU32(value, inst.Arg(inst.NumArgs() - 1u).Resolve());
+			if (offset_value.IsEmpty()) offset_value = value;
+		}
 		if (dref && state.program.info.images[mem.resource].conversion_format !=
 		                Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid) {
-			ctx.Fail(inst, "uses depth comparison with a packed integer image");
+			ctx.Fail(inst, "uses depth comparison with a converted image");
 			return;
 		}
 		if (op == IR::ValueOpcode::ImageGatherRaw) {
-			const auto coord = CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.coord,
-			                            dimension_info.coordinate_components, image.cube);
 			if (dimension == ImageDimension::Dim1D) {
-				if (dref || !HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagLevelZero) ||
+				if (image.indirect_root == mem.resource || dref ||
+				    !HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagLevelZero) ||
 				    HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagOffset) ||
 				    HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagGatherHorizontal)) {
 					ctx.Fail(inst, "has an unsupported 1D gather variant");
 					return;
 				}
+				const auto coord = CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.coord,
+				                            dimension_info.coordinate_components, image.cube);
 				const auto sample = EmitOneDimensionalGatherLz(ctx, mem, coord, numeric_class);
 				ctx.Define(inst, ResultVector(ctx, UnpackImageGather(ctx, mem, sample),
 				                              numeric_class, false, mem, true));
@@ -691,50 +979,48 @@ void EmitImage(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 				ctx.Fail(inst, "has an unsupported 1D-array gather");
 				return;
 			}
-			const auto result_numeric_class = dref ? Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float
-			                                       : numeric_class;
-			const auto result_type = ImageVectorType(state, result_numeric_class, 4);
 			uint32_t component_or_dref;
 			if (dref) {
 				component_or_dref = layout.dref != NoImageComponent
 				                        ? AddressF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.dref)
 				                        : ZeroF32(state);
 			} else {
-				component_or_dref = ConstantU32(
-				    state, ImageConversionFormat(state, mem).format == Prospero::BufferFormat::kInvalid
-				               ? ImageGatherComponent(mem.dmask) : 0u);
+				component_or_dref = ConstantU32(state, ImageGatherSource(state, mem));
 			}
-			uint32_t operand_mask = 0;
-			uint32_t offset = 0;
-			if (HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagGatherHorizontal)) {
-				operand_mask = spv::ImageOperandsConstOffsetsMask;
-				offset = HorizontalOffsets(state, dimension);
-			} else if (layout.offset != NoImageComponent) {
-				operand_mask = spv::ImageOperandsOffsetMask;
-				offset = PackedOffset(ctx, mem, *address, layout, dimension);
-			}
-			const auto sampler_id = LoadSamplerDescriptor(state, mem.sampler);
-			const auto EmitGather = [&](uint32_t mip) {
-				const auto sampled = MakeSampledImage(state, mem.resource, sampler_id, mip);
-				const auto sample = state.builder.AllocateId();
-				std::vector<uint32_t> words {
-				    static_cast<uint32_t>(dref ? spv::OpImageDrefGather : spv::OpImageGather), result_type,
-				    sample, sampled, coord, component_or_dref};
-				if (operand_mask != 0u) {
-					words.push_back(operand_mask);
-					words.push_back(offset);
+			const auto samplers = LoadImageSamplers(ctx, inst);
+			const auto EmitGather = [&](uint32_t resource, uint32_t array_index, uint32_t result_type) {
+				const auto& candidate = state.program.info.images[resource];
+				const auto sampler = samplers[candidate.numeric_class != Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float];
+				const auto dimension = candidate.dimension;
+				const auto coord = CoordF32(
+				    ctx, mem, *address, layout.coord,
+				    ImageDimensionInfoFor(dimension).coordinate_components, candidate.cube);
+				uint32_t operand_mask = 0;
+				uint32_t offset = 0;
+				if (HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagGatherHorizontal)) {
+					operand_mask = spv::ImageOperandsConstOffsetsMask;
+					offset = HorizontalOffsets(state, dimension);
+				} else if (layout.offset != NoImageComponent) {
+					offset = PackedOffset(ctx, offset_value, dimension, operand_mask);
 				}
-				state.builder.AddFunction(words);
-				return sample;
+				const auto EmitMip = [&](uint32_t mip) {
+					const auto sampled = MakeSampledImage(state, resource, sampler.id, mip, array_index,
+					                                      sampler.dynamic);
+					const auto sample = state.builder.AllocateId();
+					const std::array operands {operand_mask, offset};
+					state.builder.AddFunction(
+					    dref ? spv::OpImageDrefGather : spv::OpImageGather, result_type,
+					    sample, sampled, coord, component_or_dref,
+					    std::span(operands).first(operand_mask != 0u ? 2u : 0u));
+					return sample;
+				};
+				return candidate.mip_mode == IR::ImageMipMode::Dynamic && candidate.mip_count > 1u
+				           ? EmitIndexSwitch(
+				                 state, GatherMip(ctx, inst, mem, *address, layout, candidate.mip_count),
+				                 candidate.mip_count, result_type, EmitMip)
+				           : EmitMip(0u);
 			};
-			const auto sample = image.mip_mode == IR::ImageMipMode::Dynamic && image.mip_count > 1u
-			                        ? EmitIndexSwitch(
-			                              state, GatherMip(ctx, inst, mem, *address, layout,
-			                                               image.mip_count),
-			                              image.mip_count, result_type, EmitGather)
-			                        : EmitGather(0);
-			ctx.Define(inst, ResultVector(ctx, UnpackImageGather(ctx, mem, sample),
-			                              result_numeric_class, false, mem, true));
+			ctx.Define(inst, EmitImageResult(ctx, inst, EmitGather));
 			return;
 		}
 		const bool explicit_lod = HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagDerivative) ||
@@ -747,145 +1033,61 @@ void EmitImage(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 		} else if (dref) {
 			opcode = spv::OpImageSampleDrefImplicitLod;
 		}
-		uint32_t result_type = ImageVectorType(state, numeric_class, 4);
 		uint32_t dref_value  = 0;
 		if (dref) {
-			result_type = TypeF32(state);
 			dref_value  = ZeroF32(state);
 			if (layout.dref != NoImageComponent) {
 				dref_value = AddressF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.dref);
 			}
 		}
-		uint32_t              operand_mask = 0;
-		std::vector<uint32_t> operands;
+		std::array<uint32_t, 4> operands {};
+		size_t operand_count = 0;
 		if (HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagDerivative)) {
-			operand_mask |= spv::ImageOperandsGradMask;
-			operands.push_back(
-			    CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.grad_x, dimension_info.spatial_components));
-			operands.push_back(
-			    CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.grad_y, dimension_info.spatial_components));
+			operands[0] = spv::ImageOperandsGradMask;
+			operands[1] = CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.grad_x, dimension_info.spatial_components);
+			operands[2] = CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.grad_y, dimension_info.spatial_components);
+			operand_count = 3;
 		} else if (explicit_lod) {
-			operand_mask |= spv::ImageOperandsLodMask;
 			auto lod = ZeroF32(state);
 			if (HasFlag(mem, Decoder::ImageSampleFlagLod) && layout.lod != NoImageComponent) {
 				lod = AddressF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.lod);
 			}
-			operands.push_back(lod);
+			operands[0] = spv::ImageOperandsLodMask;
+			operands[1] = lod;
+			operand_count = 2;
 		} else if (layout.bias != NoImageComponent) {
-			operand_mask |= spv::ImageOperandsBiasMask;
-			operands.push_back(AddressF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.bias));
+			operands[0] = spv::ImageOperandsBiasMask;
+			operands[1] = AddressF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.bias);
+			operand_count = 2;
 		}
-		const auto sampler_id = LoadSamplerDescriptor(state, mem.sampler);
-		const auto EmitSample = [&](uint32_t resource, uint32_t array_index = 0u) {
+		if (layout.offset != NoImageComponent &&
+		    !offset_value.IsImmediate() && !state.maintenance8_enabled) {
+			ctx.Fail(inst, "requires maintenance8 for a dynamic sample texel offset");
+		}
+		const auto samplers = LoadImageSamplers(ctx, inst);
+		const auto EmitSample = [&](uint32_t resource, uint32_t array_index, uint32_t result_type) {
 			const auto& candidate = state.program.info.images[resource];
+			const auto sampler = samplers[candidate.numeric_class != Prospero::TextureNumericClass::Float];
+			auto sample_operands = operands;
+			auto sample_operand_count = operand_count;
+			if (layout.offset != NoImageComponent) {
+				sample_operand_count = std::max(size_t{1}, sample_operand_count);
+				sample_operands[sample_operand_count++] = PackedOffset(
+				    ctx, offset_value, candidate.dimension, sample_operands[0]);
+			}
 			const auto coord =
 			    CoordF32(ctx, mem, *address, layout.coord,
 			             ImageDimensionInfoFor(candidate.dimension).coordinate_components,
 			             candidate.cube);
-			const auto sampled = MakeSampledImage(state, resource, sampler_id, 0u, array_index);
-			const auto            sample  = state.builder.AllocateId();
-			std::vector<uint32_t> sample_operands {result_type, sample, sampled, coord};
-			if (dref) {
-				sample_operands.push_back(dref_value);
-			}
-			if (operand_mask != 0u) {
-				sample_operands.push_back(operand_mask);
-				sample_operands.insert(sample_operands.end(), operands.begin(), operands.end());
-			}
-			state.builder.AddFunction(opcode, sample_operands);
+			const auto sampled = MakeSampledImage(state, resource, sampler.id, 0u, array_index,
+			                                      sampler.dynamic);
+			const auto sample = state.builder.AllocateId();
+			state.builder.AddFunction(opcode, result_type, sample, sampled, coord,
+			                          std::span(&dref_value, dref ? 1u : 0u),
+			                          std::span<const uint32_t>(sample_operands).first(sample_operand_count));
 			return sample;
 		};
-		if (image.indirect_root != mem.resource) {
-			const auto sample = EmitSample(mem.resource);
-			auto       result = sample;
-			if (!dref) {
-				result = UnpackImageTexel(ctx, mem, sample);
-			}
-			ctx.Define(inst, ResultVector(ctx, result, numeric_class, dref, mem));
-			return;
-		}
-		const auto* handle = image_arg.ResolveInstruction();
-		const auto* source = image.source < state.program.descriptor_sources.size()
-		                         ? &state.program.descriptor_sources[image.source]
-		                         : nullptr;
-		if (handle == nullptr || source == nullptr || !source->indirect_descriptor.has_value() ||
-		    handle->NumArgs() == 0u) {
-			ctx.Fail(inst, "has invalid indirect image key provenance");
-			return;
-		}
-		const auto key = ctx.Def(handle->Arg(0));
-		if (state.flattened_srt_variable == 0 || image.indirect_search_iterations == 0u ||
-		    image.indirect_resources.size() < 2u) {
-			ctx.Fail(inst, "has no indirect image runtime mapping");
-			return;
-		}
-		const auto selected = EmitIndirectResourceIndex(
-		    state, key, image.indirect_mapping_offset, image.indirect_search_iterations, 0u);
-		const auto kind = *IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(image);
-		const auto& binding = *IR::FindBinding(state.program.bindings, kind);
-		uint32_t first_child = 0;
-		bool homogeneous = true;
-		for (uint32_t ordinal = 0; ordinal < image.indirect_resources.size(); ++ordinal) {
-			const auto resource = image.indirect_resources[ordinal];
-			const auto& candidate = state.program.info.images[resource];
-			if (candidate.dimension != image.dimension || candidate.cube != image.cube ||
-			    IR::DescriptorBindingForImage(candidate) != kind ||
-			    candidate.mip_count != 1u) {
-				homogeneous = false;
-				break;
-			}
-			if (ordinal == 1u) first_child = ResourceForDescriptor(state, kind, resource);
-			const auto child_slot = first_child + ordinal - 1u;
-			if (ordinal > 1u && (child_slot >= binding.resources.size() ||
-			                     binding.resources[child_slot] != resource)) {
-				homogeneous = false;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-		if (homogeneous) {
-			const auto child_index = Binary(state, spv::OpIAdd, TypeU32(state), selected,
-			                                ConstantU32(state, first_child - 1u));
-			const auto is_root = Binary(state, spv::OpIEqual, TypeBool(state), selected,
-			                            ConstantU32(state, 0u));
-			const auto array_index = state.builder.AllocateId();
-			state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelect, TypeU32(state), array_index, is_root,
-			                          ConstantU32(state, ResourceForDescriptor(state, kind, mem.resource)),
-			                          child_index);
-			const auto sample = EmitSample(mem.resource, array_index);
-			const auto result = dref ? sample : UnpackImageTexel(ctx, mem, sample);
-			ctx.Define(inst, ResultVector(ctx, result, numeric_class, dref, mem));
-			return;
-		}
-		const auto            default_label = state.builder.AllocateId();
-		const auto            merge_label   = state.builder.AllocateId();
-		std::vector<uint32_t> labels(image.indirect_resources.size() - 1u);
-		std::vector<uint32_t> switch_words {spv::OpSwitch, selected, default_label};
-		for (uint32_t candidate = 1; candidate < image.indirect_resources.size(); candidate++) {
-			labels[candidate - 1u] = state.builder.AllocateId();
-			switch_words.push_back(candidate);
-			switch_words.push_back(labels[candidate - 1u]);
-		}
-		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpSelectionMerge, merge_label,
-		                          spv::SelectionControlMaskNone);
-		state.builder.AddFunction(switch_words);
-		std::vector<uint32_t> phi_words {spv::OpPhi, result_type, state.builder.AllocateId()};
-		EmitLabel(state, default_label);
-		phi_words.push_back(EmitSample(image.indirect_resources[0]));
-		phi_words.push_back(default_label);
-		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBranch, merge_label);
-		for (uint32_t candidate = 1; candidate < image.indirect_resources.size(); candidate++) {
-			EmitLabel(state, labels[candidate - 1u]);
-			phi_words.push_back(EmitSample(image.indirect_resources[candidate]));
-			phi_words.push_back(labels[candidate - 1u]);
-			state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpBranch, merge_label);
-		}
-		EmitLabel(state, merge_label);
-		state.builder.AddFunction(phi_words);
-		auto result = phi_words[2];
-		if (!dref) {
-			result = UnpackImageTexel(ctx, mem, result);
-		}
-		ctx.Define(inst, ResultVector(ctx, result, numeric_class, dref, mem));
+		ctx.Define(inst, EmitImageResult(ctx, inst, EmitSample));
 		return;
 	}
 	if (image_info.access == IR::ImageAccess::Atomic) {
@@ -895,9 +1097,9 @@ void EmitImage(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst) {
 		ctx.Define(inst, EmitValueOrDefaultIfCondition(
 		                     state, ctx.Arg(inst, inst.NumArgs() - 1), result_type, zero, [&]() {
 			           const auto pointer      = state.builder.AllocateId();
-			           const auto pointer_type = state.builder.Type(
-			               spv::OpTypePointer, spv::StorageClassImage,
-			               image.atomic64 ? TypeScalarU64(state) : TypeU32(state));
+			           const auto pointer_type =
+			               state.builder.Type(spv::OpTypePointer, spv::StorageClassImage,
+			                                  image.atomic64 ? TypeU64(state) : TypeU32(state));
 			           state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpImageTexelPointer, pointer_type, pointer,
 			                                     ImageDescriptorPointer(state, mem.resource),
 			                                     CoordU32(ctx, mem, *address, dimension),
@@ -5,15 +5,17 @@
 #include <bit>

 namespace Libs::Graphics::ShaderRecompiler::Spirv::Emitter {
+uint32_t EmitIdentity(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t value);
+
 // Operand signatures distinguish SPIR-V IDs (uint32_t), raw literals/values
 // (IR::Value), and instructions whose metadata or operand loads must stay lazy.
 #define EMIT_NATIVE(name, opcode, type, ...)                                                       \
 	inline constexpr auto Emit##name = EmitNative<spv::opcode, IR::Type::type, __VA_ARGS__>;
-EMIT_NATIVE(BitCastU16F16, OpBitcast, U32, uint32_t)
+inline constexpr auto EmitBitCastU16F16 = EmitIdentity;
 inline constexpr auto EmitBitCastF16U16 = EmitBitCastU16F16;
 inline constexpr auto EmitConvertU32U16 = EmitBitCastU16F16;
 inline constexpr auto EmitConvertU32U8  = EmitBitCastU16F16;
-inline constexpr auto EmitBitCastU32F32 = EmitBitCastU16F16;
+EMIT_NATIVE(BitCastU32F32, OpBitcast, U32, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitCastF32U32, OpBitcast, F32, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitCastU64F64, OpBitcast, U64, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitCastF64U64, OpBitcast, F64, uint32_t)
@@ -23,27 +25,22 @@ uint32_t              EmitConvertF16F32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
 inline constexpr auto EmitConvertF32F16 = EmitF16BitsToF32;
 uint32_t              EmitConvertS32F32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
 uint32_t              EmitConvertU32F32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
-template <IR::Type type>
-uint32_t EmitConvertSigned32ToFloat(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0) {
-	const auto signed_value = Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeI32(state), arg0);
-	return EmitNative<spv::OpConvertSToF, type>(state, signed_value);
-}
-inline constexpr auto EmitConvertF32S32 = EmitConvertSigned32ToFloat<IR::Type::F32>;
-inline constexpr auto EmitConvertF64S32 = EmitConvertSigned32ToFloat<IR::Type::F64>;
+EMIT_NATIVE(ConvertF32S32, OpConvertSToF, F32, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(ConvertF64S32, OpConvertSToF, F64, uint32_t)
 uint32_t              EmitConvertF32F64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
 uint32_t              EmitConvertF64F32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
 EMIT_NATIVE(ConvertF32U32, OpConvertUToF, F32, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(ConvertF64U32, OpConvertUToF, F64, uint32_t)
-EMIT_NATIVE(CompositeConstructU64, OpCompositeConstruct, U64, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+uint32_t EmitCompositeConstructU64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1);
 EMIT_NATIVE(CompositeConstructU32x2, OpCompositeConstruct, U32x2, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(CompositeConstructU32x3, OpCompositeConstruct, U32x3, uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(CompositeConstructF32x2, OpCompositeConstruct, F32x2, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(CompositeConstructU32x4, OpCompositeConstruct, U32x4, uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
            uint32_t)
 uint32_t              EmitCompositeExtractU64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1);
-inline constexpr auto EmitCompositeExtractU32x2 = EmitCompositeExtractU64;
-inline constexpr auto EmitCompositeExtractU32x3 = EmitCompositeExtractU64;
-inline constexpr auto EmitCompositeExtractU32x4 = EmitCompositeExtractU64;
+uint32_t              EmitCompositeExtractU32x2(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1);
+inline constexpr auto EmitCompositeExtractU32x3 = EmitCompositeExtractU32x2;
+inline constexpr auto EmitCompositeExtractU32x4 = EmitCompositeExtractU32x2;
 inline constexpr auto EmitPackHalf2x16 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450PackHalf2x16, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitPackSnorm2x16 =
    EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450PackSnorm2x16, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t>;
@@ -63,34 +60,46 @@ EMIT_NATIVE(IAdd32, OpIAdd, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(ISub32, OpISub, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(IMul32, OpIMul, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(UDiv32, OpUDiv, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
-uint32_t EmitIAdd64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitISub64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitIMul64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
+EMIT_NATIVE(IAdd64, OpIAdd, U64, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(ISub64, OpISub, U64, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(IMul64, OpIMul, U64, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(IAddCarry32, OpIAddCarry, U32x2, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 uint32_t EmitSMulHi(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
 uint32_t EmitUMulHi(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitIAbs32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
+inline constexpr auto EmitIAbs32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450SAbs, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t>;
 EMIT_NATIVE(ShiftLeftLogical32, OpShiftLeftLogical, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(ShiftRightLogical32, OpShiftRightLogical, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(ShiftRightArithmetic32, OpShiftRightArithmetic, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
-uint32_t EmitShiftLeftLogical64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1);
-uint32_t EmitShiftRightLogical64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1);
-uint32_t EmitShiftRightArithmetic64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t arg0, IR::Value arg1);
+template <spv::Op opcode>
+uint32_t EmitShift64(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t value, IR::Value shift) {
+	shift = shift.Resolve();
+	if (shift.IsImmediate()) {
+		const auto amount = shift.U32() & 63u;
+		return amount == 0u ? value
+		                    : Binary(ctx.state, opcode, TypeU64(ctx.state), value,
+		                             ConstantU32(ctx.state, amount));
+	}
+	return Binary(ctx.state, opcode, TypeU64(ctx.state), value,
+	              EmitAndConstant(ctx.state, ctx.Def(shift), 63u));
+}
+inline constexpr auto EmitShiftLeftLogical64     = EmitShift64<spv::OpShiftLeftLogical>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitShiftRightLogical64    = EmitShift64<spv::OpShiftRightLogical>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitShiftRightArithmetic64 = EmitShift64<spv::OpShiftRightArithmetic>;
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitwiseAnd32, OpBitwiseAnd, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitwiseOr32, OpBitwiseOr, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitwiseXor32, OpBitwiseXor, U32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitwiseNot32, OpNot, U32, uint32_t)
-uint32_t EmitBitwiseAnd64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
+EMIT_NATIVE(BitwiseAnd64, OpBitwiseAnd, U64, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitReverse32, OpBitReverse, U32, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(BitCount32, OpBitCount, U32, uint32_t)
 uint32_t EmitBitCount64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
-uint32_t EmitFindILsb32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
-uint32_t EmitFindUMsb32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
+inline constexpr auto EmitFindILsb32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450FindILsb, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitFindUMsb32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450FindUMsb, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t>;
 uint32_t EmitFindUMsb64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
-uint32_t EmitSMin32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitSMax32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitUMin32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitUMax32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
+inline constexpr auto EmitSMin32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450SMin, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t, uint32_t>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitSMax32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450SMax, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t, uint32_t>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitUMin32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450UMin, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t, uint32_t>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitUMax32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450UMax, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t, uint32_t>;
 uint32_t EmitSMinTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
 uint32_t EmitSMaxTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
 uint32_t EmitUMinTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
@@ -107,14 +116,14 @@ EMIT_NATIVE(UGreaterThan32, OpUGreaterThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(INotEqual32, OpINotEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(SGreaterThanEqual32, OpSGreaterThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(UGreaterThanEqual32, OpUGreaterThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
-uint32_t EmitIEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitINotEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitULessThan64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitSLessThan64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitSLessThanEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitULessThanEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitUGreaterThanEqual64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
-uint32_t EmitUGreaterThan64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
+EMIT_NATIVE(IEqual64, OpIEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(INotEqual64, OpINotEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(ULessThan64, OpULessThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(SLessThan64, OpSLessThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(SLessThanEqual64, OpSLessThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(ULessThanEqual64, OpULessThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(UGreaterThanEqual64, OpUGreaterThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(UGreaterThan64, OpUGreaterThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(LogicalOr, OpLogicalOr, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(LogicalAnd, OpLogicalAnd, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(LogicalXor, OpLogicalNotEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
@@ -139,6 +148,15 @@ inline constexpr auto EmitFPOrdEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFOrdEqual>;
 EMIT_NATIVE(FPOrdEqual64, OpFOrdEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(FPOrdLessThanEqual64, OpFOrdLessThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(FPOrdGreaterThanEqual64, OpFOrdGreaterThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPOrdNotEqual64, OpFOrdNotEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPOrdLessThan64, OpFOrdLessThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPOrdGreaterThan64, OpFOrdGreaterThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPUnordEqual64, OpFUnordEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPUnordNotEqual64, OpFUnordNotEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPUnordLessThan64, OpFUnordLessThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPUnordGreaterThan64, OpFUnordGreaterThan, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPUnordLessThanEqual64, OpFUnordLessThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPUnordGreaterThanEqual64, OpFUnordGreaterThanEqual, U1, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPUnordEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFUnordEqual>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPOrdNotEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFOrdNotEqual>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPUnordNotEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFUnordNotEqual>;
@@ -150,8 +168,10 @@ inline constexpr auto EmitFPOrdLessThanEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFOrdL
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPUnordLessThanEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFUnordLessThanEqual>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPOrdGreaterThanEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFOrdGreaterThanEqual>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPUnordGreaterThanEqual32 = EmitFloatCompare32<spv::OpFUnordGreaterThanEqual>;
-uint32_t              EmitFPIsNan32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPIsNan32, OpIsNan, U1, uint32_t)
+EMIT_NATIVE(FPIsNan64, OpIsNan, U1, uint32_t)
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPCmpClass32 = EmitClassMaskF32;
+inline constexpr auto EmitFPCmpClass16 = EmitClassMaskF16;
 EMIT_NATIVE(FPAdd32, OpFAdd, F32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(FPSub32, OpFSub, F32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 EMIT_NATIVE(FPMul32, OpFMul, F32, uint32_t, uint32_t)
@@ -160,10 +180,12 @@ EMIT_NATIVE(FPMul64, OpFMul, F64, uint32_t, uint32_t)
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPFma64 =
    EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Fma, IR::Type::F64, uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t>;
 uint32_t              EmitFPRecip64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
-inline constexpr auto EmitFPFma32 =
-    EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Fma, IR::Type::F32, uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t>;
+uint32_t EmitFPFma32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
+uint32_t EmitFPMad32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
 uint32_t EmitFPMin32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
 uint32_t EmitFPMax32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
+uint32_t EmitFPMin64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
+uint32_t EmitFPMax64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1);
 uint32_t EmitFPMinTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
 uint32_t EmitFPMaxTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
 uint32_t EmitFPMedTri32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0, uint32_t arg1, uint32_t arg2);
@@ -178,13 +200,15 @@ inline constexpr auto EmitFPRoundEven32 = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450RoundEven, IR::Type
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPFloor32     = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Floor, IR::Type::F32, uint32_t>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPCeil32      = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Ceil, IR::Type::F32, uint32_t>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPTrunc32     = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Trunc, IR::Type::F32, uint32_t>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitFPFloor64     = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Floor, IR::Type::F64, uint32_t>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitFPCeil64      = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Ceil, IR::Type::F64, uint32_t>;
+inline constexpr auto EmitFPTrunc64     = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Trunc, IR::Type::F64, uint32_t>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPFract32     = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Fract, IR::Type::F32, uint32_t>;
 inline constexpr auto EmitFPFract64     = EmitGlsl<GLSLstd450Fract, IR::Type::F64, uint32_t>;
 uint32_t              EmitFPSin(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
 uint32_t              EmitFPCos(EmitterState& state, uint32_t arg0);
 #undef EMIT_NATIVE

-uint32_t              EmitIdentity(ValueEmitContext& ctx, uint32_t value);
 void                  EmitVoid(ValueEmitContext&);
 inline constexpr auto EmitReference    = EmitVoid;
 inline constexpr auto EmitReferenceU32 = EmitVoid;
@@ -214,6 +238,7 @@ uint32_t              EmitBallot(ValueEmitContext& ctx, IR::Value predicate);
 uint32_t              EmitConditionRef(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
 uint32_t              EmitReadFirstLane(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
 uint32_t              EmitReadLane(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
+uint32_t              EmitSubgroupUMinU32(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
 uint32_t              EmitWriteLane(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
 uint32_t              EmitPermlane16U32(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
 uint32_t              EmitGetAttribute(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
@@ -222,6 +247,7 @@ void                  EmitSetAttribute(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& in
 uint32_t              EmitGetShaderBase(ValueEmitContext& ctx);
 inline constexpr auto EmitGetSrtResource     = EmitVoid;
 inline constexpr auto EmitGetBufferResource  = EmitGetSrtResource;
+uint32_t              EmitGetBufferResourceIndex(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
 inline constexpr auto EmitGetAddressResource = EmitGetSrtResource;
 inline constexpr auto EmitGetScratchResource = EmitGetSrtResource;
 inline constexpr auto EmitGetImageResource   = EmitGetSrtResource;
@@ -298,6 +324,8 @@ inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicDec32     = EmitSharedIncDec;
 inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicSMin32    = EmitAtomic32;
 inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicUMin32    = EmitAtomic32;
 inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicSMax32    = EmitAtomic32;
+inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicUMax64    = EmitSharedAtomic64;
+inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicCmpSwap64 = EmitSharedAtomic64;
 inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicUMax32    = EmitAtomic32;
 inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicAnd32     = EmitAtomic32;
 inline constexpr auto EmitSharedAtomicOr32      = EmitAtomic32;
@@ -316,15 +344,21 @@ inline constexpr auto EmitImageSampleRaw       = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageGatherRaw       = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicCompareSwap32 = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicSwap32    = EmitImage;
+inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicSwap64    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicIAdd32    = EmitImage;
+inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicIAdd64    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicSMin32    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicUMin32    = EmitImage;
+inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicUMin64    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicSMax32    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicUMax32    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicUMax64    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicAnd32     = EmitImage;
+inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicAnd64     = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicOr32      = EmitImage;
+inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicOr64      = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicXor32     = EmitImage;
+inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicXor64     = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicFMin32    = EmitImage;
 inline constexpr auto EmitImageAtomicFMax32    = EmitImage;
 void                  EmitUnreachable(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst);
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/BufferFormat.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/backend/spirv/SpirvBuilder.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ShaderIR.h"
-#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/BindingLayout.h"
 #include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/passes/ResourceMaterialization.h"

 #include <algorithm>
@@ -58,40 +57,43 @@ constexpr std::array<ImageDimensionInfo, 7> ImageDimensions {{

 const ImageDimensionInfo& ImageDimensionInfoFor(ImageDimension dimension);

-struct SpirvRequirements {
-	bool bvh                          = false;
-	bool subgroup_ballot              = false;
-	bool subgroup_barrier             = false;
-	bool subgroup_shuffle             = false;
-	bool subgroup_local_invocation_id = false;
-	bool compute_derivatives          = false;
-	bool image_gather_extended        = false;
-	bool function_lds                 = false;
-	bool function_scratch             = false;
-	bool pixel_valid_mask             = false;
-	bool buffer_int64_atomics         = false;
-	bool buffer_u8                    = false;
-	bool buffer_u16                   = false;
-	bool shared_int64_atomics         = false;
-	bool coherent_buffers             = false;
-	bool float64                      = false;
+struct BufferDefinition {
+	uint32_t variable             = 0;
+	uint32_t type                 = 0;
+	uint32_t element_type         = 0;
+	uint32_t pointer_type         = 0;
+	uint32_t element_pointer_type = 0;
 };

-SpirvRequirements AnalyzeProgramRequirements(const IR::Program& program);
+struct ImageDefinition {
+	uint32_t variable     = 0;
+	uint32_t type         = 0;
+	uint32_t pointer_type = 0;
+	uint32_t sampled_type = 0;
+};

 struct EmitterState {
-	EmitterState(const IR::Program& program_, ShaderStageInputInfo input_info_)
+	EmitterState(IR::Program& program_, ShaderStageInputInfo input_info_, bool maintenance8_enabled_)
 	    : builder(program_.stage == ShaderType::Mesh ? 0x00010400u : 0x00010300u),
-	      program(program_), input_info(input_info_),
-	      requirements(AnalyzeProgramRequirements(program_)) {}
+	      program(program_), input_info(input_info_), maintenance8_enabled(maintenance8_enabled_) {
+		if (ShaderWorkgroupInput(program.stage, input_info) != nullptr) {
+			lds_storage_class = spv::StorageClassWorkgroup;
+		}
+		if (program.info.uses_lds && program.stage == ShaderType::Compute &&
+		    input_info.compute != nullptr && input_info.compute->lds_storage) {
+			lds_storage_class = spv::StorageClassStorageBuffer;
+		}
+	}

 	Builder                                          builder;
-	const IR::Program&                               program;
+	IR::Program&                                     program;
 	ShaderStageInputInfo                             input_info;
+	bool                                            maintenance8_enabled;
+	uint32_t                                        debug_source = 0;
 	uint32_t                                        void_type = 0;
 	uint32_t                                        bool_type = 0;
 	uint32_t                                        u32_type = 0;
-	uint32_t                                        native_u64_type = 0;
+	uint32_t                                        u64_type = 0;
 	uint32_t                                        i32_type = 0;
 	uint32_t                                        f32_type = 0;
 	uint32_t                                        f64_type = 0;
@@ -106,28 +108,31 @@ struct EmitterState {
 	uint32_t                                         tess_inner_variable = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         tess_patch_base     = 0;

-	const SpirvRequirements                          requirements;
 	uint32_t                                         lane_count              = 1;
 	uint32_t                                         lane_half               = 0;
-	uint32_t                                         storage_buffer_variable = 0;
-	uint32_t                                         storage_buffer_u8_variable = 0;
-	uint32_t                                         storage_buffer_u16_variable = 0;
-	uint32_t                                         storage_buffer_u64_variable = 0;
-	std::array<uint32_t, IR::ShaderInfo::MaxBuffers> memory_byte_offsets {};
+	std::array<BufferDefinition, 4>                  storage_buffers {};
+	std::vector<uint32_t>                           memory_byte_offsets;
 	uint32_t                                         bda_pagetable_variable  = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         fault_buffer_variable   = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         bda_pointer_function    = 0;
+	uint32_t                                         indirect_format_function = 0;
+	uint32_t                                         indirect_format_geometry_function = 0;
+	std::map<std::array<uint32_t, 3>, uint32_t>        indirect_buffer_load_functions;
 	uint32_t                                         bvh_intersect_function  = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         gds_variable            = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         gds_length              = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         push_constant_variable  = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         shader_data_storage_variable = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         flattened_srt_variable  = 0;
+	spv::StorageClass                                lds_storage_class = spv::StorageClassFunction;
+	uint32_t                                         lds_base_dwords         = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         lds_variable            = 0;
 	uint32_t                                         lds_u64_variable        = 0;
 	std::array<uint32_t, 2>                          scratch_variable {};
-	std::array<uint32_t, IR::ImageBindingCount>      image_variables {};
+	std::array<ImageDefinition, IR::ImageBindingCount> images {};
 	uint32_t                   sampler_variable                      = 0;
+	uint32_t                   sampler_type                          = 0;
+	uint32_t                   sampler_pointer_type                  = 0;
 	uint32_t                   main_func                             = 0;
 	uint32_t                   mesh_guest_func                       = 0;
 	uint32_t                   mesh_allocation                       = 0;
@@ -147,11 +152,11 @@ struct EmitterState {
 	uint32_t                   layer_variable                        = 0;
 	uint32_t                   viewport_index_variable               = 0;
 	uint32_t                   depth_variable                        = 0;
+	uint32_t                   object_primitive_id_variable          = 0;
 	uint32_t                   sample_mask_variable                  = 0;
 	std::vector<InputBinding>  inputs;
 	std::vector<OutputBinding> outputs;
 	std::vector<uint32_t>      interface_variables;
-	std::unordered_map<const IR::Block*, uint32_t> labels;
 };

 uint32_t TypeVoid(EmitterState& state);
@@ -159,7 +164,6 @@ uint32_t TypeBool(EmitterState& state);
 uint32_t TypeBoolVector(EmitterState& state, uint32_t components);
 uint32_t TypeU32(EmitterState& state);
 uint32_t TypeU64(EmitterState& state);
-uint32_t TypeScalarU64(EmitterState& state);
 uint32_t TypeU32Pair(EmitterState& state);
 uint32_t TypeI32(EmitterState& state);
 uint32_t TypeI32Pair(EmitterState& state);
@@ -172,8 +176,6 @@ uint32_t TypeI32Vector(EmitterState& state, uint32_t components);
 uint32_t TypeF32Vector(EmitterState& state, uint32_t components);
 uint32_t TypePointer(EmitterState& state, spv::StorageClass storage_class, uint32_t pointee);
 uint32_t TypeFunction(EmitterState& state);
-uint32_t TypeStorageBufferElement(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits);
-uint32_t TypeStorageBufferPointer(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits = 32);
 uint32_t TypeStorageBufferElementPointer(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits = 32);
 uint32_t TypePhysicalU32Pointer(EmitterState& state);
 uint32_t TypePushConstantElementPointer(EmitterState& state);
@@ -183,6 +185,11 @@ uint32_t TypeU32ElementPointer(EmitterState& state, spv::StorageClass storage_cl
 inline void EmitLabel(EmitterState& state, uint32_t label) {
 	state.current_label = label;
 	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLabel, label);
+	if (state.debug_source != 0 && state.current_block != nullptr) {
+		// Source lines encode the containing native block's byte offset plus one.
+		state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpLine, state.debug_source,
+		                          state.current_block->start_pc + 1u, 0u);
+	}
 }

 uint32_t TypeId(EmitterState& state, IR::Type type);
@@ -212,6 +219,12 @@ inline uint32_t Unary(EmitterState& state, spv::Op opcode, uint32_t type, uint32
 	return result;
 }

+inline uint32_t PackU64(EmitterState& state, uint32_t low, uint32_t high) {
+	const auto pair = state.builder.AllocateId();
+	state.builder.AddFunction(spv::OpCompositeConstruct, TypeU32Vector(state, 2), pair, low, high);
+	return Unary(state, spv::OpBitcast, TypeU64(state), pair);
+}
+
 inline uint32_t Binary(EmitterState& state, spv::Op opcode, uint32_t type, uint32_t lhs,
                       uint32_t rhs) {
 	const auto result = state.builder.AllocateId();
@@ -241,12 +254,10 @@ struct ValueEmitContext {
 	const IR::Inst*       ImageAddress(IR::Value value);
 	const IR::MemoryInfo& Memory(const IR::Inst& inst) const;
 	const IR::ExportInfo& Export(const IR::Inst& inst) const;
-	uint32_t              Label(const IR::Block* block) const;
 	[[noreturn]] void     Fail(const char* reason) const;
 	[[noreturn]] void     Fail(const IR::Inst& inst, const char* reason) const;

 	EmitterState&                                                      state;
-	std::unordered_map<const IR::Inst*, uint32_t>                      definitions;
 	const std::unordered_map<const IR::Inst*, uint32_t>*               dispatcher_spills = nullptr;
 	std::unordered_map<const IR::Inst*, std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> dispatcher_block_loads;
 	uint32_t                                                           scratch_u32_variable = 0;
@@ -302,9 +313,6 @@ uint32_t EmitSubgroupLocalInvocationId(EmitterState& state);
                                               IR::DescriptorBindingKind kind, uint32_t resource,
                                               const char* reason);

-uint32_t ResourceForDescriptor(const EmitterState& state, IR::DescriptorBindingKind kind,
-                               uint32_t resource);
-
 uint32_t DescriptorElementPointer(EmitterState& state, uint32_t result_ptr_type,
                                  uint32_t variable_id, uint32_t array_index,
                                  IR::DescriptorBindingKind kind, uint32_t resource,
@@ -325,13 +333,14 @@ uint32_t ImageDescriptorPointer(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t
 uint32_t LoadImageDescriptor(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t mip = 0,
                             uint32_t array_index = 0);

-uint32_t LoadSamplerDescriptor(EmitterState& state, uint32_t sampler);
+uint32_t LoadSamplerDescriptor(EmitterState& state, uint32_t sampler, uint32_t array_index = 0);

 uint32_t MakeSampledImage(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t sampler_id,
-                          uint32_t mip = 0, uint32_t array_index = 0);
+                          uint32_t mip = 0, uint32_t array_index = 0,
+                          bool sampler_dynamic = false);

 void EmitStorageImageWrite(EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource, uint32_t mip_lod, uint32_t coord,
-                           uint32_t texel);
+                           uint32_t texel, uint32_t array_index);

 spv::ExecutionModel ExecutionModelForStage(ShaderType stage);

@@ -395,11 +404,13 @@ inline constexpr auto EmitAddU32 = EmitNative<spv::OpIAdd, IR::Type::U32, uint32
 uint32_t EmitBinaryU32(EmitterState& state, spv::Op opcode, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs);

 uint32_t EmitShaderDataDwordLoad(EmitterState& state, uint32_t dword_index);
+uint32_t EmitPushDataLoad(EmitterState& state, uint32_t index);

 uint32_t StorageBufferPackedStride(const EmitterState& state, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem);

 Prospero::BufferFormat StorageBufferFormat(const EmitterState& state, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem);
-uint32_t StorageBufferElementBits(const IR::Program& program, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem);
+
+uint32_t SharedIndirectBufferResource(const EmitterState& state, uint32_t resource);

 void EmitMemoryOffsets(EmitterState& state);

@@ -412,16 +423,19 @@ struct MemoryResourceAccess {
 	uint32_t              length           = 0;
 	uint32_t              byte_offset      = 0;
 	uint32_t              element_bits     = 32;
+	bool                  non_uniform      = false;
 	spv::MemoryAccessMask memory_access    = spv::MemoryAccessMaskNone;
 };

 uint32_t EmitIndirectResourceIndex(EmitterState& state, uint32_t key, uint32_t mapping_offset,
                                   uint32_t search_iterations, uint32_t default_resource);
-MemoryResourceAccess PrepareMemoryResourceAccess(EmitterState& state, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem);
+MemoryResourceAccess PrepareMemoryResourceAccess(EmitterState& state, const IR::MemoryInfo& mem,
+                                                 uint32_t array_index = 0u);

 MemoryResourceAccess PrepareStorageBufferResourceAccess(EmitterState&         state,
                                                        const IR::MemoryInfo& mem,
-                                                        uint32_t variable, uint32_t pointer_type);
+                                                        BufferDefinition& buffer,
+                                                        uint32_t array_index = 0);

 uint32_t EmitMemoryElementInBounds(EmitterState& state, const MemoryResourceAccess& access,
                                   uint32_t index);
@@ -444,6 +458,16 @@ uint32_t EmitUFloatToF32Bits(EmitterState& state, uint32_t raw, uint32_t bits);
 uint32_t NormalizeFormatComponent(EmitterState& state, const Format::BufferFormatInfo& info,
                                  uint32_t component, uint32_t raw);

+enum class UnormRounding { RoundEven, HalfUp, Truncate };
+
+uint32_t EncodeFormattedStoreComponent(EmitterState& state, const Format::BufferFormatInfo& info,
+                                       uint32_t component, uint32_t data, uint32_t data_bits,
+                                       UnormRounding rounding = UnormRounding::RoundEven);
+
+uint32_t EncodePackedColorComponent(EmitterState& state, const Format::BufferFormatInfo& info,
+                                    uint32_t component, uint32_t data, uint32_t data_bits,
+                                    UnormRounding rounding = UnormRounding::RoundEven);
+
 spv::Op SpirvAtomicOpcode(IR::ValueOpcode opcode);

 uint32_t EmitAtomicOperation(ValueEmitContext& ctx, const IR::Inst& inst, uint32_t pointer,
@@ -454,6 +478,9 @@ void EmitAtomicMemoryBarrier(EmitterState& state, IR::ResourceKind kind);
 uint32_t EmitFloatAtomicReplacement(EmitterState& state, uint32_t old, uint32_t source,
                                    bool max_value);

+uint32_t EmitDsFloatAtomicReplacement(EmitterState& state, uint32_t old, uint32_t source,
+                                      bool max_value);
+
 uint32_t EmitDsSwizzleTargetLane(EmitterState& state, uint32_t subid, uint32_t control);

 inline constexpr auto EmitSelectValueU32 =
@@ -472,10 +499,6 @@ uint32_t EmitSubConstantMinusU32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t constant, uint32_

 uint32_t EmitF32ToF16RtzBits(EmitterState& state, uint32_t f32);

-uint32_t EmitMinMaxU32Value(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool max_value);
-
-uint32_t EmitMinMaxI32Value(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool max_value);
-
 inline constexpr auto EmitBitcastF32ToU32 = EmitNative<spv::OpBitcast, IR::Type::U32, uint32_t>;

 inline constexpr auto EmitBitcastU32ToF32 = EmitNative<spv::OpBitcast, IR::Type::F32, uint32_t>;
@@ -498,6 +521,7 @@ uint32_t EmitClassMaskBitMatch(EmitterState& state, uint32_t mask, uint32_t bit,
                               uint32_t class_match);

 uint32_t EmitClassMaskF32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t value, uint32_t mask);
+uint32_t EmitClassMaskF16(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits, uint32_t mask);

 uint32_t EmitMinMaxF32Value(EmitterState& state, uint32_t lhs, uint32_t rhs, bool max_value);

@@ -516,10 +540,10 @@ uint32_t EmitF16BitsToF32(EmitterState& state, uint32_t bits);
 void EmitProgram(EmitterState& state);

 void DefineGetBdaPointer(EmitterState& state);
+void DefineIndirectBufferFormats(ValueEmitContext& ctx);
+void DefineIndirectBufferLoads(ValueEmitContext& ctx);
 void DefineBvhIntersect(EmitterState& state);
 uint32_t GetBdaPointer(EmitterState& state, uint32_t address);
-uint32_t ConstantDeviceAddress(EmitterState& state, uint64_t value);
-uint32_t DeviceAddressFromWords(EmitterState& state, uint32_t low, uint32_t high);

 // These templates accept local lambdas from several emitter translation units.
 template <typename Fn>